下肢慢性缺血合并急性血栓形成的外科治疗

目的 探讨治疗下肢慢性缺血合并急性血栓形成的最佳外科治疗手段.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月～2010年10月我科收治的26例下肢慢性缺血合并急性血栓形成患者的临床资料,比较单纯采用股动脉切开导管取栓术组(10例)与股-腘动脉切开取栓联合动脉重建手术组(16例)的疗效.结果随访时间1～114个月,单纯股动脉切开术组中的...     

Diagnostic and surgical approach of innominate artery saddle embolus.

Patients with an acute arterial occlusion of the right upper extremity and absent axillary pulse should have a Doppler scan examination before a balloon catheter embolectomy is performed. If there is no arterial pulse detectable, an angiography should be performed afterwards to localize the embolus. In the case of a proximal arterial occlusion of the right arm, the authors recommend this procedure to prevent an embolus dislocation by catheter embolectomy and subsequent cerebral embolization. For direct surgical embolectomy the authors recommend a supraclavicular incision.     

Microtibial embolectomy.

BACKGROUND: microtibial embolectomy is an important technique in cases of limb threatening acute arterial occlusion affecting native crural and pedal vessels. It is particularly useful when thrombolysis is contraindicated or ineffective as in "trash foot". METHODS: in order to evaluate the efficacy of this technique, a retrospective case note review was carried out for patients undergoing microtibial embolectomy from 1990 to 1999. Data collected included the causes and degree of ischaemia, additional procedures required, vessel patency, limb salvage and complications encountered. RESULTS: twenty-two limbs underwent exploration of the crural/pedal vessels with ankle level arteriotomies under local anaesthetic in 12 cases, general anaesthetic in nine and epidural in one. The causes of ischaemia were cardiac emboli (8), "trash foot" (7), emboli from aortic and popliteal aneurysms (3) and thrombotic occlusion of crural vessels (4). The vessel patency rate was 69% and limb salvage rate 62% (13/21) up to 5-years follow-up. Six of the seven cases with "trash foot" were salvaged while one required an amputation at 3-months post-operatively. The 30-day mortality was 22% (5/22). CONCLUSIONS: microtibial embolectomy is effective in acute occlusion of the crural/pedal arteries including cases of "trash foot", offering limb salvage to a worthwhile proportion of cases.     

外科治疗非创伤急性下肢缺血154例

目的 探讨非创伤急性下肢缺血的外科治疗方法及影响预后的因素,对比急性动脉栓塞和急性动脉血栓形成的发病率和预后.方法 回顾性分析1999年7月至2007年12月手术治疗的154例急性下肢缺血病例,所有病例均行股动脉或胭动脉切开、Fogarty导管取栓术.单纯取栓128例,Fogarty导管取栓+内膜剥脱术8例,Fogarty导管取栓+人工血管或自体大隐静脉转流术13例,Fogarty导管取栓+一期截肢术5例.按照病因将病例分为急性动脉栓塞组(99例)和急性动脉血栓形成组(55例),对比两组发病率、截肢率、病死率及截肢高危因素.结果 急性动脉栓塞组男性发病率(39.4%)低于女性(60.6%)(P<0.05);急性动脉血栓形成组男性发病率(72.7%)高于女性(27.3%)(P<0.05).所有患者的截肢率为9.7%,院内病死率为11.7%.急性动脉栓塞组截肢率(5.1%)低于急性动脉血栓形成组(18.2%)(P<0.05),急性动脉栓塞组院内病死率(11.1%)与急性动脉血栓形成组(12.7%)相当(P>0.05).两组病例截肢的共同高危因素是肢体缺血时间,急性动脉血栓形成组截肢风险还与吸烟和糖尿病有关.结论 急性动脉栓塞男性发病率高于女性,急性动脉血栓形成女性发病率高于男性,急性动脉栓塞截肢率低于急性动脉血栓形成,而急性动脉血栓形成比急性动脉栓塞具有更高截肢风险.     

Increased limb salvage. Distal tibial/peroneal artery thrombectomy/embolectomy in acute lower extremity ischemia

Fifty-five acutely ischemic lower extremities, in 35 patients, which remained ischemic after standard thrombectomy/embolectomy techniques were further treated with distal tibial/peroneal thrombectomy/embolectomy by ankle level arteriotomy to increase limb salvage. A total of 84 infrapopliteal arteries were explored and thromboembolectomy performed in 79. The precipitating ischemic event was arterial embolus in 38 per cent, arterial thrombus in 60 per cent, and trauma in 2 per cent of the cases. There were 16 female and 19 male patients. Additional bypass grafting was used in 18 per cent of extremities. The limb salvage rate was 91 per cent in this select "tibial/peroneal" group. This technique salvaged 50 limbs that otherwise would have required major amputation. The addition of this technique changed the potential limb salvage rate from 76 per cent of the entire 199 lower extremities treated during this period to an actual limb salvage rate of 97 per cent. Operative mortality was 16 per cent in this selected group with an overall mortality of 6 per cent for all patients with acutely ischemic lower limbs. A mean patient follow-up of 32 months (range 12 to 72 months) identified only three late amputations, demonstrating that distal tibial/peroneal thrombectomy/embolectomy is a durable procedure. It is a technically easy means of promoting limb salvage in the acutely ischemic limb which either 1) remains ischemic after standard transinguinal iliofemoral thromboembolectomy, or 2) is secondary to infrapopliteal artery occlusion. It allows successful thromboembolectomy of acutely occluded infrapopliteal arteries without distal popliteal arteriotomy. These techniques should be within the armamentarium of all surgeons dealing with acute lower extremity ischemia.     

Acute arterial occlusion of the extremities. Rate of success following simple embolectomy and following combined procedures

Acute arterial obstruction of the extremities represents the most common emergency in vascular surgery. Diagnosis is based on the typical history and clinical symptoms. Emboli in vessels without atherosclerotic changes can be removed by simple embolectomy. In atherosclerotic arteries or in cases of acute thrombotic occlusion preoperative angiography is recommended in order to perform extensive reconstructive procedures. 400 arterial reconstructions for acute obstruction of the extremities were analysed. 46 operations were done in the upper extremities. In the majority of the cases simple embolectomy was successful. Limb salvage was 100% although one embolectomy and one bypass procedure failed to restore full revascularization. Complication and mortality rate was low. 354 lower limbs were operated. 274 extremities could be saved (77.4%). Among 80 poor results 48 major amputations had to be done (13.5%). Perioperative mortality was 12.4%. Death was mainly attributed to myocardial infarction.     

腹主动脉瘤腔内修复术后髂支闭塞的原因及治疗策略

目的:探讨腹主动脉瘤(AAA)腔内修复术(EVAR)后髂支闭塞的原因及治疗策略。方法:回顾性收集2016年1月—2018年7月中南大学湘雅医院血管外科收治130例行EVAR的AAA患者临床资料,对其中并发髂支闭塞患者的临床资料进行分析。结果:130例成功接受EVAR的AAA患者中,6例(4.61%)发生术后髂支闭塞,均为单侧闭塞,发生闭塞的平均时间为(55±87)d。临床表现主要为间歇性跛行和静息痛。治疗方式包括:股动脉切开取栓+股-股动脉转流术2例,髂动脉支架植入术1例,股动脉切开取栓+髂动脉支架植入术3例。术后患肢缺血症状均消失。术后随访时间12个月,所有患者均未再次出现下肢缺血症状。结论:髂支闭塞是EVAR术后较为常见的并发症之一,其原因包括瘤颈条件差、髂动脉入路扭曲、髂支远端锚定区解剖异常等;股动脉切开取栓和(或)髂动脉支架植入是行之有效的治疗方法。     

Beneficial effects of intra-arterial reserpine after upper-extremity embolectomy: a prospective randomised trial

Persistent ischaemia occasionally follows technically-successful arterial embolectomy, and has generally been ascribed to small-vessel thrombosis in the distal vascular bed. Because of the possibility that distal vasospasm might be a contributory cause, we conducted a prospective randomised trial of vasodilator therapy in this setting. In 50 consecutive patients presenting with their first episode of upper-extremity arterial embolism, we compared the results of the intra-arterial instillation of 0.5 mg reserpine with those of saline alone following embolectomy. Among 29 patients receiving saline only, 13 (44.8%) suffered persistent or recurrent limb ischaemia requiring reoperation, while three (14.3%) of 21 patients receiving reserpine had continuing ischaemia (P = 0.02). Three patients in each group required a second re-operation; all three in the reserpine group were ultimately found to have a proximal axillo-subclavian artery stenosis as the cause for their persistent or recurrent limb ischaemia. Although its underlying pathophysiology remains obscure, peripheral vasospasm appears to accompany acute embolic arterial occlusion. Manoeuvres to prevent or reverse such distal vasoconstriction may be useful in avoiding persistent or recurrent ischaemia following arterial embolectomy.     

Acute nontraumatic extremity ischaemia in Sweden. A one-year survey

An attempt was made to evaluate the results of treatment for acute nontraumatic extremity ischaemia in Sweden during one year. A questionnaire was sent to all surgical units, and 61% replied. Of the total 586 evaluated cases, 497 were classified as embolism and 89 as acute thrombosis. Patient age strongly influenced results in both groups as regards limb salvage and mortality rates. The site of embolic occlusion also influenced mortality, with greatly heightened rate in aortic occlusion. Delay of operation for more than 12 hours after onset of symptoms was associated with increase in amputation rate and mortality. Adequate heparin therapy significantly improved results after embolectomy, but had no such effect after surgical treatment of thrombosis. The amputation rate was higher after acute thrombosis than after embolism. The authors conclude that patient age should be considered in comparisons between different case series of acute ischaemia, that embolus site and time of surgery are important determinants of mortality and amputation rate, and that heparin significantly improves results of embolectomy.     

The surgical management of acute limb ischaemia due to native vessel occlusion.

OBJECTIVES: Data from the STILE study have indicated that for patients with subacute limb ischaemia due to native vessel occlusion, surgery is both more effective, and durable than thrombolysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of an aggressive surgical approach in patients presenting with acute limb-threatening ischaemia. DESIGN: Details of patients presenting with salvageable acute limb ischaemia due to native artery occlusion over a 6-year period in a University hospital vascular unit setting were obtained from the vascular audit and the outcome of the surgical management of these patients was analysed. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-four consecutive patients underwent surgery for acute native vessel limb ischaemia (76% lower, 24% upper limb). Fogarty thrombectomy or embolectomy was initially performed in 153 (89%) patients. Of these, 37 (24%) immediately underwent a further procedure: 28 (18%) had on-table thrombolysis and 14 (9%) underwent vascular reconstruction. Twenty-six patients (15%) underwent further limb salvage surgery within 30 days. Life table analysis demonstrated a limb salvage rate of 88% and 76% at 30 days and 2 years, respectively. Patient survival was 75% and 48% at the same time intervals. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that a role for aggressive surgical intervention still exists, resulting in high limb salvage rates.     

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目的 探讨腹主动脉瘤（AAA）手术合并急性下肢动脉缺血的病因、预防和治疗。方法 对1979－2001年AAA术后急性下肢动脉缺血6例临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 6例均经手术治疗。5例行股动脉切开、Fogarty管取栓术，3例行再次开腹探查，取栓或旁路术，肢体保存3例，因合并多器官系统功能衰竭（MOSF）死亡3例。结论 避免动脉硬化斑块脱落和防止血栓形成是预防急性下肢动脉缺血的关键，可提高AAA手术存活率。     

Surgical management of massive pulmonary embolism

Between 1972 and 1976, 24 patients have been treated by open pulmonary embolectomy with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In 17 (71 percent) acute pulmonary embolism occurred 3 to 60 days after a surgical procedure. The remaining seven (29 percent) patients had chronic medical diseases. The interval between clinical manifestation of acute pulmonary embolism and the performance of open embolectomy ranged from 8 to 36 hours. The definitive diagnosis in all patients was made by pulmonary arteriography. Candidates for pulmonary embolectomy were selected by assessment of hemodynamic stuides: shock, arterial Po2 less than 65 mm. Hg, acidosis, pulmonary artery pressure higher than 20 to 30 mm. Hg, and central venous pressure elevated (patients in Class III or IV according to the Greenfield classification). The definitive indication for embolectomy was occlusion of the main pulmonary artery of more than 50 percent as well as occlusion of the right or left pulmonary artery. Of the seven patients operated upon between 1973 and 1974, three (43 percent) died in the early postoperative period. Between 1975 and 1976 the operative mortality rate in 17 patients was 23 percent (four patients). Our results show that prompt diagnosis of acute massive pulmonary embolism and better selection of patients may improve significantly the survival rate after open pulmonary embolectomy with CPB.     

Malignant melanoma embolus as a cause of acute aortic occlusion: report of a case

A case of acute aortic occlusion caused by embolization of malignant melanoma tumor fragments is presented. Transfemoral catheter embolectomy restored normal lower extremity circulation. Noncardiac tumor emboli, although rare, originate either from primary pulmonary malignancies or nonpulmonary malignancies with pulmonary metastases and pulmonary vein invasion. Tumor embolization should be considered a possible source of peripheral arterial emboli when there is no other obvious source, such as the fibrillating or infarcted heart. In such cases, early surgical intervention should be considered in preference to therapy with heparin or streptokinase.     

Controlled reperfusion using a simplified perfusion system preserves function after acute and persistent limb ischemia: a preliminary study

OBJECTIVE: Reperfusion of the limb after acute and persistent ischemia is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality despite complete revascularization. Although reperfusion is a prerequisite for maintaining limb function, it may in itself cause further injury. There is experimental evidence that modification of the initial reperfusion modalities can minimize this reperfusion injury. We hypothesized that controlled reperfusion using a simple blood bag perfusion system reduces reperfusion injury and facilitates the return of normal function. METHODS: Fifteen consecutive patients (mean age, 80.5 +/- 5.0 years) with severe, acute lower-limb ischemia were allocated to two treatment arms in this prospective, controlled observational study. Group I (n = 8) underwent surgical embolectomy alone, and group II (n = 7) underwent surgical embolectomy plus controlled reperfusion using a simplified perfusion system. Indication for controlled reperfusion was made by the responsible surgeon. Controlled reperfusion consisted of a 30-minute infusion of a crystalloid reperfusion solution that was mixed with oxygenated blood (the blood:reperfusion solution ratio was 6:1) distal to the occlusion. Duration of ischemia, postoperative amputation rate, motor function of the ischemic limb, and pre- and postoperative serum creatine kinase levels were assessed. RESULTS: The duration of ischemia was 10.7 +/- 1.1 hours in group I and 19 +/- 5.2 hours in group II (P < .05). The site of the arterial occlusion was the iliac artery in nine patients and the common femoral artery in six patients. Full recovery was achieved in six of seven patients in group II and in only two of eight patients in group I (P < .05). There were three in-hospital deaths in group I, and two patients underwent major amputations. No in-hospital deaths or major amputations occurred in group II. CONCLUSION: The results from this preliminary study strongly suggest the hypothesis that the results of conventional embolectomy for acute, severe lower-limb ischemia can be improved by controlled reperfusion. To prove our preliminary findings, a large randomized, prospective, controlled, multicenter trial, the Controlled Reperfusion of the Acutely Ischemic Limb trial (CRAIL-Trial) is currently being conducted to prove our preliminary findings.     

Acute embolic occlusion of the distal aorta

PURPOSE: Acute occlusion of the abdominal aorta requires rapid diagnosis and intervention to prevent loss of life or limb. The overall mortality due to embolic occlusion is reported to be over 30%. The most common source of emboli is the heart, secondary to atrial fibrillation or myocardial infarction. METHODS: A patient is herein presented who arrived at the emergency department 6 hours after onset of classic signs of acute arterial occlusion. RESULTS: She had a saddle embolus of the distal abdominal aorta with extension of the clot into both iliac and femoral arteries. CONCLUSIONS: Heparin therapy and embolectomy successfully reestablished blood flow. The etiology, presentation and management of aortoiliac occlusion is discussed.     

Isolated plastic repair of the deep femoral artery in acute arterial obstruction

In 67 patients with acute arterial obstruction non-direct thrombus-, embolectomy was added by plasty of the profound artery of the femur. 36 patients were discharged with reestablished blood flow in the extremity, 12 patients-after amputation and 19 patients died though in 8 of them blood circulation in the extremity was reestablished. Such an operation is a method of choice in the surgical treatment of patients with acute arterial obstruction developed against the background of chronic occlusion of the vessel of the femoro-popliteal segment when other methods of direct revascularization of the extremity are thought to be impossible.     

Recent experience with arterial embolism of the limbs in a vascular unit.

A 5 1/2-year experience of 147 patients with arterial embolism of the limbs is reported. The mean age was 66.9 years, range 24-90 years and the male to female ratio was 1.07 to 1. Two distinct types of embolic episode with very different clinical consequences were recognised. Type I (64%) in which large emboli occluded the proximal arteries of the lower limb. They were usually treated by embolectomy and were followed by death or permanent disability in 63% of patients. Type II (36%) in which small emboli occluded the arterial supply of the upper limb or the arteries of the distal lower limb. Embolectomy was performed in only 60% of cases. Death was unusual and disability occurred largely as a consequence of non-surgical management. After occlusion of the aorta, iliac or femoral arteries embolectomy is necessary to save both life and limb while after embolism of the arm or distal lower limb it is essential for the preservation of function.     

急性下肢动脉缺血的手术治疗和术后并发症的防治：附32例报告

摘要：目的 探讨急性下肢动脉缺血的有效治疗措施及并发症的防治方法。方法 回顾性分析32例急性下肢动脉缺血患者的诊治经验。4例行非手术治疗，28例行急诊手术，其中25例行股动脉切开Fogarty 导管取栓术（7例同时行血管成型术），3例取栓后行截肢术。结果 非手术组死亡1例，手术组无死亡病例。3例截肢，28例肢体得以保存。 结论 急诊股动脉切开取栓术为治疗急性下肢动脉缺血的首选治疗方案。该方法有助于降低病死率和截肢率。     

Emergency embolectomy for embolic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery—review of the literature and two illustrative cases

With the increasing number of endovascular interventions during the last years, the number of procedure-related complications has risen accordingly. Despite sophisticated and effective endovascular treatments for acute thromboembolic events during intervention, vessel occlusion can remain refractory to medical and endovascular treatment. In case of failure of the endovascular revascularisation, microsurgical embolectomy in the anterior circulation can be a last therapeutic option, if case selection is adequate. To date, this rather aggressive form of treatment is still controversial, and there are only few series of reported surgical embolectomy. In the present review, we conducted a Medline () search for reports or studies of microsurgical embolectomies using the keywords (1) middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and (2) embolectomy. The most relevant factors for positive outcome were concluded as such: (1) vessel occlusion time, (2) collateral flow, (3) occlusion site and (4) thromboembolic origin. Additionally, we report on two illustrative cases from our department with acute MCA occlusion treated by emergency microsurgical embolectomy but with very contrary outcomes. Hence, emergency embolectomy in patients with MCA occlusion following endovascular treatment can be quite effective, if endovascular recanalisation options fail. Nevertheless, the decision-making process must be made critically, fast and based on factors such as vessel occlusion time, sufficient collateral flow, occlusion site and thrombus origin.     

Delayed arterial embolectomy: a plea for a more active surgical approach.

In a series of 18 patients delayed embolectomy of the limb was performed 8-63 days after embolism had occurred. Three patients died (2 of them after amputation), and 7 limbs were amputated after surgery. In 10 instances blood flow was fully restored by the operation. Analysis of the 18 cases leads to the conclusion that the success of delayed embolectomy where neuromuscular function is intact depends primarily on surgical technique. Direct embolectomy by local or regional exposure of the obstructed arterial level is shown to produce better results than conventional (distant) balloon catheter embolectomy by proximal incision. This is thought to be due to increased mural adherence of the embolus, with secondary thrombus formation after a delay of 8 days or more. A plea is therefore made for a more aggressive surgical attitude to delayed arterial embolization. Provided that preoperative arteriography has localized the obstructive level and that the patient's general condition allows major vascular surgery, direct removal of the embolus and secondary thrombi by open exposure of the obstructed artery is recommended.