腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的原因及对策

<正>腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)目前已经取代大部分开腹胆囊切除术。由于损伤小、痛苦轻、恢复快、住院时间短等优点,近几年在全国各地迅速展开。但随着LC适应证的扩大,术后并发症发生率有上升趋势,尤以胆管损伤最为严     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤并发症的原因及防治

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤并发症的原因及防治１００８５３北京解放军总医院黄晓强冯玉泉刘永雄黄志强关键词胆管疾病；腹腔镜术；胆囊切除术；并发症中国图书资料分类号Ｒ６５７．４我国开展腹腔镜胆囊切除术以来，腹腔镜外科技术已日趋成熟，对于应用腹腔镜的主要争论是...     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤20例

我们收集1991～1995年5所医院,施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)共9082例,发生胆管损伤(BDI)20例(0.22%)。1　临床资料1.1　一般情况　本组男3例,女17例;年龄26～73岁,平均47.7岁。慢性结石性胆囊炎16例,急性胆囊炎3例,急性胆囊炎合并胆囊管、胆总管并行畸形1例。15例术中出现损伤即剖腹手术,5例术后1～7d因腹膜炎或梗阻性黄疸剖腹手术证实诊断。7例行胆肠吻合术,1例行胆总管对端吻合术,8例单纯T管引流,4例胆管修补加T管引流。除1例胆肠吻合术后反复发生胆管炎,预后较差外,其余19例恢复良好。1.2　胆管损伤情况及处理　20例中,肝总管损伤10例,胆…     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤13例

腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)最严重的并发症是肝外胆管损伤,国外大宗病例报道其发生率为0.65%～0.7%〔1〕。我院从1992年12月～1997年3月共实施LC3216例,发生肝外胆管损伤13例(0.40%)。1　临床资料1.1　一般情况　男5例,女8例;年龄31～57岁,平均43.8岁。术前均诊断为胆囊结石合并胆囊炎,其中急性胆囊炎4例,萎缩性胆囊炎9例。13例均有反复发作疼痛、发热等病史。病史为1～13年。胆囊壁增厚、毛糙、边缘不清。有1例上腹部手术史12年。1.2　损伤部位与原因　损伤右肝管2例,为小破裂口。因为其右肝管在肝门外游离较长,胆囊因反复炎症与游离较长的右…     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤分析

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中胆管损伤的预防和处理。方法：回顾性分析2001年3月至2005年3月LC 510例临床资料。结果：510例中，胆管损伤2例(0．39％)，其中：副肝管损伤1例，行胆管对端吻合；肝总管横断伤1例，行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术，术后恢复良好。结论：良好显露胆囊三角，认清胆囊三角解剖关系，可避免损伤肝外胆管。根据损伤的情况和术后时间选择不同的处理方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术致肝外胆管损伤的护理

肝外胆管损伤是腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）常见且最严重的并发症之一，术中未能及时发现会导致术后黄疸、胆汁性腹膜炎，继而发展为化脓性腹膜炎。如重建手术失当，则常导致胆管狭窄，复发胆管炎，造成终身残疾，甚至死亡。LC初期阶段，此并发症的发生率较高。我院从1991年9月-2005年10月行12000例，其中肝外胆管损伤8例，经治疗8例均治愈。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术肝外胆管损伤的原因与防治

目的：研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术中预防肝外胆管损伤的有效措施。方法：分析我院近10年行腹腔镜胆囊切除术10800例，其中肝外胆管损伤8例，损伤率0．08％，以肝外胆管横断伤最多见6例，电灼伤和钳闭坏死各1例。8例损伤均发生在开展腹腔镜前5年的5000例中，后5年5800例LC未发生肝外胆管损伤。结果：8例肝外胆管损伤均行胆肠Ruox-en-Y吻合治愈。结论：良好显露Calot三角，靠胆囊钝性分离Calot三角，认准胆囊壶腹与胆囊管交汇部并游离出其延伸段是确认胆囊管的可行方法，此时，多能辨认清肝总管、胆总管、胆囊管、胆囊壶腹即“三管一壶腹”的相互解剖关系，可有效避免肝外胆管损伤。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤预防和处理的经验与教训

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的预防和处理的经验与教训。方法分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤常见原因、预防措施及处理方式。结果胆总管损伤3例行修补术加胆总管T管引流,肝总管损伤1例,外院腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆总管横断损伤转入1例及1例右侧副肝管行胆肠吻合术,l例为外院胆总管损伤初次修复术后出现胆总管梗阻再次行胆肠RouxY吻合术。结论术中辨认清楚胆囊三角和胆囊管、胆总管、肝总管、胆囊壶腹结构及“三管、一壶”关系极重要,手术时如解剖不清严重粘连应及时中转开腹手术。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除致胆管损伤的预防

目的：提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术至胆管损伤的预防水平。方法：回顾分析2002年至2004年306例腹腔镜胆囊切除术。结果：未发生胆管损伤。结论：深刻认识腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的原因，正规的人员培训，严守手术操作规范是预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管损伤6例

腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (ＬＣ)创伤小、痛苦少、恢复快 ,但胆管损伤有增多趋势。 1992年 5月～ 2 0 0 0年10月 ,我院共行ＬＣ 192 0例 ,发生胆管损伤 6例 ,占0 31%。1　临床资料1 1　一般情况　 6例中 ,男 2例 ,女 4例 ;年龄 2 1～6 3岁 ,平均 4 2岁。损伤部位 :左右肝管汇合部 1例 ,肝总管 2例 ,胆总管 2例 ,右副肝管 1例。损伤类型 :电刀灼伤 3例 ,剪断 2例 ,钛夹部分夹闭 1例。1 2　损伤原因　 (1)胆管损伤多发生在初学者 ,从直视手术的立体视角到ＬＣ的平面视角需要一个适应过程 ,本组 5例就发生在前 2 0 0例ＬＣ中 ;(2 )用电凝钩功率过大 ,…     

Iatrogenic bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has largely replaced open cholecystectomy as the standard of care for gallbladder excision. A major disadvantage of this trend has been the increased incidence of bile duct injuries, which, while uncommon, are significantly higher with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Most injuries are not recognized at the time of surgery and present in a delayed fashion, leading to significant patient morbidity and a negative impact on the quality of life of patients. Treatment is governed by the time of presentation and the nature of the bile duct injury incurred and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Radiologists play a key role in management, with diagnosis of complications, accurate depiction of the biliary injury, and facilitating or providing definitive therapy depending on the type of injury.     

小切口胆囊切除术无胆道损伤3150例报告

目的：总结小切口胆囊切除术10年，共3510例，无胆道损伤的临床经验。方法：统计了本组病例的手术时间、切口长度、术中出血量、术后肛门排气及进食时间、术后卧床时间、术后住院天数、切口愈合情况及肝外胆道损伤和手术死亡情况。结果：手术时间平均40min，切口长度平均4．5cm，术中出血量平均50ml，术后肛门排气及进食时间26h，平均术后卧床时间10h，平均术后住院5d。着重讨论了如何避免胆道损伤并总结出10条临床经验。结论：小切口胆囊切除术具有创伤小、恢复快、不需高昂设备的优势，只要遵循上述10条经验，可以认为是一种安全可行的手术方法。     

Intraoperative bile duct sonography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: experience with a 12.5-MHz catheter-based US probe.

During elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 20 patients underwent intraoperative evaluation of the biliary tract with a commercial 6.2-F, 12.5-MHz catheter-based ultrasound (US) probe. The study tested the feasibility of this technology for mapping the anatomy of the hepatoduodenal ligament and Calot triangle, assessing bile duct integrity, and detecting choledocholithiasis. The duct was studied with a transmural approach, the catheter being placed parallel to, but remaining outside, the bile duct. The common hepatic duct and common bile duct in the vicinity of the cystic duct were seen in all 20 patients; the junction of the cystic duct with the common hepatic duct was seen in nine patients (45%). After the cystic duct was clamped, no sonographic evidence to suggest bile duct injury was noted in any patient. The transmural imaging approach was tested in four pigs in whose common bile duct a single human calculus had been placed. In all instances the size and location of the calculus were accurately detected. Intraoperative US with a catheter-based system is a safe and effective means for interrogation of the extrahepatic biliary tree during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Acetic acid sclerotherapy for treatment of a bile leak from an isolated bile duct after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Bile leak after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is not uncommon, and it mainly occurs from the cystic duct stump and can be easily treated by endoscopic techniques. However, treatment for leakage from an isolated bile duct can be troublesome. We report a successful case of acetic acid sclerotherapy for bile leak from an isolated bile duct after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Detection of common bile duct stones before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Evaluation with MR cholangiography

Purpose:
To assess the diagnostic value of MR cholangiography (MRC) for detecting common bile duct (CBD) stones in candidates for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Material and Methods:
A series of 95 selected patients with gallstones and suspected CBD lithiasis (abnormal serum liver tests and/or CBD size ≥6.5 mm at US) were referred to our institution for MRC, before LC. MRC was performed on a 0.5 T magnet through a non-breath-hold, respiratory-triggered, fat-suppressed, thin-slab, heavily T2-weighted fast spin-echo sequence and through a breath-hold, thick-slab, single-shot T2-weighted sequence in the coronal plane. Axial T1- and T2-weighted sequences were first obtained. Two observers in conference reviewed source images and maximum intensity projections to determine the presence or absence of choledocholithiasis. MR findings were compared with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and intraoperative cholangiography (IOC); IOC was always performed during LC. Results:
CBD calculi (single or multiple) were identified in 41 out of 95 patients (43%). Two false-positive and 4 false-negative cases were found on MRC. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MRC for choledocholithiasis were 90%, 96%, 94%, 95%, and 93%, respectively. Conclusion:
MRC is a highly effective diagnostic modality for evaluation of patients with risk factors for CBD stones prior to LC.     

Value of MR cholangiography in patients with iatrogenic bile duct injury after cholecystectomy

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine the diagnostic role of MR cholangiography in the evaluation of iatrogenic bile duct injuries after cholecystectomy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Nineteen patients (14 women and five men; mean age, 47 years; age range, 24-75 years) with suspected bile duct injury as a result of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (17 patients) and open cholecystectomy (two patients) underwent MR cholangiography. MR images were evaluated for bile duct discontinuity, presence or absence of biliary dilation, stricture, excision injury, free fluid, and collections. Bile duct excision and stricture were classified according to the Bismuth classification. Final diagnosis was made on the basis of findings at surgery in 15 patients, on percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) in one patient, and on endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) and at clinical follow-up until hospital discharge in the remaining three patients. RESULTS: In 16 patients, injury of the bile duct was observed. Two patients had Bismuth type I injury; one patient, type II injury; 11 patients, type III injury; and one patient each, type IV and V injuries. Three patients showed findings suggestive of leakage from the cystic duct remnant, which were confirmed on ERC. CONCLUSION: MR cholangiography is an accurate diagnostic technique in the identification of postoperative bile duct injuries. This technique allows exploration above and below the level of obstruction, a resource provided by neither ERC nor PTC, and allows the accurate classification of these injuries, which is essential for treatment planning.     

A case of recurrent cholangitis after bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Value of scintigraphy with Tc-99m GSA and hepatobiliary scintigraphy for indication of lobectomy

A 39-year-old woman with acute cholecystitis and gallstones underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. She suffered from recurrent episodes of cholangitis due to injury of the major bile ducts during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy with Tc-99m Sn-N-pyridoxyl-5-methyltryptophan was performed. Although normal bile excretion was found from the left hepatic duct to the percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) tube, excretion from the right hepatic lobe was prolonged. Scintigraphy with Tc-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-galactosyl human serum albumin demonstrated atrophy of the right hepatic lobe and enlargement of the left hepatic lobe. Cholangiography via the PTBD tube revealed complete obstruction of the left hepatico-jejunal anastomosis and could not enhance the right intrahepatic bile duct. A right hepatic lobectomy was performed because of the atrophy, glissonitis and the absence of an appropriate bile duct for reconstruction. Postoperatively she was active and exhibited no evidence of recurrent cholangitis.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残石再手术取石的护理

随着腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）技术的推广和普及，LC术后胆总管残留结石的报道逐渐增多并不断被人们所重视。本院自1991年9月～2004年12月共完成LC术14000例，发生胆总管残留结石17例，本文对LC术后胆总管残留结石的原因和护理进行了总结。现报告如下：