ACE基因座外影响循环ACE水平的数量性状基因座

血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因16内含子上一段287 bp ALU序列的插入/缺失(I/D)变异与循环ACE水平密切相关.以I/D多态位点为危险标记的病例-对照研究广泛开展,但结果存在差异.ACE基因座外影响循环ACE水平的数量性状基因座(quantitative trait loci,QTL)的发现一定程度上对结果间的差异进行了解释.对决定循环ACE水平QTL的研究,利于对机体循环血压长期调控机制及心脑血管疾病发病机制认识的深入.     

妊娠期高血压孕妇血清中ACE水平及ACE基因16内含子I/D多态性分析

目的了解妊娠期高血压(gestationalhypertension,GH)孕妇血清中血管紧张素转换酶(Angiotensin ConvertingEnzyme,ACE)水平及ACE基因16内含子I/D多态性分布情况,并探讨其与深圳地区妊娠期高血压之间遗传基因易感性。方法收集2016年5月～2018年9月来医院产前检查并诊断为GH孕妇129例为GH组,选择同期产检的正常孕妇117名为对照组,采用AU5800全自动生化分析仪检测ACE水平,同时采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCRRFLP)技术法对ACE基因16内含子I/D多态性进行分析,并对检测结果进行统计分析。结果 GH组血清中ACE水平为56.24±17.58U/L,明显高于对照组的34.82±11.09U/L,差异有统计学意义(t=3.0625,P0.05);GH组孕妇ACE基因16内含子I/DDD基因型及D等位基因频率分别为50.39%和62.02%,明显高于对照组孕妇的23.93%和31.20%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.0521～3.9745,P0.05);GH组DD基因型的孕妇血清中ACE水平为65.83±20.15U/L,略高于ID基因型的57.62±18.61U/L,差异无统计学意义(t=1.2054,P0.05),但明显高于II基因型的43.76±13.52U/L,差异有统计学意义(t=2.7162,P0.05)。结论 ACE水平在GH组孕妇血清中明显升高,同时ACE基因16内含子I/DDD基因型及D等位基因频率明显高于正常孕妇,且DD和ID基因型孕妇血清中ACE水平明显高于II基因型,可能是导致深圳地区孕妇GH发病的易感遗传基因之一。     

冠心病与ACE基因多态性的相关性研究

为研究血管紧张素转移酶（angiotensin coverting enzyme,ACE)基因插入/缺失（insertion/deletion,I/D)多态性与冠心病（coronary artery disease,CAD)的相关性，我们对105例CAD患者{其中50例合并原发性高血压（essential hypertension,EH）}和102例正常人以多聚酶链反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR)方法检测其ACE基因多态性。发现CAD组（含合并EH）与正常对照组比较，ACE基因型无显著差异，CAD组（不含合并EH）与CAD组（合并EH）比较，ACE基因型无显著差异，CAD组（不含合并EH）或CAD组（合并EH）分别与正常对照组比较，ACE基因型也无显著差异。提示ACE基因I/D多态性与CAD及CAD合并EH均无相关性。     

广东肾虚型哮喘病ACE基因的遗传多态性

目的探讨血管紧张素转移酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失多态性与肾虚型哮喘病易感性的关系,为今后的连锁分析打下基础。方法用中医诊断指标对肾虚型哮喘患儿进行初诊,应用扩增片段长度多态性(Amp-FLP)方法检测52例哮喘患儿及其家系以及72例正常儿童的ACE基因型,然后用Hardy-W e inberg定律进行遗传平衡状态分析,用χ2检验进行统计学处理。结果两组儿童ACE基因型(II型、ID型、DD型)频率的分布差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。等位基因I频率为0.692,等位基因D频率为0.308,杂合率为34.6%;I、D的传递规律与理论上预计的完全符合。结论肾虚型哮喘病ACE基因也存在插入/缺失多态性,其中DD基因型与肾虚型哮喘的易感性有关,可能是儿童哮喘的危险因素。I、D在世代中的传递完全符合孟德尔遗传规律。     

心肌梗死患者血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与ACE、PAI-1活性的相关性

目的:研究心肌梗死(MI)患者血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性与ACE、PAI-1活性的关系。 方法: 应用PCR方法扩增93例MI患者及87例健康体检者ACE基因特异性片段，同时应用比色法测定血清ACE活性，发色底物法测定PAI-1活性，并对结果进行相关性分析。 结果:①MI组ACE DD基因型频率(32.3%)和D等位基因频率(54.3%)显著高于对照组(12.6%和37.4%)(均P<0.01)。②MI组血清ACE(216.00±58.26)U/L及血浆PAI-1活性(0.85±0.19)AU/mL均显著高于对照组(170.19±48.99)U/L, (0.66±0.20)AU/mL(均P<0.01)；MI组与对照组ACE与PAI-1活性均呈显著正相关(r分别为0.7108，0.7829,均P<0.01)；③MI组DD基因型血清ACE(251.64±57.76)U/L、血浆PAI-1活性(0.96±0.16)AU/mL显著高于ID基因型(211.47±51.87)U/L，(0.82±0.18)AU/mL及Ⅱ基因型(179.84±52.65)U/L，(0.71±0.17)AU/mL(均P<0.01)；ID基因型血清ACE、血浆PAI-1活性亦显著高于Ⅱ型(P<0.05)。对照组DD基因型血清ACE(195.53±54.76)U/L、血浆PAI-1活性(0.78±0.20)AU/mL，显著高于II基因型(154.98±52.74)U/L，(0.59±0.17)AU/mL(均P<0.05)。 结论:由ACE基因所决定的ACE活性，可能参与血浆PAI-1水平的调节；ACE基因I/D多态性与ACE、PAI-1水平相关，ACE基因种类影响纤溶平衡，这可能是其促使MI发病的重要机制之一。     

新疆吐尔扈特蒙古族人群血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）基因多态性分析

目的: 研究新疆地区吐尔扈特蒙古族人群血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失多态性分布情况.方法: 采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)分别检测 82例新疆地区吐尔扈特蒙古族正常人群样本的ACE I/D基因型, 分类计数进行统计学分析.结果: 新疆地区吐尔扈特蒙古族正常人的ACE基因3种基因型频率分别为: DD型 24.39%, ID型 26.83%, Ⅱ型 48.78%.D和I等位基因频率分别为37.80%和62.20%.结论: ACE基因多态性的分布与性别无关, 新疆地区吐尔扈特蒙古族人群ACE基因频率分布与日本人相近, 但DD型及D等位基因频率低于欧美人群.     

ACE基因I/D多态性在心血管疾病中的研究进展

血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）是肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统（RAAS）的关键酶，在心血管疾病发生发展中起重要作用。近年来有多个研究探讨ACE基因插入/缺失（insertion/ deletion,I/D）多态性与心血管疾病之间的关系，然研究结果尚存争议。本文主要就ACE基因I/D的多态性及其与心血管疾病关系的研究进展做一综述。     

ACE、ACE/ACE2对胰腺癌的临床诊断价值初探

目的：探讨血清ACE、ACE2以及其比值对胰腺癌的临床诊断价值。方法：用ELISA方法检测15例胰腺癌患者、10例胰腺癌术后无复发患者、10例单纯CA199升高患者、10例胰腺炎患者及10例健康体检者血清ACE、ACE2、ACE/ACE2的含量,胰腺癌组分别与良性病变组和正常对照组比较。结果：胰腺癌组中ACE、ACE/ACE2分别为(275.340±247.042)、(0.482±0.398) pg/mL,相较胰腺癌术后无复发组、单纯CA199升高组、胰腺炎组和对照组明显升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。CA199升高组ACE2水平为(628.343±114.383) pg/mL,明显低于对照组(948.89±496.498) pg/mL(P<0.05)。胰腺炎组ACE2为(515.078±157.815) pg/mL,显著低于对照组。但CA199升高组与胰腺炎组之间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论：血清ACE、ACE/ACE2在胰腺癌的诊断中有一定的临床应用价值,可为胰腺癌的诊断提供新的方法。     

ACE基因和Alzheimer病的易感性

Alzheimer's病 ( AD)在临床表现为痴呆和神经病理学分析存在 β-淀粉样斑和神经纤维缠结。尽管不同的发病年龄其病理变化相似 ,但常以 65岁作为分界线 ,将 AD分为早期和晚期发病 ,多数病人为晚期发病。遗传因子调节 AD易感性。 AD先证者的一级亲属其发病风险为 3.5～ 5。 APOE是与晚发性 AD风险相关联的惟一明确的基因座 ,这个基因座有不足 1 /2的遗传变异。最近有学者报道 DCP1 /ACE基因的内含子1 6存在一个插入 /缺失 ( I/D)多态性的插入等位基因与 AD相关联。这个基因编码血管紧张肽转换酶 ,通过裂解血管紧张肽 的两个羧基端…     

血管紧张素转化酶基因I/D多态性与脑梗死后抑郁相关

目的 探讨北京地区汉族人群血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性与脑梗死后抑郁(PCID)发病的关系.方法 用汉密尔顿抑郁量表评定664例脑梗死患者抑郁状态,用PCR方法检测患者ACE基因I/D多态性,分析基因多态性分布与脑梗死后抑郁发病的相关性.结果 脑梗死后抑郁患者组ACE基因I/I基因型频率和I等位基因频率(分别为0.388和0.549)显著高于脑梗死后非抑郁患者对照组(C)(分别为0.286和0.481,P＜0.05).结论 ACE基因I/D多态性与脑梗死后抑郁发病相关,ACE I/I基因型可能是脑梗死后抑郁发病的危险因素.     

The Impact of ACE Genotype on Serum ACE Activity in a Black South African Male Population

The strong association between the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene I/D polymorphism with serum ACE activity appears lacking in Nigerians and Kenyans, but has not previously been well assessed in others of African origin. This study addressed this issue in an ethnically well defined black South African population. A putative association for the A22982G ACE gene variant, a QTL likely to impact on serum ACE activity, was also sought.
Subjects were 200 healthy male black South African volunteers from the Xhosa ethnic group. Venous blood was obtained from all subjects for DNA extraction. ACE I/D and A22982G genotypes were determined and serum ACE activity measured. Age and blood pressure were recorded. For the group as a whole (mean ± SD age 38.5 ± 9.8 years, SBP 119.6 ± 14.1 mmHg, DBP 78.2 ± 10.1 mmHg) serum ACE activity was 38.2 ± 11.2 nmol ml⁻¹min⁻¹. ACE I/D genotype was not significantly associated with serum ACE activity. In contrast, the A22982G variant was significantly associated with serum ACE activity, being 35.9 ± 9.6, 38.1 ± 10.6 and 42.4 ± 15.3 nmol ml⁻¹min⁻¹ for AA, AG and GG genotypes respectively; p = 0.03 by ANOVA and p = 0.01 by linear trend.
In keeping with the findings in some other African populations, the ACE I/D polymorphism is not strongly associated with serum ACE activity in Xhosa South Africans. As such, it cannot be used as a marker of ACE activity in these subjects. In this regard the use of the A22982G gene variant may be more appropriate.     

Cardiovascular risk factors in people with different genotypes in the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism at the locus for angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)

The deletion (D) allele of an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism at the locus for angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) has been reported to be an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI), particularly in people lacking traditional risk factors. Furthermore, a borderline association between Lp(a) lipoprotein level and the I/D polymorphism at the ACE locus was reported in one study. We have searched for possible "level gene" or "variability gene" effects of ACE genes on Lp(a) lipoprotein, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDLC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDLC), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein B (apoB), apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), and body mass index (BMI). None of these variables differed significantly between genotypes in the I/D polymorphism in any of three population samples. A single population sample created by combining the three series, exhibited an insignificant trend towards individuals carrying the D-allele having a higher level of Lp(a) lipoprotein than those lacking it, and DD homozygotes had a significantly higher Lp(a) lipoprotein level than the combined group of ID/II individuals (p = 0.03). These results may indicate that the D-allele of the I/D polymorphism at the ACE locus could influence the level of Lp(a) lipoprotein.     

The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genetic polymorphism: its relationship with plasma ACE level and myocardial infarction

The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a key factor in the production of angiotensin II and in the degradation of bradykinin, two important peptides involved in vascular physiology. Plasma and cellular ACE levels in humans are influenced by an insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism of the ACE gene, the ACE I/D polymorphism. The D allele has a frequency of approximately 0.53 in Caucasian populations and is codominantly associated with higher levels of ACE. We have studied this polymorphism in a large multicenter case-control study (the ECTIM study) and found that the D allele was associated with a parental history of fatal myocardial infarction (MI) in the controls and was more frequent in male patients with MI than in controls. This case-control difference was compatible with a codominant effect of allele D on the risk of MI with relative risks of 1.57 for DD vs II and 1.26 for ID vs II (test for trend p < 0.003). In subjects at low risk of MI (plasma ApoB < 1.25 g/1 and body mass index < 26 kg/m²), the relative risk of DD vs ID + II was 2.7 (p < 0.0005). The results were very homogeneous in the four populations included in the study. In a family study, using linkage-segregation analysis, we have shown that the ACE I/D polymorphism is a marker for an unknown functional polymorphism (ACE S/s) which appears to be a new independent risk factor for MI.     

The angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) gene I/D polymorphism and ACE levels in Pima Indians.

An insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with plasma ACE levels in white populations. The occurrence of the I/D polymorphism and relationship to ACE levels was examined in a Pima Indian group (n = 305). The frequency of the D allele was lower in Pimas than whites (0.29 v 0.52 respectively). ACE levels were significantly associated with genotype in both groups (p = 0.0001), which accounted for 6.5% of the variation in ACE levels in Pimas and 18% in whites. The association of the I/D polymorphism with ACE levels confirms the relationship across ethnic groups. The low frequency of the D allele in Pima Indians shows that ethnic differences should be accounted for when studying the ACE gene.     

Association between the ACE I/D gene polymorphism and physical performance in a homogeneous non-elite cohort.

BACKGROUND: I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene may be associated with better endurance performance and a stronger response to exercise training. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between ACE gene polymorphism and athletic performance in a homogeneous cohort. METHODS: Eighty-eight male non-elite Caucasian Turkish athletes with similar training backgrounds for at least for 6 months were studied for ACE gene polymorphisms by PCR analysis. Performance on the 60-meter sprint and middle-distance running tests were evaluated. RESULTS: The distributions of the ACE I/D genotypes were 20.5%, 40.9%, and 38.6% for II, ID, and DD polymorphisms in the whole group (N = 88), respectively. The ACE DD genotype frequency was significantly higher in the superior group (56.7%) than in the poor (37.9%) and mediocre (20.7%) group in middle-distance running performance (chi2 = 11.778; p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: The ACE DD genotype may be related to better short-duration aerobic endurance performance. Larger homogeneous cohorts may help clarify the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and physical performance.     

Trans-ethnic fine mapping of a quantitative trait locus for circulating angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)

Circulating angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) levels are influenced by a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) that maps to the ACE gene. Phylogenetic and measured haplotype analyses have suggested that the ACE-linked QTL lies downstream of a putative ancestral breakpoint located near to position 6435. However, strong linkage disequilibrium between markers in the 3' portion of the gene has prevented further resolution of the QTL in Caucasian subjects. We have examined 10 ACE gene polymorphisms in Afro-Caribbean families recruited in JAMAICA: Variance components analyses showed strong evidence of linkage and association to circulating ACE levels. When the linkage results were contrasted with those from a set of British Caucasian families, there was no evidence for heterogeneity between the samples. However, patterns of allelic association between the markers and circulating ACE levels differed significantly in the two data sets. In the British families, three markers [G2215A, Alu insertion/deletion and G2350A] were in complete disequilibrium with the ACE-linked QTL. In the Jamaican families, only marker G2350A showed strong but incomplete disequilibrium with the ACE-linked QTL. These results suggest that additional unobserved polymorphisms have an effect on circulating ACE levels in Jamaican families. Furthermore, our results show that a variance components approach combined with structured, quantitative comparisons between families from different ethnic groups may be a useful strategy for helping to determine which, if any, variants in a small genomic region directly influence a quantitative trait.     

ACE Gene Polymorphism and Diabetic Complications

The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the ACE gene accounts for 50% of the variation in serum ACE levels and activity. However, its functional significance with regard to diabetic complications and cardiovascular disease remains controversial. To review the literature assessing the significance of ACE gene polymorphism on the initiation and progression of diabetic complications and treatment implications, a systematic review of the Medline, Pubmed and EMBASE databases was performed. Keywords were 'diabetes mellitus', 'diabetic nephropathy', 'ACE gene polymorphism' and 'genotype', for the period 1966 to August 1999. Overall, ACE gene polymorphism appears to affect the progression of diabetic nephropathy, with individuals homozygous for the deletion allele (DD) having a shorter time period from the onset of microalbuminuria to renal replacement therapy and decreased survival thereafter. This may reflect relative resistance to ACE inhibitor therapy. There is no association between ACE gene polymorphism and retinopathy. Further large prospective studies are required to clarify the association of ACE gene polymorphism and diabetic complications. However, it appears that the deletion allele acts in a co-dominant manner as a susceptibility factor in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. ACE genotyping may therefore provide a simple method of identifying high risk individuals and allow the implementation of early and aggressive therapy.     

The associations of ACE polymorphisms with physical, physiological and skill parameters in adolescents

Genetic variation in the human Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene has been associated with many heritable traits, including physical performance. Herein we report the results of a study of several physical, physiological and skill parameters and lifestyle in 1,027 teenage Greeks. We show that there is a strong association (P < 0.001) between the ACE I/D (insertion/deletion) polymorphism and both handgrip strength and vertical jump in females, homozygotes for the I-allele exhibiting higher performance-related phenotype scores, accounting for up to 4.5% of the phenotypic variance. The association is best explained by a model in which the D-allele is dominant, with the mean phenotypic value in the I/D heterozygotes being close to that of the mean of the DD homozygotes. The association acts across the phenotype distribution in a classical polygenic manner. Other polymorphisms that define major ACE haplotypes in European populations (rs4424958, rs4311) show weaker associations with these performance-related phenotypes than does I/D. Similarly, diplotypes defined by these polymorphisms do not explain significantly larger amounts of the variance than I/D alone. As ACE I/D is the polymorphism most strongly associated with circulating ACE activity in European populations, we propose that the functional allelic differences that influence ACE activity also mediate the associations with the performance-related phenotypes studied here.     

Measured haplotype analysis of the angiotensin-I converting enzyme gene

Linkage and segregation analysis have shown that circulating angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) levels are influenced by a major quantitative trait locus that maps within or close to the ACE gene. The D variant of a 287 bp insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in intron 16 of the gene is associated with high ACE levels and may also be related to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Multiple variants that are in linkage disequilibrium with the I/D polymorphism have been described, but it is unknown if any of these are directly implicated, alone or in combination with as yet undiscovered variants, in the determination of ACE levels. An analysis of 10 polymorphisms spanning 26 kb of the ACE gene revealed a limited number of haplotypes in Caucasian British families due to strong linkage disequilibrium operating over this small chromosomal region. A haplotype tree (cladogram) was constructed with three main branches (clades A-C) which account for 90% of the observed haplotypes. Clade C is most likely derived from clades A and B following an ancestral recombination event. This evolutionary information was then used to direct a series of nested, measured haplotype analyses that excluded upstream sequences, including the ACE promoter, from harbouring the major ACE-linked variant that explains 36% of the total trait variability. Residual familial correlations were highly significant, suggesting the influence of additional unlinked genes. Our results demonstrate that a combined cladistic/measured haplotype analysis of polymorphisms within a gene provides a powerful means to localize variants that directly influence a quantitative trait.