Transversal craniofacial growth evaluated on children dry skulls using V2 and V3 canal openings as references

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the transversal relationships between two cephalometric landmarks and lines on the face using ovale, rotundum, greater palatine and infra-orbital foramina as references.

Method

Thirty-four children dry skulls, 19 males and 15 females aged 0–6 years, were examined by computed tomography scanning by using constructed tomographic axial and frontal planes. The cephalometric transversal dimensions of the face skull were measured between the right and left landmarks from the orbital lateral wall and from the zygomatic arch. The cephalometric transversal dimensions of the base skull were measured between the right and left ovale, rotundum, greater palatine and infra-orbital foramina.

Results

Statistical analysis using partial correlations, regardless of the age, showed strong relationships (p < 0.05) among transversal measurements with nerve canal openings and transversal distances of skull face.

Conclusion

We showed that the cranial base transversal growth was very strongly related to facial transversal growth from the postnatal period up to 6 years of age.     

贵州习水苗族头面部体质特征

目的 研究贵州习水苗族头面部体质特征是否存在性别差异,以及与我国南方其他5个苗族和贵州其他族群的亲缘关系。 方法 对世居在贵州习水良村镇苗族的357名(男173人,女184人)年龄在20~59岁的苗族进行头面部活体观察和测量(观察项目14项,测量项目19项);采用聚类分析,选择欧氏距离值,比较其间亲缘关系。结果 习水苗族头面部的特征除头长、额最小宽、下颌角间宽、两眼内角宽、鼻长、口裂宽、唇高、全头高、形态面高男女差异无显著性（P ＞0.05）外,鼻宽、鼻高、鼻深、头耳高男女性别差异显著（0.01<P <0.05）,而头宽、两耳屏宽、面宽、两眼外角宽、容貌面高以及头水平围男女性别差异极显著（ P <0.01）; 习水苗族男女以直发为主,大部分头发为黑色,前额发际多为直型;大部为浅色皮肤,以黑褐色眼色为主;眼裂倾斜度以外角高于内角为主,上眼睑大部分有皱褶,且多为短睫毛;鼻梁形态,男性多为凸型,女性多为直型,以上翘的鼻尖方向为主,鼻孔形状大部分为卵圆形;上唇皮肤部突出以正唇为主,且红唇厚度大多为中等;耳垂形状以三角形多见。男性头型以特圆型、女性以圆型多见;面型都以阔面型为主;都属中鼻型。结论 习水苗族头面部体质特征有些存在性别差异和差异显著;男性与贵州王卡苗族,女性与贵州布依族亲缘关系最近。     

A Study of volumetric variations of basal nuclei in the normal human brain by magnetic resonance imaging

Knowledge of the effects of healthy aging on brain structures is necessary to identify abnormal changes due to diseases. Many studies have demonstrated age‐related volume changes in the brain using MRI. 60 healthy individuals who had normal MRI aged from 20 years to 80 years were examined and classified into three groups: Group I: 21 persons; nine males and 12 females aging between 20‐39 years old. Group II: 22 persons; 11 males and 11 females aging between 40‐59 years old. Group III: 17 persons; eight males and nine females aging between 60‐80 years old. Volumetric analysis was done to evaluate the effect of age, gender and hemispheric difference in the caudate and putamen by the slicer 4.3.3.1 software using 3D T1‐weighted images. Data were analyzed by student's unpaired t test, ANOVA and regression analysis. The volumes of the measured and corrected caudate nuclei and putamen significantly decreased with aging in males. There was a statistically insignificant relation between the age and the volume of the measured caudate nuclei and putamen in females but there was a statistically significant relation between the age and the corrected caudate nuclei and putamen. There was no significant difference on the caudate and putamen volumes between males and females. There was no significant difference between the right and left caudate nuclei volumes. There was a leftward asymmetry in the putamen volumes. The results can be considered as a base to track individual changes with time (aging and CNS diseases). Clin. Anat. 30:175–182, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Effects of physical activity on blood pressure monitoring and morphometric parameters of the left ventricle and of the abdominal aorta in healthy elderly subjects

To investigate the effects of physical activity not only on morphometric left ventricular parameters, but also on the abdominal aorta diameter and on blood pressure, we enrolled 100 healthy subjects, 50 males and 50 females, aged between 63 and 91 years (mean 73.3 +/- s.d. 7.7), each divided into two subgroups, sedentary and non sedentary, come to our observation for a diagnostic screening. For each subject an Echography was performed, by using an Acuson 128XP10 apparatus, equipped with a 2 MHz phased array probe, both for the study of the heart and for the study of the abdominal aorta. Then, all the subjects underwent 24 hours blood pressure monitoring by using a P6 Delmar apparatus in order to get mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Diastolic blood pressure was significantly related to physical activity (sedentary > non sedentary, P < 0.01), while systolic blood pressure was not; left ventricle and abdominal aorta diameters were both significantly related to sex (males > females, P < 0.001), but left ventricle diameter was significantly related to diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.01), while abdominal aorta diameter was significantly related to systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001). Our data suggest that physical activity might be strongly recommended to control blood pressure.     

X-linked hereditary hemihypotrophy hemiparesis hemiathetosis

Hereditary hemihypotrophy hemiparesis hemiathetosis syndrome (HHHH; OMIM 306960) was first reported in a family with congenital left hemiplegia in two males and moderately affected females. We describe a family with three males demonstrating congenital right hemiplegia with porencephalic lesions of the left internal capsule and putamen, or the periventricular white matter just above the internal capsule. Clinical findings within each family are limited to the same side, though sidedness differed between families. Both pedigrees were most consistent with X-linked inheritance. Genome-wide linkage analysis in our family further supports a locus for HHHH on chromosome X.     

髋骨前缘的的测量与性别鉴定

对１００例国人髋骨（男５０例、女５０例）前缘１０个项目进行测量，经统计学分析，左右侧别间均无显著性差异，而男女性别间有４项具有显著性差异，这对于髋骨或其碎片的性别鉴定有参考价值。与西班牙白种人进行比较，男性有４项、女性有３项具有显著性差异，提示存在种族差异。     

超声测量跖筋膜的数字化评价

目的　通过数字化分析评价超声测量跖筋膜的准确度。 方法　选取2014年5月至2016年5月内蒙古医科大学附属医院50名健康成人志愿者,男25名,女25名;年龄为18～51岁,平均(31.6±3.5)岁,身高155~181 cm,平均(172.3±7.6) cm;体重49~90 kg,平均(78.3 ±3.6) kg,分别行双足CT断层、MRI断层与超声检查,记录超声图像上的跖筋膜厚度,将CT、MRI原始图像数据以dicom格式导入Materialise Mimics Innovation Suite 16.0软件,进行数字化分析、测量,比较三者的相关性。 结果　超声、CT、MRI三者之间的测量在同性别之间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。同一性别的左、右两侧差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,而同一侧在男、女性别之间差异有统计学意义,三种检查结果跖筋膜平均厚度男性大于女性,（P＜0.05）。 结论　超声检查能够为跖筋膜厚度的测量提供相对简便的方法而且准确度较高。     

In-utero androgen exposure and 2nd to 4th digit length ratio-comparisons between healthy controls and females with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia

BACKGROUND: Soft tissue measurements from the hand reveal lower second to fourth finger digit ratios (2D:4D) in males compared with females. The relatively longer 4th finger observed in males may be related to increased fetal exposure to androgens influencing the expression of Hox genes. METHODS: We have measured 2D:4D ratios in 69 healthy females [median age 9.3 (range 1.9-17) years], 77 control males [median age 13.86 (2.1-20.3) years] and in 66 females with classical virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) (median age 8.5 (1.1-16.2) years] who are known to be exposed to high concentrations of androgens in utero. Measurements were determined from X-rays of the left hand using vernier callipers. Intra-observer variability in measurement technique was 0.01%. RESULTS: Control males had a significantly lower mean (SD) 2D:4D ratio [0.918 (0.029)] compared with female patients [0.927 (0.029), ANOVA P = 0.02]. No difference in 2D:4D ratio was observed between CAH females [0.925 (0.021)] and control females [0.927 (0.029)]. In contrast, 2D:4D ratio in males were significantly lower compared with CAH females (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: 2D:4D ratios determined directly from radiographs of the left hand confirm significant differences between males and females. However, female patients with virilizing CAH do not have a male digit ratio pattern suggesting that in the left hand digit ratio development is not influenced by in-utero exposure to androgens.     

辽宁汉族成人外鼻不对称性的欧几里德几何距离矩阵分析

目的:利用欧几里德几何距离矩阵分析(EDMA)对辽宁汉族成人外鼻形态进行不对称性分析。方法:将101例辽宁汉族成人分为男性组与女性组,其中男性组41人,女性组60人。使用VG Studio 2.2 MAX软件对两组MRI扫描数据进行三维面部重建及外鼻三维坐标测量,最后对两组受试者左右侧外鼻测量数据进行EDMA分析。结果:EDMA结果显示,男性组与女性组左、右侧外鼻均有显著形态学差异,形状差异矩阵(FDM)比值(左侧比右侧)小于0.95和大于1.05的部分男性组有2个,占13.3%(2/15),女性组有4个,占26.7%(4/15)。结论:辽宁汉族成人外鼻左右不对称,右侧外鼻整体轮廓大于左侧,女性外鼻不对称性高于男性。     

利用生物电阻抗法分析辽宁汉族成人脂肪分布特点

目的 运用生物电阻抗分析法,测量辽宁汉族成人身体各部份脂肪含量,提出适合于辽宁汉族群体的脂肪含量基准值,进而探讨辽宁汉族成人的脂肪分布特点与规律。 方法 在知情同意的前提下,随机抽取父母均为汉族的辽宁汉族健康成人作为研究对象,共选取1034人(男性379例,女性655例)。应用体成分分析仪,对所有受试者进行检测,得出脂肪总量、去脂体重、内脏脂肪等级、左上肢（左下肢、右上肢、右下肢、躯干）脂肪量等与脂肪相关的各项数值,进而推算出体脂肪率、左上肢（左下肢、右上肢、右下肢、躯干）脂肪率。结果采用SPSS统计学软件,进行独立样本t检验和方差分析处理。 结果 多数年龄段,男性的脂肪总量、四肢脂肪量、躯干脂肪量均低于女性（ EM>P /EM><0.01）,     

汉族人群正常股骨远端髁间前后轴线与旋转轴线的对位关系及其临床意义

目的 探讨中国汉族人群正常股骨远端髁间前后轴线与旋转轴线的对位关系及在全膝关节置换术中的临床价值。方法 2012年10月—2013年7月,对北京、河北、新疆及重庆的288名健康汉族志愿者行双下肢全长CT扫描,共获得575个正常膝关节图像数据纳入研究进行分析。其中男148名,女140名;年龄17—65岁;左膝288个,右膝287个。通过垂直于股骨机械轴线的断层图像,进行轴线之间的测量,包括髁间前后轴线与外科上髁轴线夹角（ASA）,髁间前后轴线与临床上髁轴线夹角（ACA）,髁间前后轴线与后髁连线夹角（APA）;按性别和侧别分组进行统计学分析。结果 ASA平均87．19°±1．92°,男性87．03°±1．95°,女性87．35°±1．87°,左膝87．33°±1．88°,右膝87．05°±1．95°;ACA平均90．93°±2．03°,男性90．68°±2．01°,女性91．19°±2．03°,左膝91．05°±1．93°,右膝90．81°±2．13°;APA平均83．99°±2．16°,男性83．86°±2．20°,女性84．12°±2．12°,左膝84．05°±2．09°,右膝83．92°±2．23°。其中ACA在男女性别中的差异具有统计学意义（t=3．000,P=0．003）,女性比男性平均大0．51°,其余参数在性别及侧别中差异均无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。结论 通过对较大样本的中国汉族人群正常膝关节影像学的CT测量,得到相对准确的汉族人群股骨远端轴线间的对位关系,可以指导术中股骨远端截骨操作,确定适当的股骨外旋。     

Twelve-year tracking of blood pressure in Korean school children: the Kangwha Study.

Longitudinal data from different populations have shown different degrees of tracking of blood pressure (BP). To examine BP tracking in Korean school children, 219 of 430 children (100 males, 119 females) who were 6 years old in 1986 in Kangwha County, Korea have been examined annually up to 1997 in the Kangwha Study. BP was measured twice with standard mercury sphygmomanometers and the average of the two measurements was used for the level of BP. Diastolic BP were measured at the fourth Korotkoff sound. Tracking was examined using a time-lag correlation analysis and McMahan's tracking index tau, which indicates the proportion of variation attributable to tracking apart from the natural growth component. As well the jackknife method was used to obtain the confidence interval of tau. Correlation coefficients between systolic BP from age 6 to 17 ranged from 0.39-0.54 for males and 0.44-0.57 for females. Taus for systolic BP were 0.875 (95% CI: 0.803-0.947) and 0.900 (95% CI: 0.809-0.991) in males and females, respectively. Correlation coefficients between diastolic BP from age 6 to 17 ranged from 0.28-0.47 for males and 0.14-0.47 for females. Taus for diastolic BP were 0.983 (95% CI: 0.897-1.000) and 0.800 (95% CI: 0.717-0.883) in males and females, respectively. These findings showed strong evidence for BP tracking in Korean school children from childhood to late adolescence.     

布朗族的体质特征

目的:通过对604例布朗族成人(男性248例,女性356例)的67项头面部及体部指标测量,并与我国其他族群资料比较,探讨布朗族成人体质特征。方法:指标值的测量严格按照《人体测量手册》的相关规定进行,运用Excel 2010和SPSS21.0软件对数据进行统计。结果:布朗族男性和女性均以圆头型、高头型、阔头型、阔面型、中鼻型、中腿型、宽肩型、中骨盆型、矮型身材、正常体质量出现率最高。聚类分析显示,同为南亚语系孟高棉语族,布朗族成人体质特征与德昂族和莽人较为接近,但与佤族、克木人相对较远。30多年来,布朗族的身材变高,躯干变宽,上肢围度值变大,男性的上肢长度增加。结论:近30多年来,布朗族体质发生了较大的变化。     

Investigation to predict patellar tendon reflex using motion analysis technique

The investigation of patellar tendon reflex involves development of a reflex hammer holder, kinematic data collection and analysis of patellar reflex responses using motion analysis techniques. The main aim of this research is to explore alternative means of assessing reflexes as a part of routine clinical diagnosis. The motion analysis system was applied to provide quantitative data which is a more objective measure of the patellar tendon reflex. Kinematic data was collected from 28 males and 22 females whilst subjected to a knee jerk test. Further analysis of kinematic data was performed to predict relationships which might affect the patellar tendon reflex. All subjects were seated on a high stool with their legs hanging freely within the capture volume of the motion analysis system. Knee jerk tests were applied to all subjects, on both sides of the leg, by eliciting hypo, hyper, and normal reflexes. An additional reinforcement technique called the Jendrassik manoeuvre was also performed under the same conditions to elicit a normal patellar tendon reflex. The comparison of reflex response between genders showed that female subjects generally had a greater response compared to males. However, the difference in reflex response between the left leg and the right leg was not significant. Tapping strength to elicit a hyper-reflex produced greater knee-jerk compared to the normal clinical tapping strength. All results were in agreement with clinical findings and results found by some early researchers.     

内蒙古地区蒙古族青年大学生面部解剖学参数三维数字化测量#br#

目的　通过数字化三维重建与测量分析内蒙古地区正常蒙古族青年大学生面部解剖学参数,评价面部性别差异,以便对外科美容整形、颌面部正畸等提供解剖学参考依据。完善面部轮廓数据库,为现代蒙古族青年男女面部整形提供美学参考。 方法 对60名（男30例,女30例）蒙古族青年大学生采用面部三维扫描,利用软件测量头宽、形态面长等12项指标以及头面部指数,并进行指标的相关性分析,对比不同地区民族之间的面部差异。 结果　内蒙古地区蒙古族青年大学生左右侧眼裂宽分别为（31.76±4.81）mm、（31.47±4.34）mm,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;男女眼裂宽分别为（35.49±2.74）mm、（27.74±1.99）mm,男性大于女性,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。性别间比较头宽、容貌面长、面宽、形态面长、眼外角间宽,男性大于女性,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。计算出男女性鼻指数分别为72.55±1.63、73.14±1.21,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,头面宽指数、形态面指数、额面指数、唇指数,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。根据形态面指数分型,男性阔面型多见占46.67%,女性超阔面型多见占56.67%;根据鼻指数分型,男女性中鼻型多见分别占50%和53.33%。 结论　内蒙古地区蒙古族青年大学生面部三维指标,男性普遍大于女性;男性形态面指数分型多见阔面型,女性形态面指数分型多见超阔面型;鼻指数分型男女性均多见中鼻型。与其他民族相比,蒙古族男女性都存在面宽较宽的特征。     

The population of a Wiltshire village in the nineteenth century: a reconstitution study of Berwick St James, 1841-71

This paper reports an exploratory reconstruction of the village of Berwick St James in Wiltshire using nominative information from nineteenth-century English censuses and ecclesiastical registers of baptisms, marriages and burials between 1841 and 1871. The data are first described, and a procedure for sorting and linking records from different censuses, and for linking census records to registration records, is outlined. A detailed analysis of population turnover in the village reveals that after 1851 there was a period of heavy net out-migration. Those who left the parish were overwhelmingly young people, and females were more likely to move out than males: almost all the females born in the parish between 1841 and 1851 had moved away by 1871. A consequence of this pattern of out-migration was that by 1871 there was a shortage of females in the marriageable age-groups (15-29 years). It is clear that this method of reconstructing English village populations promises new insights into the demography of rural England in the nineteenth-century, including, in addition to population turnover and migration patterns, such aspects as fertility levels and trends. A number of problems with the technique remain, however, notably our ignorance of the typical length of the period between birth and baptism.     

The population of a Wiltshire village in the nineteenth century: a reconstitution study of Berwick St James, 1841–71

This paper reports an exploratory reconstruction of the village of Berwick St James in Wiltshire using nominative information from nineteenth-century English censuses and ecclesiastical registers of baptisms, marriages and burials between 1841 and 1871. The data are first described, and a procedure for sorting and linking records from different censuses, and for linking census records to registration records, is outlined. A detailed analysis of population turnover in the village reveals that after 1851 there was a period of heavy net out-migration. Those who left the parish were overwhelmingly young people, and females were more likely to move out than males: almost all the females born in the parish between 1841 and 1851 had moved away by 1871. A consequence of this pattern of out-migration was that by 1871 there was a shortage of females in the marriageable age-groups (15–29 years). It is clear that this method of reconstructing English village populations promises new insights into the demography of rural England in the nineteenth-century, including, in addition to population turnover and migration patterns, such aspects as fertility levels and trends. A number of problems with the technique remain, however, notably our ignorance of the typical length of the period between birth and baptism.     

Cephalometric and craniometric age changes in adult humans

Thirty-three cephalometric and craniometric measurements were made on lateral radiographs of 154 males and 199 females, aged 21-83 years, from Vienna, Austria. The measurements were studied in age-groups by univariate and multivariate analyses. The results showed that the height dimensions of the face and viscerocranium increase up to the fourth decade but then decrease, while the height dimensions of the neurocranium decrease progressively with advancing age. However, the latter findings could possibly also reflect a secular trend. The thickness of the soft tissues showed continuous increases throughout the series, especially along the lower face. Although the age changes were greater in cephalometric than in the craniometric dimensions, those of the skull were also statistically significant. Using discriminant analysis on the cephalometric data results in correct assignment of 63.32% of females to their age-group but only 58.44% in males. The higher correct assignment of the females could have been due to their larger sample size.     

The growth of Melanesian and Indian children in Fiji

A cross-sectional study was made of the growth of Melanesian and Indian children residing in or near Suva, the capital of Fiji. Melanesians numbered 283 males and 269 females, Indians 201 males and 216 females. Melanesian ages ranged from 6 to 20; Indian from 6 to 15. Generally Melanesians were larger than Indians at all ages and the most significant discriminating measurements were calf circumference and nose breadth for males, and face height and nose breadth for females. The most significant shape indexes were nasal index, ponderal index and relative sitting height, with Melanesians having relatively broader noses and less linear build. Puberty indicators (breast development, age at menarche) showed Indians to be significantly in advance of Melanesians with the exception of age at B2. In particular menarche was earlier by approximately two years. With a median value of 11.80, Indian menarcheal age appeared to be extremely low. Socioeconomic factors (social class, sibship size, position in sibship) appeared to have a comparatively small effect on growth in the two populations, the exception being age at menarche, which was greater among lower social status children, but earlier in girls from larger families. There was evidence for a secular trend to greater size among Melanesians over the last 15-20 years, but little evidence of a trend during 1930-70. However, the differences between the samples used necessitate caution in the interpretation of the data.     

Spatial parameters of walking gait and footedness

OBJECTIVE: The present study was undertaken to assess whether footedness has effects on selected spatial and angular parameters of able-bodied gait by evaluating footprints of young adults. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 112 males and 93 females were selected from among students and staff members of the University of Malawi using a simple random sampling method. Footedness of subjects was assessed by the Waterloo Footedness Questionnaire Revised. Gait at natural speed was recorded using the footprint method. The following spatial parameters of gait were derived from the inked footprint sequences of subjects: step and stride lengths, gait angle and base of gait. The anthropometric measurements taken were weight, height, leg and foot length, foot breadth, shoulder width, and hip and waist circumferences. RESULTS: The prevalence of right-, left- and mix-footedness in the whole sample of young Malawian adults was 81%, 8.3% and 10.7%, respectively. One-way analysis of variance did not reveal a statistically significant difference between footedness categories in the mean values of anthropometric measurements (p > 0.05 for all variables). Gender differences in step and stride length values were not statistically significant. Correction of these variables for stature did not change the trend. Males had significantly broader steps than females. Normalized values of base of gait had similar gender difference. The group means of step length and normalized step length of the right and left feet were similar, for males and females. There was a significant side difference in the gait angle in both gender groups of volunteers with higher mean values on the left side compared to the right one (t = 2.64, p < 0.05 for males, and t = 2.78, p < 0.05 for females). One-way analysis of variance did not demonstrate significant difference between footedness categories in the mean values of step length, gait angle, bilateral differences in step length and gait angle, stride length, gait base and normalized gait variables of male and female volunteers (p > 0.05 for all variables). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that footedness does not affect spatial and angular parameters of walking gait.