生物医学工程专业微机原理课程改革的探索与实践．

目的：针对生物医学工程专业教学中微机原理及应用课程存在的问题．指出这些问题的原因．从理论教学及实践环节提出改革措施,以提高生物医学工程专业微机原理及应用的教学质量。方法：首先阐述了微机原理在生物医学工程专业课程体系中的位置,分析了目前微机原理教学中存在的问题。提出多媒体教学、课程上网、改革实践环节等措施。结果：近两年的教学实践证明,多媒体教学提高了学生课堂学习的兴趣,课程上网提高了学生自主学习的积极性和主动性,引入单片机和专业特色的实践环节锻炼了学生解决实际问题的能力,能够将理论与实践很好的结合起来。结论：多媒体教学、课程上网与全新的实践环节能够有效的提高生物医学工程专业微机原理的教学质量。     

PBL教学法在护理解剖学教学中的改革与实践

正PBL(problem based learning)教学模式在教学过程中以学生为主题,以问题为中心,采用讨论式、问题式教学方法,培养学生学生自主获取知识的能力[1]。我校护理专业解剖学教学是在第一学期开设,而护理专业课程却是在第五、六学期,这样就造成了解剖学与专业课程彼此割裂,不利于学生的培养。解剖学结构复杂,内容枯燥繁多,在"我讲你听,     

生物医学工程专业电子学实验教学改革的研究与实践

目的：推进大学生的素质教育,提高大学生的综合技术水平和实践能力是我国高等教育的重要使命。电子学实验作为生物医学工程专业的重要专业基础实验课。它是电子技术理论教学的深化和补充,其目的不仅是使学生巩固所学理论知识和丰富学习内容,帮助学生掌握电子技术的基本知识,更重要的是培养学生的动手能力、观察能力、创造能力以及自主设计的基本能力,为后期专业课学习奠定基础。方法：本文结合生物医学工程专业的特点,以培养学生工程实践能力和创新能力为教学目的,以促进学生知识、能力、素质协调发展,全面提高学生的综合素质为最终目标,结合电子学实验实际的教学特点,分析了电子学实验教学模式存在的问题,从教材建设、教学方法、教学内容、实验考核等多方面探讨了电子学实验教学模式改革的途径和内容。结果与结论：通过实验教学改革提高电子学实验教学的质量和水平,充分调动学生的积极性,拓展学生的创新思维,提高了学生的创新能力,为专业人才培养奠定良好基础。     

医学整合课程PBL教学中指导教师的角色行为分析

随着医学教育创新改革的不断推进,PBL教学模式已逐渐成为高等医学教育改革的趋势和典范.在PBL教学实践中,教师与学生的角色、理念和行为也发生了转变.与传统教学模式不同,PBL中指导教师(tutor)不再是教学过程的主导者,而是作为学生学习的引导者、促进者和合作者,培养学生自主学习、合作学习的能力.本文以医学整合课程PBL实践为例,分析探讨了指导教师应该如何适应角色行为,做好教学的组织者和管理者、学生的引导与促进者及学生表现的评价者.     

对临床生物化学检验实验教学的几点思考

临床生物化学检验是以实验为主的医学检验专业的主要专业课程之一.针对临床生化实验教学中存在的一些不足,从加强对学生基本操作技能的规范和训练、充分发挥教师的引导作用.通过实验,有效提高学生的学习能力和综合素质、改变考核方式单一的现状和不断提高教师自身素质四个方面进行了探讨,以期为今后的教学实践提供意见和参考.     

解剖学教学中学生能力培养

作者提出了解剖学教学应以培养学生自学能力、思维能力和应用能力为主,尽可能减轻学生学习解剖学知识的记忆负担.对解剖学教学中学生的学习能力及其培养方法,进行了初步的分析和探讨.     

病例教学法在生理学教学中的应用

培养医学生的临床思维能力,是医学教育的目标之一。在生理学理论教学中引入病例教学法,能培养学生临床思维能力和运用知识的能力,激发学生学习的兴趣,启发学生的思维,培养学生主动学习的能力、独立思考问题和解决问题的能力。     

医学电子学在生物医学工程培养中的重要地位及教学探索

目的：本文主要探讨提高医学电子学教学质量的方法,以加强其在生物医学工程培养中的纽带作用。方法：通过对比国内外生物医学工程的教学模式及培养方法,结合我国高等院校生物医学工程的人才培养特点,探索我国医学类院校在开展医学电子学课程时的指导思想、课程安排和教学方法等内容。结果：在教学实践的过程中。该方法调动了学生的学习热情,使学生更好地掌握理论知识,并通过实验课程达到理论和实践的有效结合。这种方法不仅使学生的学习效果得到了增强,同时为教师在本科生培养方面积累了经验。结论：合理安排理论课内容,使用适当的教学手段,使医学电子学在生物医学工程的培养中起到连接医学问题和工程方法的桥梁作用。同时做到理论课和实验课的有机结合,着重培养学生的设计理念和动手能力,使本课程的教学效果得到进一步的提升。总之。医学电子学的学习为生物医学工程学科发展提供了承前启后的纽带作用．是培养具有创新精神和实践能力的高级专门人才的首要基石．     

“PBL”教学法在临床医学专业人体解剖学教学中的应用

正随着医学科学和社会经济的发展,医学教育的改革不断进行,问题导向学习法(Problem-based Learning,PBL)业已成为国内高校教学改革的重点。1969年,PBL首次在加拿大McMaster大学得到应用~([1])。教学法以自主学习和小组讨论形式开展,有效地培养了学生的学习能力,充分体现了教学互动,转变了教学过程中教师和学生的传统角色定位~([2]),提高了学生分析问题、解决问题的能力。PBL一直是     

加强口腔修复科实习生的临床技能培养

口腔医学是一门实践性很强的科学,要求口腔专业人才具备综合医疗、器械、技工和审美等多方面的能力,实践能力的培养是口腔人才培养的特色与核心环节[1],在临床实习教学中特别重视实习生的临床技能培养,以适应毕业后的临床工作需要。1学科特点与实习生现状口腔修复学是口腔专业重要的专业课程之一,其特点是新概念多,实践性和技能性强,学科交叉性强。目前口腔医学本科生没有对生物力学、材料学、高等物理学等进行系统的学习[2]。因此,多数学生在前一阶段的理论课,乃至实验课的学习中均感到难以理解,难以掌握或仅仅是死记硬背,应付考试。到了临…     

Haematology and serum biochemistry of golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in Iran

Haematological and serum biochemical values were estimated in blood samples collected from 21 apparently adult golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) of both sexes. The mean values of red blood cells, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, white blood cells, heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils were 1.63 ± 0.11 × 10¹²/l, 0.47 ± 0.009 l/l, 91.73 ± 1.52 g/l, 24.31 ± 1.97 × 10⁹/l, 4.40 ± 0.22 × 10⁹/l, 16.81 ± 0.65 × 10⁹/l, 0.99 ± 0.19 × 10⁹/l and 2.10 ± 0.30 × 10⁹/l, respectively. The leucocytes had 69.14%, 4.09%, 18.12% and 8.65% lymphocytes, monocytes, heterophils and eosinophils, respectively. The results of serum biochemistry in the golden eagle indicated that the concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, total globulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium, phosphorous, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were 16.42 ± 0.73 mmol/l, 49.76 ± 1.35 g/l, 20.46 ± 0.79 g/l, 29.30 ± 1.47 g/l, 2.14 ± 0.09 mmol/l, 2.04 ± 0.08 mmol/l, 457.67 ± 97.46 μmol/l, 2.74 ± 0.17 mmol/l, 53.27 ± 3.87 μmol/l, 2.37 ± 0.24 mmol/l, 1.73 ± 0.08 mmol/l, 293.24 ± 18.96 IU/l, 28.21 ± 2.36 IU/l, 411.29 ± 58.37 IU/l, 1,209.89 ± 21.73 IU/l and 67.31 ± 5.29 IU/l, respectively. There were no significant differences between haematological and serum biochemical parameters of male and female golden eagles (P > 0.05).     

Organisation anatomique et physiologique des activités motrices de la moelle épinière

Résumé La moelle épinière utilise deux grandes modalités fonctionnelles: l'activité réflexe et l'activité programmée.L'activité réflexe constitute la modalité la plus anciennement connue, elle englobe de nombreux arcs réflexes imprégnés de finalités fort diverses. Ainsi le réflexe myotatique, arc monosynaptique le plus simple, maintient et protège le tonus musculaire; les réflexes à point de départ cutané, polysynaptiques, impliquant des réseaux interneuronaux, extériorisent des réponses motrices de défense et de protection indiquant déjà une compétence plus intégrative.L'activité programmée médullaire est supportée par des circuits neuronaux assez solidement fixés. Cette organisation fonctionnelle produit des séquences motrices correctement agencées dans l'espace et dans le temps (locomotion, miction, défécation, réflexes sexuels).Aces deux modalités basales viennent se superposer les influences supra-spinales à capacité exécutoire. Ces signaux, canalisés vers la voie finale commune, agissent, dans une faible part, directement sur les motoneurones spinaux et, en effet, dans une très large mesure, ils utilisent les circuits interneuronaux et modulent ou déclenchent réflexes et programmes médullaires engendrant ainsi une activité cinétique cohérente.     

Development of respiratory muscle contractile fatigue in the course of hyperpnoea

To assess the development of inspiratory and expiratory muscle fatigue during normocapnic hyperpnoea, we studied fourteen healthy men performing 8 min hyperpnoea, 6 min pause, 8 min hyperpnoea, etc., until task failure. Twitch transdiaphragmatic (P_di,tw) and gastric (P_ga,tw) pressures were measured during cervical and thoracic magnetic nerve stimulation, before hyperpnoea, after every 8 min of hyperpnoea, and at task failure (i.e., at 25.3 ± 4.7 min). P_di,tw decreased during the first 16 min (−28 ± 7%, p < 0.001) and P_ga,tw during the first 8 min (−20 ± 7%, p < 0.001) of hyperpnoea without further change until task failure. During inspiration, the pressure–time-product of oesophageal pressure (PTP_oes) increased relative to PTP_di during the first 16 min (+11 ± 21%, p < 0.05). Similarly, during expiration, PTP_oes increased relative to PTP_ga during the first 8 min (+10 ± 16%, p < 0.05). Also, blood lactate concentration and respiratory sensations significantly increased during the first 8 min (+1.0 ± 0.5 mmol l⁻¹, p < 0.001) and 16 min (breathlessness +1.6 ± 1.8 points, respiratory effort +5.9 ± 2.2 points, p < 0.001), respectively. We conclude that, during hyperpnoea, contractile fatigue of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles develops long before task failure and may trigger an increased recruitment of rib cage muscles.     

Strong linkage disequilibria among HLA-Bw50, Bfs1, and HLA-DR3/DR7, and mapping of the Bf locus

Based on genotypic and phenotypic studies we have found strong linkage disequilibria in Caucasians among the genes HLA-Bw50, Bf^s1, and HLA-DR3 and/or -DR7. The relative disequilibria, which are among the highest described in man, are Δ_r(Bf^s1, DR7) = 0.51, Δ_r (Bw50, Bf^s1, DR7) = 0.36, Δ_r (Bw50, DR3 or 7) = 0.72, Δ_r (Bf^s1, DR3 or 7) = 0.91, Δ_r (Bw50, Bf^s1, DR3 or 7) = 0.73. The previously described high Δ_r (Bw50, Bf^s1) andΔ_r (Bw50, DR7) have also been confirmed. A B//DR crossover family is also presented that, together with previously reported recombinant families, confirms that the Bf locus resides between HLA-B and HLA-DR. These data suggest the existence of a supergene complex of Bw50, Bf^s1. DR3/7 (or MB2), and hypotheses to account for the observed disequilibria are discussed.     

Regulation of local sweating in sleep-deprived exercising humans

Summary Thermoregulatory sweating [total body (m _sw,b), chest (m _sw,c) and thigh (m _sw,t) sweating], body temperatures [oesophageal (T _oes) and mean skin temperature (T _sk)] and heart rate were investigated in five sleep-deprived subjects (kept awake for 27 h) while exercising on a cycle (45 min at approximately 50% maximal oxygen consumption) in moderate heat (T _air andT _wall at 35° C. Them _sw,c andm _sw,t were measured under local thermal clamp (T _sk,1), set at 35.5° C. After sleep deprivation, neither the levels of body temperatures (T _oes,T _sk) nor the levels ofm _{sw, b},m _{sw, c} orm _{sw, t} differed from control at rest or during exercise steady state. During the transient phase of exercise (whenT _sk andT _sk,1 were unvarying), them _{sw, c} andm _{sw, t} changes were positively correlated with those ofT _oes. The slopes of them _{sw, c} versusT _oes, orm _{sw, t} versusT _oes relationships remained unchanged between control and sleep-loss experiments. Thus the slopes of the local sweating versusT _oes, relationships (m _{sw, c} andm _{sw, t} sweating data pooled which reached 1.05 (SEM 0.14) mg·cm^–2·min^–1°C^–1 and 1.14 (SEM 0.18) mg·cm^–2·min^–1·°C^–1 before and after sleep deprivation) respectively did not differ. However, in our experiment, sleep deprivation significantly increased theT _oes threshold for the onset of bothm _{sw, c} andm _{sw, t} (+0.3° C,P<0.001). From our investigations it would seem that the delayed core temperature for sweating onset in sleep-deprived humans, while exercising moderately in the heat, is likely to have been due to alterations occurring at the central level.     

The impact of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I ligands on predisposition or protection against prostate cancer

Natural killer (NK) cell development largely depends on killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I ligands. In the current study, we investigated the role of KIR genes, HLA ligands, and KIR-HLA combinations in vulnerability or protection against prostate cancer (PC). To analyze the frequency of 16 KIR genes and 5 HLA ligands, polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) was conducted in 150 PC patients and 200 healthy controls (CNs). KIR2DL5 (p = 0.0346, OR = 0.606, CI = 0.3916–0.9336), KIR2DS5 (p = 0.0227, OR = 0.587, CI = 0.3793–0.9139), HLA-B Bw4^Thr80 (p = 0.0401, OR = 0.3552, CI = 0.1466–0.9059), HLA Bw4 (p = 0.0190, OR = 0.4744, CI = 0.2656–0.8521), and T4 gene cluster (including KIR2DS5-2DL5-3DS1-2DS1 genes) (p = 0.0194, OR = 0.5575, CI = 0.3449–0.8938) had a lower frequency in the PC patients compared to the control group. Moreover, a lower frequency of the genotypes contacting activating KIR (aKIR) > inhibitory KIR (iKIR) (p = 0.0298, OR = 0.5291, CI = 0.3056–0.9174) and iKIR + HLA < aKIR + HLA (p = 0.0183, OR = 0.2197, CI = 0.0672–0.7001) in PC patients compared to the CNs implies a protective role for aKIR genes. In the case of KIR-HLA interactions, we detected a significant association between KIR3DS1⁺ + HLA-A Bw4⁺ (p = 0.0113, OR = 0.5093, CI = 0.3124–0.8416) and KIR3DL1^? + HLA-A Bw4⁺ (p = 0.0306, OR = 0.1153, CI = 0.0106–0.6537) combinations and resistance to prostate cancer. In contrast, the presence of KIR3DL1 in the absence of HLA-A Bw4 (p = 0.0040, OR = 2.00, CI = 1.264–3.111), HLA Bw4 (p = 0.0296, OR = 2.066, CI = 1.094–3.906), and HLA-Bw4^Thr80 (p = 0.0071, OR = 2.505, CI = 1.319–4.703) genes probably predisposes to prostate cancer. Carrying the CxT4 genotype in PC patients was positively associated with lower tumor grades (Gleason score ≤ 6) (p = 0.0331, OR = 3.290, and CI = 1.181–8.395). Altogether, our data suggest a protective role for aKIRs, HLA-B Bw4^Thr80, and HLA Bw4 ligands as well as a predisposing role for certain KIR-HLA combinations in prostate cancer. The findings of this study offer new insight into the population's risk assessment for prostate cancer in men. Additionally, predicting immunotherapy response based on KIR-HLA combinations aids in implementing the most effective therapeutic approach in the early stages of the disease.     

Co-utilisation d'équipements médicaux en partenariat public/privé

Le paysage politique, juridique et économique a évolué ces dernières années dans le secteur de la santé en France. Dans le contexte sanitaire actuel, les établissements hospitaliers doivent, pour s'adapter, modifier leur stratégie d'investissement afin de maintenir leur niveau de ressources actuel, voire de le développer. Aux hôpitaux de Toulouse, comme dans d'autres établissements en France, de nouvelles ressources sont recherchées dans l'environnement de I'hôpital. Ainsi, le partenariat avec les autres acteurs régionaux permet à l'établissement public de santé non seulement d'autofinancer les équipements biomédicaux nécessaires au développement de nouveaux secteurs d'activité, comme par exemple la chirurgie de confort, mais également de dégager des surplus financiers. Cette méthode de gestion du plan d'équipement permet à l'hôpital de recentrer ses crédits d'investissements propres sur les missions fondamentales, mais aussi de répondre ponctuellement à des besoins exprimés par la population, les praticiens hospitaliers et les médecins libéraux. Sur certains dossiers d'équipement, un positionnement plus marketing de l'hôpital permet donc de dégager des ressources nouvelles et, par là même, d'augmenter ses capacités à répondre aux contraintes budgétaires.     

Unterschiedliche Flüssigkeits- und Substanzbewegungen durch die Mucosa der verschiedenen Abschnitte des Intestinaltraktes beim Kaninchen

Zusammenfassung Die Schleimhaut des Duodenums beim Kaninchen sezerniert eine blutisotone Flüssigkeit, deren Hauptcharakteristikum ihr HCO₃ ^–-Gehalt von fast 100 mMol/l ist. Auf die Instillation einer Lösung, die wie das duodenale Sekret zusammengesetzt ist, reagiert das Jejunum mit einer isotonen Absorption bei nur geringfügigen Konzentrationsänderungen der Konstituenten der Instillationslösung. Das Ileum reagiert analog dem Jejunum, nur sind die Absorptionsraten für Flüssigkeit und die geprüften Solute größer als im Jejunum. Im Colon kommt es zu einer Enterosorption von Flüssigkeit mit teilweise beträchtlichen Konzentrationserniedrigungen der in der Installationslösung enthaltenen Solute.Auf die Instillation einer blutisotonen NaCl-Lösung reagiert das Jejunum stets mit einer Absorption von Flüssigkeit. Na⁺ und Cl^– werden absorbiert, während HCO₃ ^–, K⁺ und Harnstoff netto sezerniert werden. Im Colon kommt es unter den Bedingungen des 30 min-Versuches zur enterosorption von Flüssigkeit, zur Absorption von osmotisch aktivem Material, Na⁺ und Cl^–, während HCO₃ ^–, K⁺ und Harnstoff sezerniert werden.Auf die Instillation reinen Wassers reagiert das Jejunum mit einer Absorption von Flüssigkeit sowie einer Enterosorption aller geprüften Solute in das Jejunum hinein, daß fast Konzentrationsgleichheit mit dem Plasma eingestellt wird. Im Colon kommt es im 30 min-Versuch teils zur Enterosorption, teils zur Absorption von Flüssigkeit. Nach 60 min wird in allen Fällen eine Absorption von Flüssigkeit beobachtet. Die Gleichgewichtskonzentrationen im Jejunum sind: Osmolarität 296,0 mOsmol/l, Na⁺ 78,6 mMol/l, Cl^– 24,6 mMol/l, HCO₃ ^– 54,8 mMol/l, K⁺ 2,2 mMol/l, Harnstoff 59,9 mg/100 ml. Die analogen Werte für das Colon lauten: Osmolarität 184,0 mOsmol/l, Na⁺ 11,6 mMol/l, Cl^– 12,9 mMol/l, HCO₃ ^– 25,9 mMol/l, K⁺ 16,4 mMol/l, Harnstoff 18,8 mg/100 ml.     

Pregnancy and lactation have anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects in Ay/a mice

Aim: Dominant ‘yellow’ mutation at the mouse agouti locus (A^y) results in obesity. Pregnancy and lactation are characterized by large energy demand. The aim of this study was to investigate whether obesity would develop in pregnant and suckling A^y mice. Methods: Body weight and food intake in pregnancy, lactation, and after weaning, plasma leptin, insulin, corticosterone and blood glucose concentrations on days 7, 13 and 18 of pregnancy, days 1, 10, 21 and 80 postpartum, glucose and insulin tolerance on pregnancy days 7 and 18 were measured in C57Bl/6J mice of a/a (normal metabolism) and A^y/a genotypes. The same parameters were also measured in age-matched virgin females. Results: Virgin A^y/a females exhibited hyperphagia, enhanced body weight, glucose intolerance and normal blood parameters at the mating age. With age, they developed obesity, hyperleptinaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia. Obesity did not develop in mated A^y/a mice; during suckling, they had equal food intake and body weight as a/a mice. During pregnancy, glucose tolerance was enhanced in A^y/a mice and became equal in both genotypes. In both genotypes, concentrations of hormones increased, and glucose decreased from pregnancy day 7 to day 18 and returned to normal values after parturition. A^y/a mice did not differ from a/a in corticosterone, insulin and glucose levels during pregnancy and lactation, in leptin levels during suckling; however, A^y/a mice had two times higher leptin levels than a/a during pregnancy. After weaning, A^y/a mice began to eat and weigh more than a/a exhibiting normal metabolic parameters for 50 days. Conclusion: Pregnancy and lactation retard obesity and diabetes development in A^y mice.