布-加综合征的介入治疗

目的 探讨布-加综合征的介入治疗方法及疗效.方法 采用Seldinger技术经右侧股静脉穿刺插管,先行下腔静脉造影.狭窄病例直接用导丝通过狭窄部位;闭塞病例同时作右侧颈静脉穿刺行下腔静脉闭塞段上下端会师造影,再采用导丝硬头破膜或用TIPS穿刺针或房间隔穿刺针穿过闭塞段.膜性狭窄或膜性闭塞病例,单纯采用球囊扩张治疗;节段狭窄或节段闭塞病例,采用球囊扩张加支架植入治疗.结果 收治21例布-加综合征患者,其中肝静脉膜性闭塞1例,膜性狭窄1例;下腔静脉节段狭窄合并肝静脉膜性狭窄1例;下腔静脉膜性狭窄3例,节段狭窄2例;下腔静脉膜性闭塞6例,节段闭塞7例.19例手术成功,其中单纯球囊扩张12例,球囊扩张加支架植入7例.2例下腔静脉节段闭塞手术失败,其中1例用房间隔穿刺针穿刺入心包引起心包积血,处理好转后患者拒绝再次手术;1例患者单纯行下腔静脉造影10 d后再次造影见下腔静脉内充满血栓,行溶栓治疗后出院.结论布-加综合征类型复杂,根据不同类型采用不同方法行介入治疗,操作方便、安全,效果良好.     

利用腔内激光技术制作肝静脉阻塞性布加氏综合征模型的探讨

目的　利用腔内激光光凝技术探讨制作肝静脉阻塞性布加氏综合征动物模型的可行性 ,为进一步探讨本病合理的治疗方案提供研究对象。方法　 2 0条杂种犬 ,随机等分为实验组和对照组 ,在自动控制X光机监视下 ,利用介入技术将光纤导丝分别放入肝左静脉和肝右静脉 ,实验组以功率为 6W的 81 0nm半导体激光光凝主干肝静脉 ,对照组不做光凝处理。饲养 5个月后在全身麻醉下 ,观察门静脉的压力和肝脏的病理变化 ,与未行本项操作的家犬门静脉和肝脏组织进行比较。结果　实验组均出现肝静脉闭塞或严重狭窄、胃底食管静脉曲张、淤血性肝硬化 ,而对照组正常。实验组和对照组门静脉压力分别为 2 5 33± 7 1 1cmH2 O(1cmH2 O =98 0 7Pa)和 1 0 6 4± 3 70cmH2 O ,二者差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1 )。结论　利用介入激光光凝技术可成功制作肝静脉阻塞型布加氏综合征家犬模型 ,为进一步探讨肝静脉阻塞型布加氏综合征的发病机制和治疗方案提供研究对象。     

肝静脉阻塞型布-加综合征误诊误治原因分析

目的 探讨肝静脉阻塞型布-加综合征(HVBCS)临床症状、影像学特征及误治分析.方法 13例误治的HVBCS患者,5例行下腔静脉球囊扩张术,8例行下腔静脉支架植入.分析13例患者临床症状、体征及影像学资料,经DSA造影进一步证实后予肝静脉成形术.结果 所有患者均有不同程度的门静脉高压表现,无明显下腔静脉阻塞症状.CT或(和)MRI示肝尾状叶明显增大,DSA示下腔静脉呈外压性狭窄.13例均成功实施肝静脉成形术;其中4例行单纯PTA,9例行PTA 支架,术后所有患者临床症状与体征完全消失或明显改善.结论 HVBCS的下腔静脉狭窄不是其本身病变,而是肝尾状叶代偿性增大压迫所致.肝静脉成形术是一种正确的、安全、有效的治疗方法.     

肝静脉阻塞型Budd－Chiari综合征的介入治疗（附10例报告）

肝静脉阻塞型Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征（ＢＣＳ）既是内外科临床治疗的“难治之症”，也是介入放射学领域尚未完全解决的课题。作者采用肝静脉开通术（ＰＴＡ及ＥＭＳ置入术等）和经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉内支架分流术（ＴＩＰＳＳ）对１０例肝静脉阻塞型ＢＣＳ进行了治疗，取得了满意的临床效果。作者认为：肝静脉开通术是治疗肝静脉口部狭窄或闭塞型ＢＣＳ的较为合理而且安全有效的非手术方法。尽管它较下腔静脉开通术的难度和风险更大些，但临床效果显著持久，因而，应将其作为此类ＢＣＳ的首选治疗方法。但对不适于此项治疗者，即肝静脉广泛阻塞型ＢＣＳ则可将ＴＩＰＳＳ作为主要的治疗手段。     

Ultrasonically guided inferior vena cava stent placement: experience in 83 cases

PURPOSE: Traditionally, inferior vena cava (IVC) stent placement is performed with fluoroscopic guidance. The object of this study was to evaluate use of ultrasound (US) as guidance for IVC stent placement for the management of Budd-Chiari syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-three patients with IVC membranous stenosis (n = 30), membranous occlusion (n = 19), segmental stenosis (n = 21), or segmental occlusion (n = 13) underwent IVC recanalization, balloon dilation, and stent placement under US guidance. Among the 83 patients, 67 had at least one patent hepatic vein, while 16 patients had three occluded hepatic veins. RESULTS: IVC stents were successfully placed in 79 of 83 patients, with a success rate of 95%. After the procedure, the symptoms and signs of IVC obstruction disappeared or markedly improved in all patients, and the blockage of hepatic outflow was alleviated in 67 patients. Pericardial effusion, complete atrial ventricular block, and stent migration into the right atrium occurred, respectively, in one patient. During 1-46-month follow-up, stent restenosis occurred in one patient; the other stents remained open and functioned effectively. CONCLUSION: Because of the absence of nonionizing radiation and iodinated contrast material, and its low cost, US is well suited and often preferred for guidance of IVC stent placement.     

Budd-Chiari syndrome due to prothrombotic disorder: mid-term patency and efficacy of endovascular stents

Our objective was to evaluate efficacy and patency of metallic stent placement for symptomatic Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) due to prothrombotic disorders. Eleven patients with proved BCS due to prothrombotic disorders were referred for endovascular treatment because of refractory ascites (n=9), abdominal pain (n=8), jaundice (n=6), and/or gastrointestinal bleeding (n=4). Stents were inserted for stenosed hepatic vein (n=7), inferior vena cava (n=2), or mesenterico-caval shunt (n=2). Clinical efficacy and stent patency was evaluated by clinical and Doppler follow-up. After a mean follow-up of 21 months, 6 patients had fully patent stents without reintervention (primary stent patency: 55%). Two patients with hepatic vein stenosis had stent thrombosis and died 4 months after procedure. Restenosis occurred in 3 cases (2 hepatic vein and 1 mesenterico-caval shunt stenosis) and were successfully treated by balloon angioplasty (n=2) and addition of new stents (n=1) leading to a 82% secondary stent patency. Of 9 patients with patent stent, 7 were asymptomatic (77%) at the end of the study. Stent placement is a safe and effective procedure to control of symptomatic BCS. Prothrombotic disorder does not seem to jeopardize patency in anticoagulated patients. Electronic Publication     

Balloon angioplasty treatment of patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome

Fourteen cases with membranous or segmental stenosis or obstruction of the inferior vena cava (11 cases) and the hepatic vein (3 cases) associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome were successfully treated by PTA. The average width of veins was increased from 2.5 mm to 14.9 mm. The average pressure of veins dropped from 21.2 +/- 1.9 mmHg of pre-PTA to 15.7 +/- 2.6 mmHg immediately after PTA. Significant improvement (p less than 0.001) was obtained. In 9 cases reexamined after PTA, the pressure of vein dropped further from 16.9 +/- 1.5 mmHg immediately after PTA to 10.4 +/- 2.1 mmHg. Thirteen cases were followed up for an average of 9 months (range 6-16 months). The complete recovery of clinical symptoms was seen in 7 cases. The symptoms were evidently improved in 5 cases. The symptoms was relieved in one patient. Re-stenosis of the inferior vena cava occurred in only one patient after 4 months of PTA. In conclusion, (1) PTA with balloon catheter is a safe and effective method of treatment, and the method is extensively appreciated for this syndrome. (2) The clinically effective results of treatment is obtained immediately after PTA for Budd-Chiari syndrome. (3) Brockenbrough method was considered to have good indication to the membranous as well as segmental obstruction of Budd-Chiari syndrome.     

Therapeutic hepatic vein angioplasty for Budd-Chiari syndrome

The authors report a case of Budd-Chiari syndrome treated by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). In this case, the occlusion of three major hepatic veins with a big collateral to the inferior vena cava via the right inferior hepatic vein (RIHV) and stenosis of the ostium of RIHV were seen. We performed successful PTA of this stenosis.     

布加综合征合并肝静脉血栓介入治疗的疗效观察

目的 评价布加综合征合并肝静脉血栓介入治疗的临床效果.方法 25例布加综合征合并肝静脉血栓形成的患者,均施行经导管尿激酶溶栓术、球囊扩张术和(或)支架置入术,术后随访采用肝脏超声检查,观察肝静脉、下腔静脉通畅情况及血栓有无复发.介入治疗前后肝静脉-右心房、下腔静脉-右心房压差的比较采用配对t检验.结果 治疗成功23例,其中血栓完全溶解18例,部分溶解5例,肝静脉及下腔静脉血流通畅,肝静脉-右心房压差由术前平均(29±7)cm H2O(1 cm H2O＝0.098 kPa)下降至术后平均(8±3)cm H2O(t=13.7,P＜0.01),下腔静脉-右心房压差由术前平均(19±4)cm H2O下降至术后平均(5±2)cm H2O(t=13.3,P＜0.01);不成功2例.23例患者随访1～42个月,平均(18±10)个月,死亡1例,肝静脉再狭窄2例,经再次球囊扩张治疗成功,其余20例无肝静脉再狭窄及血栓复发.结论 布加综合征合并肝静脉血栓的介入治疗可取得较好临床效果.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of interventional therapy for Budd-Chiari syndrome with hepatic vein thrombosis. Methods Twenty-five patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome complicated with hepatic vein thrombosis underwent catheter-directed urokinase thrombolysis, balloon dilation and/or stent placement. During follow-up, re-thrombosis and patency of the recanalized hepatic vein and inferior vena cava were evaluated by liver ultrasound. The pressure gradient of hepatic vein-right atrium or inferior vena cava-right atrium before and after interventional treatment was compared with paired t-test. ResultsTechnical success was obtained in 23 patients. Complete resolution and partial resolution of the thrombi were accomplished in 18 cases and 5 cases, respectively. The recanalized hepatic veins and inferior vena cava were patent. The mean pressure gradient of hepatic vein-right atrium dropped from (29±7) cm H2O to (8±3) cm H2O (1 cm H2O＝0.098 kPa) after the interventional treatment (t=13.7,P<0.01). The mean pressure gradient of inferior vena cava-right atrium dropped from (19±4) cm H2O to (5±2) cm H2O after the interventional treatment (t=13.3, P<0.01). Failures occurred in 2 patients. Over the follow-up period of 1 to 42 months[(18±10) months]after interventional treatment in the 23 patients, one late death occurred. Restenoses of hepatic veins were found in 2 patients, which were all redilated successfully. Neither restenosis of hepatic vein nor recurrence of thrombosis was found in the other 20 patients. Conclusion Interventional therapy could be effectively performed for the treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome with hepatic vein thrombosis.     

Budd-Chiari syndrome: US evaluation

Twelve patients with proved Budd-Chiari syndrome (eight acute and four chronic cases) were examined, using real-time ultrasonography (US). In all acute cases, US study showed at least one hepatic vein with findings suggestive of the syndrome, such as stenosis, dilatation, thick wall echoes, thrombosis, abnormal course, or extrahepatic anastomosis. In chronic cases, hepatic veins were usually not visible. Modifications of liver morphology were present in all patients except those with recent onset of the disease. Caudate lobe hypertrophy was present in only six cases. US study is therefore the procedure of choice for initial diagnosis of acute Budd-Chiari syndrome. Pitfalls were the failure to detect two caval thromboses and one hepatic vein web. Cavography should still be performed systematically, but hepatic phlebography is useful in selected cases only.     

178例布-加氏综合征的介入治疗

目的:评价布-加氏综合征介入性治疗的价值。方法:178例布-加氏综合征均经B超和肝静脉、下腔静脉造影确诊。根据不同病变类型采用了经股静脉或股静脉-颈静脉入路行球囊扩张成形术(PTA)或/和血管内支架(EMS)植入术。对完全闭塞病例,实施了三种破膜或闭塞段开通术。结果:66例不完全性狭窄的病例经股静脉入路治疗,成功率为100%(66/66),其中单纯PTA36例,PTA 内支架植入术30例。112例完全闭塞病例,闭塞段或膜开通成功率为98.21%(110/112),其中经股静脉顺行开通110例,经颈静脉贯穿法开通2例,单纯PTA51例;PTA 内支架植入术59例。治疗后下腔静脉压下降明显,单纯球囊扩张组平均值为14.7cm水柱,球囊扩张 支架植入组平均值为16cm水柱。术后随访3年再狭窄率为5%(9/176)。其中1例死亡,未出现严重并发症。结论:介入治疗布-加氏综合征是一种简便、安全、有效的方法。     

Application of expandable metallic stents to the venous system.

Expandable metallic stents were successfully introduced in 12 patients; 6 with superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction due to tumor invasion or lymph node metastases, 3 with inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction or stenosis due to lymph node metastases or hepatic tumor, one with common iliac vein (CIV) obstruction due to lymph node metastases, one with idiopathic obstruction of the hepatic IVC and Budd-Chiari syndrome, and one with CIV obstruction following a dialysis shunt. The length of the lesions was between 2 and 15 cm. Multiple (2-7) stents in tandem were inserted percutaneously from a femoral venous approach through a 12 to 16 F (4.0-5.3 mm) Teflon sheath. Postoperatively, all 12 patients became free from symptoms such as SVC syndrome or IVC syndrome. In 11 patients, the symptoms did not recur during the follow-up periods of 1 to 21 months.     

副肝静脉成形术在Budd-Chiari综合征治疗中的应用

目的 评价副肝静脉成形术[经皮腔内血管成形术（PTA）及支架置入术]在Budd-Chiari综合征（BCS）介入治疗中的价值。方法 本组14例BCS患者均为肝静脉，副肝静脉狭窄或闭塞，主要症状和体征为腹胀，腹痛，腹水，肝脾肿大等，均接受了副肝静脉成形术，采用经股静脉或经颈静脉和经皮经副肝静脉途径开通副肝静脉的方法。结果 14例BCS开通副肝静脉均获得成功，未发生严重并发症，术后临床治愈7例，有效5例，无效2例。随访3-48个月。3例PTA后再狭窄（支架内血栓形成1例），1例术后2个月死于消化道大出血。结论 开通副肝静脉有着与开通肝静脉同等的治疗价值。易于操作，且更加安全，适应证为：（1）肝静脉和副肝静脉同时闭塞，而且肝静脉为节段性闭塞；（2）副肝静脉明显代偿性扩张，其管径大于8mm。     

Ultrasonically guided percutaneous transhepatic hepatic vein stent placement for Budd-Chiari syndrome.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the utility of ultrasonically guided hepatic vein stent placement in the treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) in patients with short hepatic vein obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with BCS, each with three obstructed hepatic veins diagnosed with ultrasound (US), color Doppler, probing with guide wire, and echo contrast, underwent hepatic vein stent placement under US guidance. Nine patients had hepatic vein obstruction alone, and 16 had hepatic vein obstruction along with primary inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction. In each patient, only one of the hepatic veins was selected for recanalization and stent placement. In patients with primary IVC lesions, a stent was placed in the IVC first. Clinical and US examinations were performed at 3-6-month intervals on every patient during follow-up. RESULTS: Hepatic vein stents were successfully placed in 23 of the 25 patients, a success rate of 92%. The mean +/- SD hepatic vein pressure decreased from 25.57 mm Hg +/- 9.46 to 9.67 mm Hg +/- 2.31 (P < .01), and the flow direction in the hepatic vein became centripetal and its spectral analysis showed a normal phasic flow. Twenty-two patients experienced a significant improvement in hepatic outflow, as evidenced by disappearance of ascites, remission of hepatosplenomegaly, improvement in liver function, and alleviation of esophageal varices. Severe intraperitoneal hemorrhage occurred in one patient. No other serious procedure-related complications were observed. During follow-up of 1-43 months (mean, 23 months), stent reocclusion occurred in one patient. The other stents remained patent, and clinical features of BCS did not recur. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous transhepatic hepatic vein stent placement is a reasonable treatment for BCS in patients with hepatic vein obstruction, and the procedures can be performed safely and accurately with US.     

Use of the Arrow percutaneous thrombectomy device and transjugular liver biopsy cannula for mechanical thrombectomy of the inferior vena cava in a patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome

A 33-year-old woman with Budd-Chiari syndrome and hypercoagulability was sequentially treated with the placement of hepatic vein stents and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS), all of which repeatedly thrombosed. Four months after TIPS revision with an endoprosthesis, a large inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombus developed caudal to an IVC stenosis. A percutaneous thrombectomy device was introduced coaxially through a transjugular liver biopsy cannula to extend its effective diameter range of attack and was steered within the IVC to successfully clear the thrombus. The condition recurred 9 months later, and the technique was repeated successfully. At subsequent 12-month follow-up, the IVC remains patient and symptoms resolved. This combination of cannula and percutaneous thrombectomy device proved essential in facilitating successful mechanical thrombectomy of the IVC.     

64层螺旋CT门腔静脉同步成像技术对布-加综合征的诊断价值

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT双通路注射法行门腔静脉同步成像技术在布-加综合征(BCS)诊断中的应用价值。方法:选择行64层螺旋CT双通路注射法造影并经数字减影血管造影(DSA)证实的20例BCS患者,对其影像资料进行回顾性分析。结果:①血管重建显示:单纯下腔静脉受累7例;单纯肝静脉受累5例;下腔静脉伴肝静脉受累4例;下腔静脉血栓、外压性狭窄病变4例。与DSA进行比较,符合率达95%,二者具有较好的相关性,r值=0.966。②肝实质动态增强扫描显示:典型斑片样强化12例;3例不典型强化;5例肝实质未见明显异常强化。结论:64层螺旋CT双通路注射法行门腔静脉同步成像技术在诊断BCS中有较高的临床应用价值,同时能更好地显示门静脉与下腔静脉,准确、完整地显示BCS的梗阻部位和性质。     

中国河南地区Budd-Chiari综合征病变特点的影像分析

目的 探讨中国河南省Budd-Chiari综合征患者肝静脉阻塞和下腔静脉阻塞病变的分布特点.方法 应用3种血管成像技术,彩色多普勒超声、CTA和MRA检查,经DSA证实的Budd-Chiari综合征患者231例,对影像结果进行分析,分析清晰显影的主肝静脉、副肝静脉和下腔静脉走行与阻塞部位分布特点.结果 231例中肝静脉分支都正常的单纯性下腔静脉阻塞5例,占2.2%;下腔静脉正常的单纯性肝静脉阻塞33例,占14.3%;下腔静脉和肝静脉同时阻塞的193例,占83.5%.结论 中国河南地区Budd-Chiari综合征以下腔静脉阻塞合并肝静脉阻塞的复合型病变最多见,而单纯性下腔静脉阻塞最少见.     

Budd-Chiari综合征的磁共振影像分析

目的：探讨MRI对Budd-Chiari综合征的诊断价值.方法：回顾性分析24例经DSA证实的Budd-Chiari综合征MRI表现.所有病例均采用FSPGR T1和FRFSE T2序列扫描.其中12例行FSPGR T1动态增强扫描.结果：肝静脉型6例,下腔静脉型8例,混合型10例,其中合并肝静脉或下腔静脉血栓6例.急性6例,亚急性6例,慢性12例.所有病例均有不同程度的肝肿大.肝脏尾叶增大20例,肝实质信号不均匀12例,肝内侧支血管17例,副肝静脉2例,肝外侧枝血管16例,脾大腹水16例,合并肝癌和脾梗死各1例.结论：MR能直接显示下腔静脉和肝静脉的狭窄,明确诊断并分型.并能根据不同时期信号特点和侧支血管分布的影像特征对其进行分期,判断疾病的病程和预后.MR是一个独立的非侵袭性的多方面评价Budd-Chiari综合征的方法.     

Budd-Chiari综合征的CT、MRI诊断价值

目的分析布-加氏综合征的MR、ICT的表现,进一步提高该病的诊断率。方法对经血管造影证实的15例Budd-Chiari综合征的MR、ICT表现进行回顾性分析。结果15例MRI和CT诊断均正确,2例伴多发再生结节定性诊断正确。Budd-Chiari综合征MR、CT有下列征象:(1)下腔静脉和/或肝静脉狭窄或闭塞(15例);(2)肝实质淤血肿胀伴异常密度或信号灶(12例),延迟扫描无明显强化(7例),部分可见肝实质强化逐渐均匀(5例);(3)迂曲增粗及逗点状侧枝循环(10例);(4)无肝炎背景的肝硬化、腹水,伴或不伴脾轻度肿大(4例),伴侧枝循环形成(15例);(5)多发再生结节(2例)。结论MRI、CT对Budd-Chiari综合征的诊断具有重要价值。     

经颈静脉门腔分流术中Fluency覆膜支架应用的临床观察

目的 评价Fluency覆膜支架在经颈静脉门腔分流术(TIPS)中的临床效果.方法 搜集21例采用Fluency覆膜支架行TIPS治疗患者的临床病例资料进行回顾性分析.本组患者随访时间2.0～24.0个月,平均(10.1±4.6)个月;均为门静脉高压上消化道大出血,其中原发性肝癌门静脉主干癌栓伴大出血1例,布加综合征1例.分析患者术后支架开通情况,门静脉压力及肝功能变化情况.对手术前后门静脉压力及肝功能变化情况的比较采用配对t检验.结果21例患者共放支架25枚,均成功放置,支架直径10 mm 2枚、8 mm为23枚;覆膜支架长度6～8 cm.所有患者术后上消化道出血停止;门静脉压力由术前平均(25.4±3.5)mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133 kPa)降为(15.4±2.8)mm Hg,手术前后差异有统计学意义(t=12.495,P<0.01).随访期间,1例原发性肝癌伴门静脉主干癌栓患者于术后4个月死亡,1例随访期间发现原发性肝癌的患者术后24个月死亡,1例门静脉高压上消化道大出血患者于术后2个月死于多器官功能衰竭,1例于术后15个月出现肝静脉端狭窄,行第2枚支架治疗效果良好,余17例随访7～17个月支架无狭窄.患者死亡前1周复查超声示支架均通畅.3例术后出现一过性肝性脑病前驱症状,经对症处理后好转.存活6个月以上的19例患者,术前Child肝功能评分(6.3±1.4)分,术后6个月评分(6.4±1.9)分,两者差异无统计学意义(t=0.645,P>0.05).结论采用Fluency覆膜支架行TIPS术,能明显提高TIPS术后开通率,但长期效果及肝性脑病的评价尚需验'证.