水泥接尘工人肺通气功能研究

本研究以１８４名接尘工人为对象,同时对１１２名无粉尘接触史职工为对照组,通过对两组对象肺通气功能结果的分析发现,接尘组随着接尘工龄的增加,肺通气功能各指标均有不同程度的减退,最早出现减退的是ＦＥＶ１和Ｖ２５,接尘工龄不足１０年者,各指标与对照组比较均无显著性差异。     

固井水泥粉尘对接触工人抗氧化酶的影响

目的探讨固井水泥粉尘对作业工人和机体脂质过氧化(LPO)的影响.方法对98名固井水泥粉尘接触工人和30名不接尘健康对照进行血清丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性测定.结果与对照组比较,固井水泥粉尘接触工人血清MDA含量升高,SOD和GSH-Px活性下降,差异均有显著性(P＜0.01);相关分析显示:随着作业工人接尘工龄的延长,血清MDA含量有增高的趋势(r=0.357 0, P＜0.01),血清SOD和全血GSH-Px活性呈下降趋势(r=-0.739 8;-0.301 3, P＜0.01).结论固井水泥粉尘作业工人体内氧自由基反应加剧,氧化/抗氧化状态严重失衡.     

Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function in mill workers exposed to wood dust

This study surveyed wood dust exposure levels and pulmonary hazards among wood mill workers. Dust concentrations as measured by six-stage cascade impactors were high in work areas of grinding and screening. Total dust concentrations for these dusty activities ranged from 4.4 to 22.4 mg/m³, and the respirable proportions were between 2.4% and 50.2%. The dust level in the sawing work was 2.9 mg/m³. Although symptoms of cough and phlegm were higher in smoking workers than in nonsmoking workers, the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in the exposed workers was not significantly higher than in the controls. However, the incidence of symptoms such as chronic phlegm and chronic bronchitis in the nonsmoking high-exposure workers was significantly higher than in nonsmoking controls. The mean values of MMF, PEFR, and FEF25% were significantly lower in the exposed workers than in controls for both smokers and nonsmokers. The pulmonary function deficits, with the exception of FEV1.0/FVC, also showed a significant trend with increasing levels of wood dusts exposure classified by job titles for both smokers and nonsmokers. After adjustment for age, sex, height, and smoking status, all parameters of pulmonary function were significantly lower in exposed workers than in controls and showed a declining trend with increasing exposure levels classified by job titles. These results indicate that high level of wood dust exposure in the wood mill industries may lead to pulmonary hazards. Engineering control and industrial hygiene are mandatory for dusty activities. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Airway responsiveness to methacholine,respiratory symptoms,and dust exposure levels in grain and flour mill workers in eastern france

Our goal was to assess the relation between dust exposure levels and the respiratory health status of workers in grain and flour mills in eastern France. We studied 118 male workers from 11 mills and 164 unexposed male controls. Dust concentration was measured by personal sampling methods. Outcome variables included respiratory symptoms, routine pulmonary function tests, and indices of airway responsiveness to methacholine. A great within- and between-area variability of inhalable dust concentration was found in all mills. A dose-response relationship was observed between dust exposure levels and chronic respiratory symptoms, suggesting that exposure to grain and flour dust may lead to chronic bronchitis. A significant relation was found between dust exposure and airway hyper-responsiveness; this finding is important since it has been hypothesized that the latter abnormality may lead to or be a predisposing factor in subsequent chronic, irreversible airflow obstruction.     

长江港口装卸作业水泥粉尘对工人健康影响的预测

目的　探讨水泥粉尘对码头装卸工人健康的影响。方法　将长江沿岸码头 8个岗位暴露于水泥粉尘环境的装卸工人作为研究的控制组样本 ,其监测数据通过Logistic回归模型对其影响程度进行影响评估。结果　各作业场所起尘点除超重司机室和皮带机廊道粉尘浓度未超标外 ,其余均超标 ,船舱超标 18 3倍 ,库场超标 17 4倍 ,水泥中游离SIO2 含量为 3 %～5 %。不同的接尘时间和不同环境浓度对工人健康危害影响明显不同。 3 0a～工龄尘肺检出率达 3 3 3 3 % ;累计接尘量10 0～ 119 99mg/(m3 ·a)工人尘肺检出率达 8 3 3 %。结论　尘肺病发病率与累积接尘量有直接关系。如果环境粉尘在安全的范围内 ,工作年限对尘肺病的发病率影响并不明显 ,从而可为制定不同工作环境中各种的工作年限提供依据。     

褐煤粉尘对呼吸系统的危害

本文调查了一个褐煤矿和402名井下工人,结果:煤尘中游离二氧化硅含量为2.4～6.6%;粉尘浓度平均为4.7～12.0mg/m~3;检出煤尘肺1人,观察对象14人,慢性支气管炎患病率为20.4%。实验结果:褐煤尘所致尘肺的特点是纤维化程度很轻,进展缓慢,以纤维性煤尘细胞灶为主,并伴有局灶性肺气肿的尘肺。     

Relationship of respiratory health status to grain dust in a Witwatersrand grain mill: Comparison of workers' exposure assessments with industrial hygiene survey findings

Objective measures of exposure furnished by dust monitoring are both costly and time consuming and require a sufficient level of technology. However, they are important in demonstrating exposure-response relationships, in furnishing information necessary to establish environmental control levels, and to assess if interventions, for instance, improving dust control, have been effective. In this paper respiratory symptoms and cross-shift changes in spirometric lung function were related to dust exposure level in a grain mill assessed in two ways, subjectively (by workers themselves on a four point scale) and objectively (by personal dust monitoring). Health indicators that depend on the individual's perception (e.g., symptoms) correlated more closely with the subjectively assessed dust category, while health indicators that were measured objectively (e.g., cross-week FVC and FEV₁ change) correlated more closely with the objectively assessed dust category. However, the patterns of relationship of respiratory health indicators to either dust category were similar, and exposure assessed by one method was, to a large extent, a proxy for the other. The most significant predictor of workers' choice of dust exposure category was the measured dust level. These findings indicate that exposure categories based on workers' assessment of dustiness can be a useful tool in etiologic research, in particular in establishing exposure-response relationships. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

新工人接触棉尘初期气道反应性的改变

为研究棉尘病发病机制，对１６３名棉纺厂新工人，于接尘１０周前、后分别进行氯化乙烯甲胆碱支气管激发试验；同时测定车间空气中可吸入性棉尘浓度。结果表明：各组工人在入厂后激发试验ＦＥＶ１下降值均大于入厂前，其中吸烟者的下降程度大于不吸烟者。未观察到剂量－反应关系。暴露后ＦＥＶ１下降率大于５％、小于１０％者９人（５．５２％），大于１０％、小于２０％者７人（４．２９％），大于２０％者３人（１．８４％）；且以特异体质者较多，尤其是在１０％～２０％这一水平，高达６人（１８．７５％），而非特异体质者仅１人（０．７７％）。提示：暴露后工人气道反应性增强与棉尘、吸烟、特异体质等三因素相关     

Lung function and surface electromyography of intercostal muscles in cement mill workers

Impairment of pulmonary function in cement mill workers has been previously reported without considering a variety of parameters that can help evaluate more thoroughly the effect of cement dust on the respiratory system. In addition, an integrated approach has not been considered to assert the involvement of respiratory muscles. Therefore, in the present study spirometry and surface electromyography (SEMG) of intercostal muscles were used for indicating pulmonary impairment. In this study, a group of 50, apparently healthy volunteers, male cement mill workers aged 20-60 years with exposure of 13 years on average, were randomly selected. They were matched with another group of 50 control healthy male subjects in terms of age, height, weight and socioeconomic status. Both groups met the standard exclusion criteria. Spirometry was performed on an electronic spirometer, while SEMG of intercostal muscles was performed by using a chart recorder. The results demonstrated statistically significant reduction in lung function parameters i.e., force vital capacity (FVC) (p < 0.0005); force expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) (p < 0.0005); peak expiratory flow (PEF) (p < 0.005); and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) (p < 0.0005) in cement mill workers, when compared with controls. However, the FEV1/FVC ratio was significantly higher (p < 0.025) in cement mill workers. Similarly, the parameters obtained from SEMG of intercostal muscles, i.e. number of peaks (NOP) (p < 0.0005); maximum peak amplitude (MPA) (p < 0.0005); peak to peak amplitude (PPA) (p < 0.0005); duration of response (DOR) (p < 0.0005) and maximum peak duration (MPD) (p < 0.0005), were significantly lower in cement mill workers than in controls. It is concluded that exposure to cement dust not only impairs lung function but also affects costal muscle performance, thus possibly indicating the decreased lung and thoracic compliance.     

Influence of power tool-related parameters on the response of finger flexor muscles

Surface electromyography (EMG) and statistical analysis techniques were applied to investigate the response of finger flexor muscles to hand-transmitted vibration in all the three orthogonal directions. The trends in measured data were examined to derive the influence of variations in the tool-related parameters. Single-factor and multi-factor statistical analyses were performed to establish the significance of influence of different individual and coupled power tool-related parameters. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results indicated that the vibration direction, acceleration and grip force influence the EMG of finger flexor muscles in a significant manner (P < 0.001), while the effect of vibration frequency was observed to be insignificant (P > 0.9). The electrical activity measured under different vibratory test conditions was observed to be 1.5–6.0 times higher than that measured under the static loads. The increase in electrical activity of the finger flexor muscles with an increase in the grip force was observed to be most significant under static as well as dynamic loading conditions.     

接触棉尘工人呼吸系统早期反应──症状与肺功能改变

１６３名棉纺厂新工人（既往无棉麻粉尘接触史）入厂１０周后随访发现：４０人（２４．５％）出现呼吸道刺激症状，未观察到典型＂星期一症状＂。各车间症状阳性率呈现随可吸入棉尘浓度或内毒素水平升高而上升的趋势，γ＝０．９４，Ｐ＜０．０１。肺功能改变：入厂后ＦＶＣ比入厂前平均上升１２５．３ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１；ＦＥＶ１平均上升８７．５９ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１。ＦＥＶ１在入厂后占入厂前的比例平均为１０３．８％，其中仅１例低于８０％。班后ＦＶＣ比班前平均下降４６，０８ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１；ＦＥＶ１平均下降１６．４６ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０５。班后ＦＥＶ１下降率≥５％者２２人（１３．５％），≥１０％者７人（４．３％）。上述改变与吸烟、暴露水平等因素无关。     

棉纺女工呼吸系统损害的调查研究

目的 探讨棉尘对棉纺女工呼吸系统的损害。方法 对棉纺厂各车间工序进行劳动卫生学和空气中细菌、真菌污染状况调查,并对302名棉纺女工及64名对照女工呼吸系统症状进行询问调查、X线胸片检查及班前班后肺功能的测定。结果 棉纺各车间工序空气中微生物污染严重,尤以前纺车间为重。接尘女工呼吸系统症状阳性率均显著高于对照女工（P＜0．01）,86名棉纺女工中X线胸片异常者20例,占拍片人数的23．3％。肺功能FVC、FEV1.0、FEE25～75各指标班前班后下降值均较对照组明显。接尘女工肺功能FEV1.0异常急性改变率为52．2％,对照女工为9．4％,差异有显著性（P＜0．01）。前纺车间女工呼吸系统症状阳性率及肺功能FEV1.0异常急性改变率明显高于络筒和织布车间。结论 棉纺女工出现呼吸系统症状阳性率增高及肺功能急性下降,可能与车间空气中微生物污染程度有关。     

Prevalence of respiratory symptoms among wheat flour mill workers in Ibadan, Nigeria

BACKGROUND: While investigations into occupational health problems of various groups of workers have been conducted in Nigeria, so far, very little attention has been paid to the health status of workers in the grain industry. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms among wheat flour mill workers and control groups in a medium size industrial setting in Nigeria was studied. METHODS: The study employed a cross-sectional analytical design. Data were collected using structured interviews, work-site observations, and physical examination. Respondents consisted of 91 flour-millers, 30 matched internal controls from the maintenance unit of the same flour mill factory, and 121 matched external controls. RESULTS: Fifty-four percent of the flour-millers reported at least one respiratory symptom compared with 30% of the internal controls (P < 0.05) and 19% of the external controls (P < 0.001). Most symptoms were significantly more prevalent among the flour-millers compared with control subjects, and this trend was more evident amongst non-smokers than ex-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: The study concluded that wheat flour mill workers in Nigeria, like grain workers elsewhere, were at an increased risk of developing both pulmonary and non-pulmonary symptoms compared with control subjects. The result has implications for improved dust control measures in the grain industry in Nigeria.     

An environmental and respiratory health survey of workers in a grain mill in the Johannesburg area,South Africa

A respiratory health survey was conducted in a grain mill and the relationship of health indicators to quantitative measures of airborne dust, fungal, and bacterial contamination was examined. Respiratory symptoms were more prevalent in the high dust exposure categories; lung function levels were also higher in the high dust exposure categories, consistent with a “healthy” worker effect. Workers in the three higher dust exposure categories showed either no change or a decrease in lung function over the working week, while workers in the low exposure category demonstrated an improvement in lung function over the working week. Total dust and microbiological (fungal and bacterial) load were found to be significantly related to each other, and the relationship of microbiological load to lung function level and changes over the working week were similar to those found for total dust © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Predictors of early leaving from the cotton spinning mill environment in newly hired workers

Objective

This longitudinal study aimed to identify the predictors of leaving during the first year of employment from the cotton spinning mill environment in newly hired workers.

Methods

One hundred and ninety eight consecutively appointed new employees were investigated by questionnaire, lung function test, and skin test. They were examined before employment and at the end of the 1st week, and the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th month after starting work and when possible before leaving their job. 572 personal dust sampling and 191 endotoxin measurements were performed to assess the environmental exposure. For the univariate analysis χ², Student t tests, ANOVA, and Kruskall Wallis tests were used. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to identify factors associated with leaving the job.

Results

Fifty three per cent of workers left the mill environment during their first working year. Work related lower respiratory tract symptoms reported at the third month were associated with an increase rate of leaving the industry compared to those remaining in the industry (25% v 4.8%; p<0.005). Having respiratory symptoms at the first month of work predicted those leaving the industry at some point in the next 11 months. According to the Cox model, increasing age and having work related lower respiratory tract symptoms were found to be predictors for leaving job at the first working year. Atopic status, dust and endotoxin levels, and lung function changes were not consistently predictive of workers who left the industry in the follow up period.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that work related respiratory symptoms can predict workers likely to leave the cotton mill environment during the first year of employment, but atopy or acute lung function changes do not.     

沙尘天气与呼吸系统疾病日入院人数关系

目的研究沙尘天气与呼吸系统疾病日入院人数的关系。方法采用时间序列的半参数广义相加模型（GAM）。在控制了长期趋势、日历效应以及气象因子等混杂因素的影响后，分析1994～2003年沙尘天气与呼吸系统日入院人数的关系，并按性别不同分层建立模型（滞后7d）。结果（1）总的呼吸系统疾病日入院相对危险度（RR）和上呼吸道感染（URTI）日入院RR，在沙尘天气滞后第3d差异均有统计学意义，其RR分别为1．14（95％CI：1．02～1．27），1．16（95％CI=1．00～1．36）；（2）在分层分析中，沙尘天气在滞后第3d对总的呼吸系统疾病男女性日入院数均有影响，RR分别为1．14（95％CI=1．01～1．29），1．18（95％CI=1．00～1．41），且仅URTI和肺炎的男性日入院人数差异有统计学意义。RR分别为1．28（95％CI=1．04～1．59），1．17（95％CI：1．00～1．38）。结论沙尘天气与呼吸系统日入院人数有联系，且均表现为滞后影响，而男性URTI和肺炎的发生人群较女性与沙尘天气的联系更为密切。     

玻璃纤维粉尘对呼吸系统影响的调查

目的探讨玻璃纤维粉尘对呼吸系统的影响。方法选择玻璃纤维粉尘作业130名男性工人为研究对象,并以某化妆品厂130名男性工人作为对照组,进行鼻、咽喉、高千伏胸部X射线影像学检查和肺功能测定。结果玻璃纤维作业工人慢性鼻炎检出率20.77%,慢性咽炎62.31%,肺纹理改变19.23%,肺功能“小气道功能轻度异常”16.5%,显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且随工龄增长,检出率升高。结论玻璃纤维粉尘对呼吸系统有一定危害作用。     

Asthma and other respiratory symptoms in New Zealand pine processing sawmill workers

BACKGROUND: To study respiratory symptoms in pine sawmill workers. METHODS: A respiratory health questionnaire was administered to 772 pine sawmill workers and the association between symptoms and job-title-based exposure was studied. RESULTS: Asthma in exposed workers (18%, n = 704) was more common than in the general population (12.1%, n = 592; adjusted OR (95% CI): 1.6 (1.1-2.3)). Asthma was also more common in the low exposure group (15.6%, n = 294) and high exposure groups (high exposure to 'green dust'; 20.4%, n = 212 and high exposure to 'dry dust'; 18.8%, n = 198) than in the non-exposed workers (9.2%, n = 65). Adjusted odds ratios were 1.9 (0.7-4.9), 2.7 (0.9-7.6), and 2.1 (0.8-5.7), respectively. Adjusted odds ratios for symptoms of cough were 2.7 (1.2-6.5) for the low, 5.2 (2.1-13.0) for the high 'green dust' and 3.3 (1.4-7.9) for the high 'dry dust' exposure groups. Moreover, eye and nose irritations were significantly more prevalent in the high and low exposure groups. CONCLUSIONS: Working in pine sawmilling is associated with an increased prevalence of asthma and cough symptoms and eye and nose irritation.