Endothelin-1 and big-endothelin concentrations are elevated in liver graft tissue during cold storage and reperfusion

Endothelin (ET) and its precursor big-ET were synchronously analyzed by RIA in liver biopsies and systemic plasma during porcine orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) before graft harvesting (phase A), after cold storage (phase B), and early (phase C) and late reperfusion (phase D). Tissue and plasma concentrations were correlated with length of survival and reperfusion. Increased tissue ET/big-ET levels were already detected during phase B (ET: 46 +/- 20; big-ET: 245 +/- 119 pg/mg cytosolic protein) and remained elevated in phase C (ET: 49 +/- 16; big-ET: 306 +/- 144 pg/mg) compared to baseline (ET: 32 +/- 13; big-ET: 185 +/- 164 pg/mg; p < 0.05). In phase D, a rapid concentration decline was detected (ET: 36 +/- 26; big-ET: 163 +/- 138 pg/mg). Systemic ET levels were elevated in phase B (3.4 +/- 3.0 pg/ml), C, (2.8 +/- 1.2 pg/ml) and D (2.6 +/- 2.0 pg/ml), compared to baseline (1.7 +/- 1.1 pg/ml; p < 0.05). ET/big-ET kinetics in liver tissue and systemic plasma showed analogous characteristics. Intrahepatic ET accumulation during storage and early reperfusion could be of relevance for harvest-related disturbances of hepatic microcirculation.     

Intraoperative evaluation of big-endothelin plasma levels during liver transplantation in different vascular compartments

Abstract Endothelin-1 (ET) is derived from its precursor big-ET, secreted by endothelial cells of multiple origin. The role of ET peptides in the physiological responses after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) was investigated. Venous big-ET plasma levels were analysed by RIA in 28 patients before and after OLT. Samples for analysis were taken intraoperatively from 12 patients from the caval, portal and hepatic veins and the radial artery at multiple time points. Highest caval levels were found during the an-hepatic period and 60 min after reperfusion, followed by a drop and subsequent increase postoperatively. Highest levels in the hepatic and portal veins were detected during explanation and reperfusion. A different pattern was found in the radial artery. Values during rejection and infection were elevated compared with preoperative and postoperative levels. The heterogeneity of the kinetics points to different sites of ET generation, including liver and splanchnic circulation. It suggests a predominant paracrine secretion mode of ET peptides with various stimuli involved. Big-ET levels could reflect endothelial cell damage, as big-ET is generated intracellularly and biological activity is rather weak.     

移植肝胆汁成分失衡与胆管损伤关系的实验研究

目的 探讨移植肝术后早期胆汁主要成分的变化规律及其在胆管损伤中的意义.方法 大鼠被随机分为对照组(A组)、供肝冷保存1h组(B组)和供肝冷保存12h组(C组),移植组均采用动脉化的大鼠肝移植胆道外引流模型.术后按1、3、5、7、10和14d共6个时相点采集标本并进行相关生化及病理学指标的检测.结果 冷保存/再灌注损伤对大鼠移植肝胆汁主要成分有显著影响.术后14 d内胆盐分泌恢复的速度明显高于磷脂分泌恢复的速度,使得在术后1～14 d的时间内,胆盐与磷脂的分泌量之比为正常水平的2～5倍,并且供肝冷保存时间呈正相关;进一步分析提示移植肝胆盐分泌量与γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶分泌量及胆管受损程度显著相关.结论 冷保存/再灌注损伤可以导致移植肝胆汁成分失衡,在移植肝胆管损伤的发生发展中可能具有一定作用.     

原位肝移植术后胆道内窥镜的观察

目的探讨纤维胆道镜在肝移植术后的胆结石诊治中的作用。方法对5例肝移植术后出现反复胆系感染、梗阻性黄疸的病人进行纤维胆道镜观察,同时采取等离子碎石技术、网篮取石、异物钳取石。结果在纤维胆道镜直视下,可以清楚地观察到胆管的愈合及胆管血运情况,同时可以成功取石。结论肝移植术后T管的留置和纤胆镜的应用具有重要的价值。     

同种原位肝移植术的胆管重建及其术后并发症的防治

目的探讨同种原位肝移植(OLT)的胆管重建方式及其术后并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析1999年2月至2003年1月间103例终末期肝病患者施行OLT胆管重建及术后并发症的防治情况。103例患者中,75例采用经典式原位肝移植伴体外静脉转流、17例采用经典式原位肝移植不伴转流、11例采用背驮式原位肝移植。胆道重建过程中有94例行胆管端端吻合,9例行胆肠吻合。胆管端端吻合的患者中,62例带T管引流,32例不带T管,但11例经受者胆囊管置入小橡胶管引流。术后胆管并发症的诊断主要依据临床表现、B型超声波、磁共振胰胆管成像或逆行胰胆管造影检查。所有患者均随访1年以上。结果103例OLT患者术后胆管并发症发生率为7.8%(8/103)。62例带T管引流的患者中,6例(9.6%)发生胆管并发症,其中4例术后发生胆漏,2例拔除T管后发生局限性腹膜炎;32例不带T管引流的患者中,1例(3.1%)发生胆管狭窄。9例胆肠吻合中,1例(11.1%)术后发生胆漏。7例胆漏患者,2例经再次手术引流,其余继续保持引流胆漏自愈。不带T管引流的患者中的胆管狭窄为吻合口狭窄,经内镜取出异物、球囊扩张与安放内支架后治愈。1例患者因胆漏导致肝动脉吻合口假性动脉瘤及腹腔大出血,经介入法明确诊断并行栓塞治疗后治愈。患者中无胆管并发症而引起的死亡。结论胆管吻合口的胆漏与狭窄是OLT术后最常见的胆管并发症。良好的胆管血供与胆管吻合技术是防止胆管并发症发生的关键。及时的内镜检查与放射学技术是诊断和治疗胆管并发症的有效手段。     

A novel model for orthotopic liver transplantation in rats using hepatic rearterialization and biliary extradrainage system

Background

Although the rat orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) model has existed for many years, only a few models can be applied for dynamic bile collection. The aim of this study was to introduce a dependent rat OLT model with hepatic rearterialization and an expediently dynamic bile collection system.

Methods

Forty-five male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into the following three groups (n = 15 each): group A, OLT without hepatic rearterialization; group B, OLT with hepatic rearterialization; group C, OLT with hepatic rearterialization and a biliary extradrainage system. In groups B and C, a modified sleeve anastomosis between the donor common hepatic artery and the recipient proper hepatic artery was performed to restore the hepatic artery blood flow. In group C, after hepatic rearterialization, biliary extradrainage and jejunum stoma were performed to reestablish the bile flow, and a waistcoat-like external fixator was introduced to protect this system.

Results

The surgical success rates in groups A, B, and C were 100% (15/15), 93% (14/15), and 93% (14/15), respectively. In groups B and C, the hepatic artery patency rates were 93% and 86% on postoperative day 3 and postoperative day 21, respectively. Also, the liver function and bile duct integrity were preserved better than that in group A. In group C, the biliary extradrainage system was well preserved and bile collection was easily performed.

Conclusions

The rat OLT model with hepatic rearterialization and a convenient biliary extradrainage system was satisfactory in maintaining the survival rate, hepatic artery patency rate, and recovery of graft function, so it can be applied in various studies after transplantation.     

经皮经肝胆管引流术治疗肝移植相关性胆瘘

目的 探讨经皮经肝胆管引流术(PTBD)治疗肝移植(OLT)相关性胆瘘的方法 及疗效.方法 回顾性分析经PTBD治疗的7例OLT相关性胆瘘,OLT术后受体胆瘘6例,活体肝移植(LDLT)供体胆瘘1例.吻合口瘘6例(1例合并吻合口狭窄),其中2例合并肝动脉狭窄;肝切缘小胆管残端瘘1例.引流方式采用外引流,引流管前端跨过瘘口部位,成畔固定于胆总管内.瘘口闭合、腹腔引流管无胆汁引出为治愈.结果 7例胆瘘病人PTBD引流量180～450 ml/d,经引流21～87 d(中位时间62 d)后,复查造影瘘口闭合,胆瘘治愈率为7/7.随访时间93～675 d(中位时间124 d),4例无症状生存,2例因多器官功能不全放弃治疗,1例肝癌复发病死.1例在引流期间出现胆道感染.结论 PTBD是治疗0LT相关性胆瘘的一种安全、简便、有效的方法 .     

Primary sclerosing cholangitis: surgical options, prognostic variables and outcome

The natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is poorly defined and its management remains controversial. Forty-eight symptomatic patients (median age 39 years, range 8-67 years; 30 male) with PSC were reviewed retrospectively. Thirty patients had inflammatory bowel disease. Four patients (8 per cent) developed or had an associated malignancy. Twenty-one (44 per cent) died; overall 5 year actuarial survival was 30 per cent. Twenty-three patients had 27 non-transplant related biliary operations (16 patients specifically for PSC) of whom 12 died. Serum bilirubin was the only parameter to improve after biliary surgery. Seventeen patients (35 per cent) underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) of whom nine are currently alive (1 year projected survival of 55 per cent). Previous biliary surgery correlated with a poor outcome (P less than 0.0001) after OLT. Being male, presence of cirrhosis, duration of symptomatic disease (greater than 3 years) and a serum bilirubin level greater than 100 mumol/l at presentation, were independently associated with a poor outcome (P less than 0.05). These data provide evidence that PSC is a progressive disease and conventional surgical options have little influence on the outcome. Previous biliary surgery adversely affects outcome following OLT. For progressive liver disease, liver transplantation should be considered the treatment of choice.     

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目的 探讨原位肝移植(OLT)术后胆道狭窄(BS)的介入治疗方法和疗效。方法 1993年1月至2003年5月，应用经皮肝穿刺胆道造影(PTC)、经十二指肠镜逆行胆道造影(ERC)或经T管窦道胆道球囊扩张术、内支架术或引流术治疗7例OLT术后BS。结果 7例中2例经PTC胆道介入治疗3次，2次成功；5人经ERC胆道介入治疗13次，均成功；1例经T管窦道胆道引流3次，均成功。6例治愈，治愈率达85．7％。1例长期携带肝内胆管引流管，术后13个月死于肝功能衰竭。结论 经PTC、ERC或T管窦道胆道球囊扩张术、内支架术或引流术是OLT术后BS的有效介入治疗方法。     

Bile duct reconstruction without a stent in liver transplantation: early results of a single center

Biliary complications may present significant problems in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Herein we have presented our outcomes of a biliary reconstruction technique without stenting in deceased- and living-donor OLT. Between September 2001 and May 2007, we performed 174 OLTs in 172 recipients. Before December 2006, we used various drainage techniques for biliary reconstruction. We retrospectively reviewed the biliary reconstructions performed without a drainage catheter in 33 OLTs (19 males, 14 females; median age, 25.2 +/- 20.7 years; range, 0.5-60 years) since December 2006. Thirteen of the 33 recipients were children: 7 were younger than 1 year at the time of OLT. Biliary reconstruction was performed with a duct-to-duct anastomosis in 25 recipients and with a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy in 8. Nine of the 33 grafts had 2 bile ducts, 2 had 3 bile ducts, and the remaining 22 had 1 bile duct. Biliary leak from the anastomotic site was seen in 1 recipient. The biliary stenoses observed in 2 recipients after OLT were treated with interventional radiologic techniques. Mean follow-up was 4.1 +/- 1.6 months (range, 20 days to 7 months). Biliary reconstruction without using a stent is safe for deceased- and living-donor OLT in all ages.     

Biliary complications after deceased-donor orthotopic liver transplantation

A wide range of potential biliary complications can occur after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The most common biliary complications are bile leaks, anastomotic and intrahepatic strictures, stones, and ampullary dyfunction, which may occur in up to 20%-40% of OLT recipients. Leaks predominate in the early posttransplant period; stricture formation typically develops gradually over time. However, with the advent of new techniques, such as split-liver, reduced-size, and living-donor liver transplantation, the spectrum of biliary complications has changed. Risk factors for biliary complications comprise technical failure; T-tube or stent-related complications; hepatic artery thrombosis; bleeding; ischemia/reperfusion injury; and other immunological, nonimmunological, and infectious complications. Noninvasive diagnostic methods have been established and treatment modalities have been modified towards a primarily nonoperative, endoscopy-based strategy. Besides, the management of biliary complications after OLT requires a multidisciplinary approach, in which interventional and endoscopic treatment options have to be weighed up against surgical treatment options. The etiology and spectrum of bile duct complications, their diagnosis, and their treatment will be reviewed in this article.     

原位肝移植术后胆道结石的临床研究

目的 探讨原位肝移值术后胆道结石的诊治。方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2003年1月完成的206例原位肝移值的临床资料，总结术后胆道结石的防治经验。结果11例病人术后并发胆道结石，发病率为5．3%。表现为颗粒样结石和胆泥两种形式。发生部位在胆总管者7例，在肝内胆道者1例。胆泥和颗粒样结石的首次诊断时间分别平均为138d和306d。胆道感染是胆道结石发作的主要症状。11例病例中有7例合并不同程度的胆道狭窄。主要依靠经“T”管照影或FRL、P(endoscopic reirograde cholangiopancreatography)术明确诊断。FRCP术是主要的非手术治疗手段，7例胆总管结石经1～3次ERCP术后痊愈。4例肝内胆道结石中合并弥漫性胆道狭窄者有3例，其中2例行再次肝移植术。结论 胆道狭窄是肝移植术后胆道结石的主要原因，胆道黏膜的缺血坏死合并胆道感染是胆泥形成的主要机制。ERCP术对胆总管绵石有良好疗效，对合并弥漫性胆道狭窄的肝内胆道结石病人肝脏再移值往往不可避免。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术治疗肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者临床分析

目的探讨肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者行内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗的安全性和有效性。 方法回顾性分析南京军区福州总医院肝胆外科2005年1月至2015年12月肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者的临床资料。24例受者胆管结石确诊主要依据T管造影、MRCP或ERCP。确诊胆管结石受者均采用ERCP下行球囊扩张联合胆道塑料支架置入治疗,术中采用地西泮镇静,同时密切监测生命体征。观察肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者结石类型、狭窄情况、ERCP治疗情况及其治疗前后肝功能指标变化。采用Wilcoxon符号秩和检验比较ERCP治疗前后受者血清总胆红素(TBil)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、ALT和AST水平变化。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果24例受者中胆总管结石20例(包括单纯胆总管结石11例、胆总管结石合并胆管狭窄9例),肝内、外胆管结石4例。肝移植至并发胆管结石平均间隔时间(604±215)d。19例发生在术后12～66个月,余5例发生在术后3个月内。11例胆总管结石受者采用柱状球囊扩张＋取石篮取石＋胆总管置入内支架引流治疗,治疗有效。9例胆总管结石合并胆管狭窄受者采用柱状球囊扩张＋取石篮取石＋胆总管置入内支架＋鼻胆管引流治疗,其中8例治疗有效;1例因重度胆管狭窄,反复内镜取石不能取尽,继发感染再次行肝移植。4例肝内、外胆管结石受者均采用柱状球囊扩张＋取石篮取石＋左、右肝管置入内支架＋鼻胆管引流治疗,治疗有效。受者内镜治疗后血清TBil、ALP和GGT分别为31、179和247 mmol/L,均低于内镜治疗前水平(43、273和385 mmol/L),差异均有统计学意义(z＝0.042、0.001、0.004,P均<0.05)。截至2017年12月,24例受者随访时间为1～2年,4例因原发性肝癌复发分别于肝移植术后9、5、34、25个月死亡,1例因上消化道出血于肝移植术后34个月死亡,1例因重度胆管狭窄行二次肝移植并于2014年4月因肝脓肿继发感染性休克死亡,1例因感染性休克于肝移植术后33个月死亡,其余17例随访期间未见结石再发。 结论内镜下行球囊扩张联合塑料支架置入治疗原位肝移植术后并发胆管结石安全、有效,可作为目前原位肝移植术后并发胆管结石的首选治疗方案。     

Elevation of plasma endothelin associated with systemic hypertension in humans following orthotopic liver transplantation.

Endothelin (ET) is a 21-amino-acid peptide of endothelial origin, is a potent systemic and renal vasoconstrictor associated with sodium retention and modulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The present study was designed to determine if plasma ET is elevated in humans with cirrhosis (n = 12), a state characterized by sodium retention and increased plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA), and to determine the effect of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) upon plasma ET, PRA, and PA at 1, 3, and 7 days after transplantation. Plasma ET before OLT was 1.62 +/- 0.23 pg/ml, which was not different as compared with normal controls. Plasma ET significantly increased to 4.18 +/- 0.66, 3.87 +/- 0.58, and 4.07 +/- 0.61 pg/ml, respectively following OLT. PRA remained elevated throughout the postoperative course, in contrast to PA that decreased following OLT. Mean arterial pressure increased significantly from 82 +/- 4 pre-OLT to 98 +/- 4 and 103 +/- 2 mmHG on days 3 and 7 respectively.     

胆道镜在肝移植术后早期胆道内胆栓治疗中的应用

目的探讨胆道镜在肝移植术后早期胆道内胆栓治疗中的应用价值。方法31例原位肝移植,胆道重建采取胆总管端端吻合,并行T管引流,术后6～20周经T管造影提示胆道内结石形成,均伴有不同程度的肝功能异常。在进行胆道镜治疗前,采用16F外引流管经T管途径扩张及支撑窦道,1周后经窦道放入胆道镜达肝总管,用活检钳及取石网篮取出结石,逐级探查肝内胆道,必要时取活检组织,同时观察胆道吻合口、受者的胆道及Oddi括约肌情况。术后置入外引流管。结果除1例在扩张窦道过程中撕裂窦道外,其余病例均操作顺利,可完整取出胆树状铸型胆栓。31例中,22例(70.97%)治疗有效,术后肝功能基本恢复正常,拔除引流管后病情稳定;8例(25.81%)病情得到控制,术后肝功能基本恢复正常,拔除引流管后病情反复,需再次置入外引流管支撑;1例(3.22%)治疗后未见明显好转,病情进行性加重,接受再次肝移植。结论胆道镜下可直观了解胆道情况,解除胆道梗阻,可作为治疗肝移植术后早期胆道内胆栓的一种手段。     

Biliary interleukin 6 levels as indicators of hepatic allograft rejection in rats.

Interleukin 6 has recently been noted to be present during the rejection response to grafted organs. In this study, we investigated biliary and serum interleukin 6 levels following liver transplantation in rats. IL-6 levels in bile and serum of naive rats were below 0.6 U/ml and 0.5 +/- 0.2 U/ml (mean +/- SD), respectively. Both biliary and serum IL-6 levels showed high values (greater than 10.0 U/ml and greater than 1.6 U/ml, respectively) on the day after transplantation, which seemed to reflect the inflammatory status caused by the surgical stress. Later samplings showed that the kinetics of serum IL-6 differed among the animals without any definite feature related to graft rejection. In contrast, biliary IL-6 levels correlated well with the severity of the rejection response as determined histologically. Biliary IL-6 levels started to rise at the onset of the rejection response (6.6 +/- 0.6 U/ml), increased further with its progression (19.3 +/- 7.8 U/ml), and then finally fell in the terminal stage (less than 2.0 U/ml). Elevation of biliary IL-6 was observed at an early stage when abnormalities could be detected histologically but not in liver function tests and bile flow. Therefore, biliary IL-6 levels may be of value for the early diagnosis of rejection following liver transplantation.     

Infection rates with and without T-tube splintage of common bile duct anastomosis in liver transplantation

Stenting the bile duct over a T-tube after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the preferred method of biliary reconstruction. However, because of complications associated with the use of the T-tube, we evaluated the effect of various biliary anastomoses following 100 consecutive OLT (83 records were available for long-term evaluation) and assessed the clinical outcome of abandoning routine T-tube splintage. Of 16 OLT recipients with T-tube splintage (one died immediately following OLT and was excluded from the study), 6 patients (40 %) developed six episodes of septicaemia secondary to biliary and/or intra-abdominal sepsis. Four of these six patients had a biliary leak (27 %). Of 57 patients with duct-to-duct anastomosis without T-tube splintage, 7 patients developed biliary leak (12.3 %) and only 1 developed septicaemia (1.7 %) secondary to biliary and intra-abdominal sepsis (P = 0.0002). Of 11 patients with either a gallbladder conduit or Roux loop, only 1 patient had a biliary leak (9 %) and there were no septicaemic episodes. In conclusion, direct duct-to-duct anastomosis resulted in significantly less morbidity due to infection without T-tube splintage than the use of a T-tube following OLT, but there were no significant differences in leakage and stricture rates. Received: 13 May 1997 Received after revision: 17 October 1997 Accepted: 27 October 1997     

血清降钙素原检测对胆道梗阻合并感染者的预测价值

目的探讨胆道梗阻患者发生早期胆道感染时降钙素原变化的临床意义。 方法选取2015年8月至2016年7月四川大学华西医院行手术治疗的胆道梗阻患者63例。根据术后胆汁培养和症状体征分为非感染组（24例）和感染组（39例）。比较感染者和非感染者的降钙素原（PCT）、白细胞计数（WBC）和中性粒细胞比值（NE%）,分析PCT、WBC和NE%在胆道感染中的诊断价值,包括ROC曲线下面积、敏感度、特异性、约登指数,分析手术前后感染者的PCT、WBC和NE%变化。 结果感染组患者PCT、WBC和NE%显著高于非感染组患者[（1.35 ± 0.15）ng/ml、（9.48 ± 1.17）× 10⁹/L、（79.24 ± 7.83） vs.（0.16 ± 0.04）ng/ml、（8.14 ± 0.87）× 10⁹/L、（67.93 ± 6.09）]（t = 37.936、4.841、6.035,P均< 0.001）。感染组患者PCT、WBC和NE%的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.904、0.568和0.519,PCT作为检测指标的敏感度、特异性和约登指数显著高于WBC和NE%。感染组患者术后3 d PCT、WBC、NE%水平显著低于术前[（2.63 ± 0.21）ng/ml、（10.27 ± 1.35）×10⁹/L、（79.96 ± 7.23） vs. （0.86 ± 0.09）ng/ml、（8.23 ± 0.97）× 10⁹/L、（71.11 ± 6.36）]（t = 39.049、6.442、4.933,P均< 0.001）。 结论PCT对胆道梗阻患者发生早期胆道感染具有较高的诊断价值,敏感度和特异性均较为显著。     

肝移植术后胆道狭窄的临床特点及治疗效果(附60例报告)

目的 探讨肝移植术后并发胆道狭窄的临床特点及治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析60例肝移植术后胆道狭窄患者的临床资料.并对其临床特点和治疗效果进行了分析和讨论.结果 肝移植术后胆道狭窄的主要症状为胆道梗阻和胆管炎表现.其平均诊断时间为术后(195.5±146.5)d.胆道狭窄早期,肝功能损害主要为血清丙氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素、谷氨酰转肽酶及碱性磷酸酶水平升高,而白蛋白降低;胆道狭窄晚期时,丙氨酸转氨酶水平下降,出现"胆酶分离"现象.经内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)检查发现,胆道狭窄部位为单纯吻合口狭窄6例;肝门部和/或合并吻合口狭窄11例;肝内胆管弥漫性狭窄11例;吻合口合并肝内胆管弥漫性/节段性狭窄32例.其它并发症还包括胆管内有异物、狭窄近端扩张、胆管扭曲及十二指肠乳头旁憩室等.经ERCP介入治疗,取出胆管内异物、坏死组织、结石以及狭窄段球囊扩张等处理后,33例患者治愈,18例好转,9例治疗无效.结论 肝移植术后胆道狭窄的临床表现既有特征性,又有多样性,且合并症较多;采用ERCP介入治疗胆道狭窄效果理想.     

肝移植胆系并发症的防治

目的 探讨原位肝移植胆系并发症的预防及治疗。方法 回顾性分析1999年2月至2002年12月完成的95例次原位肝移植。门静脉、下腔静脉转流下原位肝移植12例,背驮式肝移植78例,活体部分肝移植5例。胆道重建：胆管对端吻合91例,放置胆道外引流55例,36例未放置胆道引流。胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合4例。胆管吻合及胆肠吻合应用5旬或6-0 Vicryl缝线或PDS缝线间断或连续缝合。术后以血清学检查、超声、胆道造影等手段随访。结果 共发生胆系并发症7例,发生率7．3％。2例术后7、10d吻合口胆漏,致胆汁性腹膜炎,再次手术引流。1例术后1个月胆管吻合口狭窄,内窥镜下支架内支撑治愈。2例拔除T管时胆漏,1例保守治愈,1例腹腔镜下缝合窦道、腹腔引流治愈。1例术后5个月因胆管消融、胆管炎死亡。1例术后10d因肝动脉血栓形成继发胆管坏死后死亡。74例随访1-42个月(平均11．4个月),胆道造影及(或)超声检查未见肝内外胆管狭窄,无胆泥、胆石形成,血清学检查提示肝功能状态良好。结论供肝切取时保护胆管黏膜及肝外胆管动脉供给,实现精细胆管黏膜对黏膜无张力对端吻合是预防胆系并发症的关键。内窥镜下狭窄段胆管扩张、内支撑是治疗肝移植肝外胆管狭窄的有效手段。