前列腺癌患者性激素与促性腺激素的变化

目的 探讨性激素和促性腺激素对前列腺癌的影响。方法对1996-01-01-2005-12-31解放军总医院内分泌科测定53例确诊未治的前列腺癌患者性激素：睾酮（T）、雌二醇（E2）与促性腺激素，包括黄体生成素（LH）、卵泡刺激素（FSH），同时测定了253名正常对照者的性激素与促性腺激素。结果前列腺癌组总睾酮和反映游离睾酮的指标睾酮分泌指数（TSI）以及FSH均低于正常对照组，且均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。E2、LH两组比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论（1）前列腺癌患者处于低雄激素水平。（2）当睾酮（正常为15nmol/L）或睾酮分泌指数（正常为4、0）低于诊断标准时，前列腺癌的发病率可能升高。     

男性Grave''s病患者垂体促性腺激素和性激素分泌的变化

目的　探讨高甲状腺激素对男性垂体促性腺激素和性激素分泌的影响。方法　对15例初诊男性Grave’s病患者分别在治疗前和治疗后 8～ 13个月进行促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)兴奋试验 ,观察垂体促性腺激素黄体生成素 (LH)、卵泡刺激素 (FSH )和泌乳素 (PRL)和性激素 [睾酮 (T)和雌二醇 (E2 ) ]水平及对GnRH刺激的反应 ,计算曲线下面积 ,同时测定性激素结合球蛋白 (SHBG)水平 ,并以 9名正常人作为对照组 ,进行比较。结果　Grave’s病患者LH和FSH水平显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1) ,对GnRH刺激反应也增强 ;T和SHBG升高 ,PRL和E2无明显变化 ,E2 /T则明显低于对照组水平 (P <0 .0 5 )。甲状腺激素和T与SHBG呈显著正相关 (P<0 .0 1)。经过治疗 ,甲状腺功能恢复正常后上述异常指标均恢复至正常水平。结论　高甲状腺激素时垂体促性腺激素细胞分泌和储备功能增强 ,而这种改变是可逆的。     

促性腺激素释放激素的作用机制

本文介绍GnRH作用机制的最新观点。     

特发性低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症患者黄体生成素脉冲分泌…

为探讨特发性低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症（ＩＨＨ）患者黄体生长素（ＬＨ）分泌的缺陷及其与性征发育的关系，对１４例男性ＩＨＨ患者和５例正常男子每１０分钟取血一次，共取２４小时，测定ＬＨ进行ＬＨ脉冲分析。结果１４例ＩＨＨ患者中，２例无ＬＨ脉冲，也无青春期发育，睾丸容积均不足１ｍｌ；９例ＬＨ脉冲频率少（４～１３／２４ｈ），幅度低（１．３～２．２ＩＵ／Ｌ），与正常对照脉冲频率（１４～２０／２４ｈ）和幅度（     

垂体促性腺激素瘤的临床分析

目的探讨垂体促性腺激素瘤的临床特点。方法对72例免疫组织化学诊断为垂体促性腺激素瘤患者进行回顾性分析。结果发病以40～60岁男性多见。临床表现以肿瘤压迫症状为主,性腺功能异常的表现不多见。免疫组织化学均为促性腺激素卵泡刺激素（FSH）和（或）黄体生成素（LH）阳性,以FSH阳性多见,伴催乳素（PRL）和促甲状腺激素（TSH）阳性各1例,但均无相应的临床表现。病理诊断多数为促性腺激素腺瘤。治疗以手术为主,首选经蝶骨手术。结论免疫组织化学是目前诊断促性腺激素瘤的最可靠的方法,以FSH阳性为主。免疫组化特征与临床表现的关联不大。治疗以经蝶骨手术为主。     

男性特发性低促性腺激素性性功能减退症

男性特发性低促性腺激素性性功能减退症是由于基因异常引起下丘脑分泌促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）功能障碍导致睾丸功能低下的遗传性疾病，主要临床表现为第二性征发育不全，性功能低下和不育。诊断主要根据临床表现和血卵泡刺激素、黄体生成素和睾酮水平均明显降低，且除外体质性青春发育延迟和后天获得性低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症。目前尚无根治措施，仅限于替代治疗。雄激素替代治疗可以促进第二性征的发育和维持性功能，使用促性腺激素或GnRH脉冲治疗可诱导精子生成，使部分患者实现生育愿望。早期诊断和恰当的治疗策略是治疗成功的关键。     

单一性低促性腺激素型性腺功能减退症患者血清脂联素与睾酮水平的关系

目的观察对单一性低促性腺激素型性腺功能减退症（IHH）患者脂联素与睾酮水平的关系。方法通过分析临床资料及激素测定、促性腺激素释放激素激发试验确诊IHH，检测23例IHH患者和15名正常男性血清脂联素和睾酮水平。结果与体重指数、腰臀比以及血压均匹配的正常对照组相比，IHH患者睾酮水平显著低于正常[（0．23±0．18 vs 4．20±1．90）μg／L，P〈0．01]，其脂联素水平显著升高[（11．3±1．8vs8．7±1．2）mg／L，P〈0．01]。对两组进行相关分析显示，血清脂联素水平与睾酮水平呈负相关（r=-0．570，P〈0．01）。结论IHH低睾酮水平人群中脂联素水平显著升高，提示脂联素与睾酮水平之间存在密切关系。     

高原地区男性慢性乙型肝炎患者性激素水平的变化

目的　探讨高原地区男性慢性乙型肝炎 (慢乙肝 )患者性腺激素水平的变化 ,了解不同地区、不同民族性激素的水平。方法　随机选择西藏和沿海地区男性慢性乙型肝炎患者 79例 ,同时选取西藏及沿海地区 61名健康男性作为对照。用放射免疫法测定睾酮 (T)、雌二醇 (E2 )、卵泡刺激素 (FSH)、黄体生成素 (LH)、泌乳素 (PRL)及促性腺激素释放激素 (LHRH)的浓度。结果　慢乙肝患者E2 、PRL和LHRH水平与对照组比较均有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1、P <0 .0 1、P <0 .0 5 )。西藏地区患者血清T水平高于沿海地区患者 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,藏族患者的E2 水平低于汉族患者 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　慢乙肝患者性激素水平发生了变化 ,而不同民族、不同地区的患者其性激素水平变化亦有差异 ,表明生活环境及生活习惯可能对慢乙肝患者的性激素水平产生一定的影响     

Increase of hepcidin plasma and urine levels is associated with acute proctitis and changes in hemoglobin levels in primary radiotherapy for prostate cancer

Purpose To analyse hepcidin serum and urine levels during radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Methods In 18 patients undergoing radiotherapy for prostate cancer, blood, plasma, and urine samples were taken before and during radiotherapy. Complete blood cell count, pro-hepcidin-, ferritin-, transferrin-, IL-1β-, IL-6-, and TNF-α concentration was determined. Pro-hepcidin concentration was additionally measured in urine samples. Toxicity was evaluated weekly. Differences among tested factors were tested by Wilcoxon rank sign test for paired data. Results In ten patients developing acute radiation-induced proctitis, a significant increase in pro-hepcidin, IL-6, and TNF-α plasma levels (p < 0.05) was detected. Pro-hepcidin urine levels also showed a strong trend towards increase (p = 0.06). Concurrently, hemoglobin, and leucocytes were significantly decreased in the patients with acute proctitis (p < 0.05). In eight patients showing no symptoms of proctitis, solely a significant decrease for leucocytes was detected. Additive, these patients showed a significant increase of ferritin, and a decrease of transferrin levels (p < 0.05). Conclusions Hepcidin levels are increased and hemoglobin is decreased during radiotherapy for prostate cancer in patients who develop acute proctitis. Radiation-induced expression of cytokines may be responsible for increased hepcidin expression in the liver. Regulation of iron metabolism by hepcidin may be an underestimated response in radiotherapy.     

老年男性性病患者临床与性激素水平的检测与分析

目的　探讨老年男性性病患者的临床特点及性激素水平。方法　对 6 3例老年男性性病患者的临床资料进行分析 ,同时采用放射免疫分析法对老年男性性病患者 4种性激素 (雌二醇、睾酮、促黄体生成素、促卵泡激素 )水平进行了检测。结果　 6 3例老年男性性病患者的传染途径主要为性接触传染 ,4种性病中 ,早期梅毒占第 1位 ,尖锐湿疣占第 2位 ,同时老年男性性病患者中亦存在≥ 2种性病混合感染。老年男性性病患者睾酮水平与正常对照组相比 ,差异有显著的统计学意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　老年男性性病患者以早期梅毒占第 1位 ,同时存在多样化及混合感染 ,性激素中睾酮水平的变化可能与老年性行为的改变有关。     

Plasma thyroxine levels in freshwater perch: Influence of season,gonadotropins, and gonadal hormones

Plasma thyroxine (T₄) of a freshwater female perch Anabas testudineus (Bloch) has been measured by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA). Monitoring of plasma T₄ throughout the year showed that July to early September (spawning stage) had the highest T₄ and late September to January (postspawning stage) had the lowest T₄. The plasma T₄ cycle was coincident with the ovarian cycle. Treatment of intact perch with salmon gonadotropin (SG-G100) or ovine LH (500 ng/100 g body wt) markedly enhanced plasma T₄ levels. Ovine FSH was without any effect. Ovarian steroids, estrone and 17β-estradiol (100 ng/100 g body wt), also significantly augmented T₄ level whereas estriol or progesterone had no such effect. There was a striking fall of plasma T₄ in ovariectomized fish. The drop of T₄ due to ovariectomy could not be reversed by SG-G100 but administration of estrone or 17β-estradiol to ovariectomized fish effectively reversed the drop of plasma T₄ level. These findings suggest that gonadotropin's stimulatory effect on perch thyroid is mediated via the release of ovarian steroids.     

Regulation of growth hormone receptors in human prostate cancer cell lines

We previously demonstrated the gene expression of two growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR) isoforms in prostate cancer (PCa) patient tissues and human PCa cell lines. In that initial study, we characterized LNCaP cell GH binding characteristics to GHR and its activation of relevant signal transduction pathways. We now show that GH binding to GHR and GHR mRNA expression in the cell lines studied are hormonally regulated. In the androgen-dependent LNCaP cells, the potent, specific and stable androgen analogue, mibolerone, caused a time- and biphasic dose-dependent, stimulation of ¹²⁵I-hGH specific binding to cells cultured in serum-free medium (SFM); however, when LNCaP cells were grown in chemically defined Gc full medium, long-term mibolerone-induced inhibition was observed. This effect of Gc on the androgen response was mimicked by the triiodothyronine (T₃) contained in GC. In contrast, oestradiol (E₂), cortisol, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II all caused stimulation of GH binding. Furthermore, we also observed homologous and heterologous, isoform- and cell-type-specific regulation of GHR mRNA expression in all three cell lines. In LNCaP cells, GH caused stimulation of both GHR mRNA and of its exon 9-truncated isoform, GHR_tr; however, mibolerone, E₂ and T₃ all stimulated GHR_tr mRNA more potently than they did GHR. In androgen-independent PC3 cells, GH stimulated GHR_tr expression, but almost not GHR, while in contrast, in androgen-independent DU145 cells, GH caused a clear reduction in GHR and less so in GHR_tr. The differential regulation of GHR isoform gene expression in human PCa cell lines and of GHR functional capacity (GH binding), by hormones and growth factors relevant to disease progression, suggests that GHR may prove to be an additional therapeutic target to slow down/prevent progression of human prostate cancer.     

Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxides in the plasma of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate cancer are not predictive

In this study, lipid peroxide and total sulfhydryl contents and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) were investigated in the plasma of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. No significant change was found in lipid peroxidation or antioxidant systems in the plasma of patients with BPH and prostate cancer. The results indicate that evaluation of the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in the plasma of BPH and prostate cancer patients cannot be used as a marker to discriminate between these diseases. Received: 5 November 1998 / Accepted: 19 January 1999     

Production of recombinant Japanese eel gonadotropins by baculovirus in silkworm larvae

Recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (reFSH) and luteinizing hormone (reLH) of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica were produced by baculovirus in silkworm Bombyx mori larvae. cDNAs encoding Japanese eel gonadotropin subunits (i.e., FSHβ, LHβ, and common α) were introduced into the baculovirus, which was infected into silkworm larvae after propagation of the recombinant virus in B. mori culture cells. A 100 ml solution of pooled hemolymph from silkworm larvae containing reFSH or reLH were obtained from approximately 250 infected larvae. Ten milliliters of hemolymph were applied to Ni-affinity choromatography, and 5.6 and 3.5 mg of partially purified reFSH and reLH were obtained, respectively. Using Western blot analysis concentrations of reFSH and reLH in the original hemolymph was estimated to be 2.2 and 1.1 mg/ml, respectively. Biological activities of reFSH and reLH were assessed in vitro and in vivo. Purified reFSH and reLH induced eel oocyte maturation in vitro, and administration of hemolymph containing reFSH or reLH induced spermatogenesis in vivo in sexually immature Japanese eel. The present study indicates that a baculovirus-silkworm system could produce large amounts of biologically active recombinant fish gonadotropins for use in investigations in reproductive endocrinology and/or aquaculture of fish.