艾滋病合并结核病的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨艾滋病合并结核病的临床特点和治疗方法 .方法 对1995～2000年期间在本院诊断的10例艾滋病合并结核病的患者进行分析.结果 (1)临床分型血行播散型肺结核合并结核性脑膜炎3例,淋巴结结核4例(其中肠系膜淋巴结结核1例、纵隔淋巴结结核+颈部淋巴结结核1例、颈部淋巴结结核2例),原发型肺结核3例,同时合并其它机会性感染如卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)等.(2)免疫功能检测和结核菌素试验CD+4(2～87)×106/L,其中7例CD+4＜50×106/L,平均CD-4(33±13)×106/L.10例结核菌素(PPD)试验均阴性.(3)治疗5例联合抗结核+高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HLAART),5例单用抗结核治疗,其中HAART组CD+4细胞上升明显,与单独抗结核治疗相比,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 CD+4细胞下降可能是艾滋病并发结核病的主要原因.结核菌素试验对诊断无帮助.艾滋病合并结核病的患者,血行播散型肺结核多、肺外结核多、合并症多、临床表现复杂多样、治疗时间长.联合高效抗逆转录病毒治疗能缩短病程,改善艾滋病合并结核病的预后.     

恰当应用诊断性治疗

诊断性治疗 (又称试疗 )在临床工作中应用较多。肺结核的确诊依据是痰结核菌阳性 ,菌阳患者抗痨治疗是正确无疑的。2 0 0 0年全国结核病流调资料显示肺结核患者痰涂片 1/ 3阳性 ,2 / 3(一 ) ,对菌 (一 )肺结核诊断依据病史、症状体征、X线胸片、抗结核药物诊断性治疗有效。菌 (一 )肺结核尤其是肺下叶结核常被误诊为肺炎 ,多种非抗结核抗生素治疗无效才考虑到肺结核诊断 ,抗痨试疗有效 ,症状改善 ,病灶吸收好转 ,根据治疗效应验证结核病诊断。诊断性治疗是菌 (一 )肺结核重要的诊断方法之一。肺外结核难获细菌学及病理学证据 ,主要根据诊断…     

肺动静脉瘘长期误诊为肺结核12例分析

目的提高对肺动静脉瘘与肺结核病的诊断水平。方法1990年1月至2005年10月确诊为肺动静脉瘘而在外院长期误诊为肺结核的12例进行回顾分析。结果12例病人均曾被外院长期误诊为肺结核,抗结核治疗时间长短不等,最后确诊。结论结核发病率升高,使临床医生对结核的警惕性普遍增强;肺动静脉瘘和肺结核的临床表现不典型及X线胸片的多样性导致了误诊率的增加。结核病专科医师应打破结核的思维定势,包括综合性医院的医师均应熟悉包括肺动静脉瘘在内的多种肺部疾病,提高肺动静脉瘘和肺结核的诊断与鉴别水平。对痰检阴性肺结核的诊断应慎重,积极通过其他途径确诊,经验性抗结核治疗后应及时复查X线胸片,以确定诊断。胸部CT(增强)或肺动脉造影检查对肺动静脉瘘的诊断、鉴别诊断有重要作用。     

肺动静脉瘘长期误诊为肺结核12例分析

目的提高对肺动静脉瘘与肺结核病的诊断水平。方法1990年1月至2005年10月确诊为肺动静脉瘘而在外院长期误诊为肺结核的12例进行回顾分析。结果12例病人均曾被外院长期误诊为肺结核，抗结核治疗时间长短不等，最后确诊。结论结核发病率升高，使临床医生对结核的警惕性普遍增强；肺动静脉瘘和肺结核的临床表现不典型及X线胸片的多样性导致了误诊率的增加。结核病专科医师应打破结核的思维定势，包括综合性医院的医师均应熟悉包括肺动静脉瘘在内的多种肺部疾病，提高肺动静脉瘘和肺结核的诊断与鉴别水平。对痰检阴性肺结核的诊断应慎重，积极通过其他途径确诊，经验性抗结核治疗后应及时复查X线胸片，以确定诊断。胸部CT（增强）或肺动脉造影检查对肺动静脉瘘的诊断、鉴别诊断有重要作用。     

对肺结核诊断和治疗指南中关于菌阴肺结核诊断的意见

编辑同志 :阅读由中华医学会结核病学分会制定的《肺结核诊断和治疗指南》[1] 后 ,认为其中有关菌阴肺结核的诊断 ,有值得商榷之处 ,在此与大家讨论。指南中提到有关菌阴肺结核的诊断标准 ,共有 8条 ,具备 1～ 6中 3项或 7、8条中任何 1项可确诊。但本人认为 ,既然是肺结核 ,则应该肺部有病灶 ,故第 1条是应该具备的 (即典型肺结核临床症状和胸部Ｘ线表现 )。假如一个肺外结核 ,如单纯淋巴结结核 ,则可具备有第 2、4、6条 (即抗结核治疗有效、ＰＰＤ强阳性和血清抗结核抗体阳性、肺外组织病理证实结核病变 ) ,若据以上诊断标准可诊断为菌阴…     

艾滋病合并结核病的临床分析

目的　探讨艾滋病合并结核病的临床特点。方法 对1998年至2002年11例艾滋病合并结核病进行临床分析。结果 (1)艾滋病感染途径:输血感染者8例,其他途径各1例。(2)合并肺结核病6例,其中继发性肺结核3例,原发性肺结核1例,血行播散性肺结核2例;合并肺外结核5例,其中结核性心包积液、结核性脑膜炎各2例,胸腔积液1例;合并多重感染者5例。(3)11例1:2000PPD试验均为阴性。(4)治疗:7例抗病毒与抗结核联合治疗,临床表现明显改善;3例仅抗结核治疗者中1例有效、2例死亡;1例未经任何治疗,6月死亡。结论 艾滋病合并结核病临床表现多样,血行播散性肺结核多,肺外结核多,多重感染多见,抗病毒与抗结核联合治疗有效。     

艾滋病合并结核病的临床分析

目的 探讨艾滋病合并结核病的临床特点。方法 对1998年至2002年ll例艾滋病合并结核病进行临床分析。结果 (1)艾滋病感染途径：输血感染者8例，其他途径各1例。(2)合并肺结核病6例，其中继发性肺结核3例，原发性肺结核1例，血行播散性肺结核2例；合并肺外结核5例，其中结核性心包积液、结核性脑膜炎各2例，胸腔积液1例；合并多重感染者5例。(3)11例1：2000PPD试验均为阴性。(4)治疗：7例抗病毒与抗结核联合治疗，临床表现明显改善；3例仅抗结核治疗者中1例有效、2例死亡；1例未经任何治疗，6月死亡。结论 艾滋病合并结核病临床表现多样，血行播散性肺结核多，肺外结核多，多重感染多见，抗病毒与抗结核联合治疗有效。     

以磨玻璃样密度影为表现的早期肺癌并发肺结核患者的诊治分析

目的 分析以磨玻璃样密度影(ground-glass opacity,GGO)为表现的早期肺癌并发肺结核患者的临床特点,以达到早期识别及治疗的目的。方法 对山东大学附属山东省胸科医院自2013年1月至2018年2月确诊的14例以GGO为首要表现的肺癌并发肺结核患者的临床表现、CT扫描征象、手术方式、病理类型等进行回顾性分析。结果 以GGO为表现的早期肺癌并发肺结核以查体时发现多见(9/14),CT表现为陈旧性结核病灶并发混合密度GGO(mGGO) 12例;GGO与结核病灶位于同侧同叶4例。术前对患者进行规范抗结核药物治疗9例,术后继续行规范抗结核药物治疗6例。术前有3例患者行CT引导下肺穿刺活检确诊肺癌,其余11例为术中冰冻切片病理检查证实。行肺叶切除加纵隔淋巴结清扫10例,肺叶(GGO病灶所在处)切除加同侧异叶肺结核瘤局部切除2例,肺段切除1例,楔形切除1例。肺结核病灶标本经病理检查确诊10例,另4例依据病史及影像学表现符合陈旧性肺结核诊断;表现为GGO的早期肺癌病灶标本经病理检查确诊腺癌11例,鳞癌1例,腺鳞癌1例,大细胞癌1例。纵隔淋巴结病理检查均未见转移。本组患者术后均顺利康复,短期随访未见肿瘤复发、转移及结核复燃等。结论 GGO为表现的早期肺癌并发肺结核患者其临床表现无特异性,薄层CT扫描加动态观察有利于诊断。手术方式需在肺癌切除的基础上兼顾结核病灶的处理,规范的抗结核药物治疗加手术切除治疗效果满意。     

AIDS合并结核病50例分析

目的提高对AIDS合并结核病的认识.方法对1995-2002年在本院就诊的50例AIDS合并结核病进行回顾性分析.结果①分型:原发性肺结核2例,血行播散性肺结核6例,继发性肺结核20例,结核性胸膜炎12例,其他肺外结核10例(其中淋巴结结核8例);②T细胞亚群:50例结核病发病时CD4 细胞计数为5～370/μl,平均CD4 为107±106/μl,其中22例原发性肺结核和继发性肺结核,平均CD4 155±127/μl.28例血行播散性肺结核、结核性胸膜炎和肺外结核平均CD4 为64±60/μl,与单纯的原发性肺结核和继发性肺结核相比,差异具有显著性(P=0.013);③治疗:22例同时接受联合抗病毒治疗和抗痨治疗,胸片完全吸收为3～9个月,时间为4.5±3.5个月.CD4 T淋巴细胞由基线水平上升到200/μl约需要4～26个月,时间为12.5±8.6个月.结论AIDS合并结核病以肺外结核和血行播散性肺结核多见,CD4 T淋巴细胞越低,结核病临床表现越不典型.联合抗病毒治疗和抗结核病治疗能显著改善患者的预后,但需多联合,长疗程.     

下肺结核31例临床诊治分析

目的提高对下肺结核的诊断水平,减少、避免误诊和漏诊。方法分析31例下肺结核患者的影像及临床表现、辅助检查特征及误诊原因,确诊后给予系统的抗结核治疗。结果全部病例经抗结核治疗4周后体温恢复正常,咳嗽、咳痰、血痰等症状明显缓解。结论发病部位不典型,影像表现及临床表现不典型为下肺结核的特点,应根据多种征象及相关辅助检查等进行综合分析。对酷似下肺肺炎的患者,经抗感染治疗病变无改变者,应及早给予诊断性抗结核治疗,以免误诊和漏诊。     

A high prevalence of culture-positive extrapulmonary tuberculosis in a large Dutch teaching hospital

BACKGROUND: In the Netherlands the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has increased during the last decade. Growing immigration and international travel were important determining factors. To determine if this has resulted in altered clinical manifestations of the disease, we assessed the clinical spectrum of all TB cases diagnosed at our hospital in the period 1994 to 2000. METHODS: All culture-proven TB cases during the study period were retrospectively reviewed for clinical and demographic data. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients were identified. Solitary pulmonary TB was diagnosed in 33.9%, extrapulmonary TB in 51.8% and combined pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB in 14.3% of all cases. Patients were of foreign descent in 78.6% of all cases. Incidence peaked between 15 to 45 years. Decreased immunity was an important determining factor in the older patients. Presenting symptoms were mostly aspecific causing an important doctor's delay in establishing the diagnosis in 25%. Mortality was 3.6% and isoniazid resistance 3.6% CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest an increase in the percentage of extrapulmonary TB concomitantly with an increasing percentage of patients of foreign descent. Because of aspecific presenting symptoms, TB was often diagnosed late. Treatment is mainly hindered by non-compliance and a high index of suspicion is necessary in making the diagnosis.     

Clinical characteristics of tuberculosis in patients with liver cirrhosis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patients with liver cirrhosis are likely to be susceptible to tuberculosis (TB) because of immune system dysfunction. The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical characteristics and treatment responses in TB patients with cirrhosis. METHODS: Cases were patients with TB detected during their follow up for liver cirrhosis over a 4-year period. Controls were randomly selected patients with TB but no liver disease, matched to cases by age and gender in a 3:1 ratio. RESULTS: Thirty-six cases and 108 controls were enrolled. Extrapulmonary TB was more common in cases than controls (31% vs 12%, P = 0.02). Clinical and radiographic manifestations and response to treatment did not differ between the two groups. The frequency of hepatotoxicity was higher in the cases than in the controls who were treated with a regimen containing rifampicin and isoniazid, although the difference was not statistically significant (27% vs 10%, P = 0.079). CONCLUSIONS: TB patients with liver cirrhosis show extrapulmonary involvement more frequently. Patients with pulmonary TB and cirrhosis usually respond well to anti-TB treatment although appear to present more frequently with treatment-related hepatotoxicity.     

Primary sternal tuberculosis osteomyelitis: A case report and discussion

As immigration to the United States from countries endemic for tuberculosis (TB) increases, the incidence of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB disease may increase. Primary tuberculous sternal osteomyelitis is one form of extrapulmonary TB that is exceedingly rare throughout the world, and falls under the differential diagnosis for chest wall masses. Management involves standard antituberculous therapy with antibiotics similar to treating other forms of extrapulmonary TB, as well as consideration of surgical intervention depending on the extent of osteomyelitis. A typical case of primary sternal TB osteomyelitis is reported, and the epidemiology, differential diagnosis, clinical manifestations and management are reviewed.     

23例艾滋病合并结核病患者的临床特点

目的探讨艾滋病合并结核病的临床特点、治疗及预后.方法对1997年～2004年7月间我院收治的23例艾滋病合并结核病的患者进行临床分析.结果 23例患者多为青壮年(94.3%),半年内病死11例(47.8%).人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染途径以性乱史(15例,占65.2%)为主.持续1个月以上的临床表现有发热、体重下降5～15 kg 者23例(100%),咳嗽15例(65.2%).多并发多种机会性感染.23例患者中以单纯肺结核14例(60.9%)及淋巴结结核8例(34.8%)为主;12例浸润型肺结核患者X线表现为病灶多位于双肺,多为较均匀一致的片絮状阴影,无一例出现空洞.蛋白纯化衍生物(PPD)试验弱阳性2例(8.7%),痰涂片、痰培养查抗酸杆菌仅1例阳性(4.4%).23例患者治疗前CD+4明显低于其他未合并结核病的艾滋病患者(P<0.05);而23例中,病死患者治疗前CD+4也较存活患者明显降低(P<0.05).23例患者的HIV RNA定量值明显高于未合并结核病的艾滋病患者(P<0.05).23例患者中,同时采用抗结核及抗HIV病毒药物治疗的患者,病死率较两种药物均未采用或单用抗结核药物治疗的患者明显降低(P<0.05).结论艾滋病合并结核病患者PPD试验阳性率低,肺结核X线表现不典型,淋巴结结核较多见,病死率高;治疗前CD+4明显降低,且与病死率相关;结核分枝杆菌感染可促进HIV病毒的复制;临床应尽可能同时进行抗结核与抗HIV病毒治疗.     

肺部阴性的结核性变态反应综合征87例

目的探讨肺部阴性的结核性变态反应综合征的病因、发病机制、临床表现、诊断、误诊情况、治疗及预后。方法汇总分析在我院住院期间87例诊断为结核性变态反应综合征且无肺结核病灶的患者的临床资料。结果 47.13%的患者有不同程度发热,44.83%的患者出现多发性关节炎,59.77%的患者有皮肤损害,4.60%的患者出现心肌受累,73.56%的患者血沉增快,12.64%的患者出现抗"O"升高,结核菌素皮试强阳性反应90.8%,血清抗结核抗体检查71.26%阳性;临床误诊率81.61%;规则抗结核治疗率100%。结论肺部阴性的结核性变态反应综合征临床误诊率较高,结核杆菌感染所致变态反应是该综合征的始动因素,临床上以发热、皮肤结节性红斑及游走性的关节疼痛等为主要表现,血清抗结核抗体检查及结核菌素皮试有较高的诊断价值。     

A Vanishing Cardiac Mass

The prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is very common in the Middle East; however, myocardial involvement is among the most infrequent manifestations of extrapulmonary TB. We present a young adult who was incidentally found to have a large right atrial tuberculoma, diagnosed by non-invasive cardiac imaging and effectively treated with standard first-line anti-TB treatment, steroids, and anticoagulation. This case is a classical presentation of nodular myocardial involvement of TB, highlighting advantages of advanced imaging, e.g., cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and multidisciplinary treatment.     

Initial roentgenographic manifestations of bacteriologically proven Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Typical or atypical?

Admission chest roentgenograms were reviewed of all patients diagnosed with pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) at the Medical College of Georgia--Eugene Talmadge Memorial Hospital (MCG-ETMH) during a five-year period from 1979 to 1983. Of 75 patients included, 51 had pulmonary TB, whereas 24 had extrapulmonary infection. Cavitary disease was common (28 of 51 patients with pulmonary TB). Forty-four of 51 patients with pulmonary TB had involvement of apical and/or posterior segments of the upper lobes with cavitation or infiltrates. Pleural effusion, parenchymal nodules, lymphadenopathy, and lower lung field disease were uncommon. Thirteen of 24 patients with extrapulmonary TB had abnormal admission chest roentgenograms, suggesting the possibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Despite recent studies suggesting that TB presents with atypical roentgenographic features more commonly than reported in the past, the roentgenographic manifestations of TB in our series were typical of those previously described as pathognomonic for the disease.     

HIV testing among tuberculosis patients in the era of antiretroviral therapy: a population-based study in Brazil.

SETTING: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a city with 29862 cases of tuberculosis (TB) reported between January 1995 and June 1998. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the counseling and testing practices for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among TB patients, and to identify the patient characteristics associated with HIV screening as antiretroviral therapy was introduced. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of patients with TB who were reported to the health department and who initiated anti-TB treatment. The main outcome measure was screened versus not screened for HIV. RESULTS: The proportion of TB patients who received HIV screening increased from January 1995 through June 1998 (P < 0.001). Among young adults aged 20-49 years with TB, the independent predictors of HIV screening were a diagnosis of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1-2.8); TB meningitis (OR = 13.5, 95%CI 6.5-31.5); disseminated TB (OR = 8.2, 95%CI 5.3-12.9); lymphatic TB (OR = 5.6, 95%CI 4.7-6.6); and male sex (OR = 1.4, 95%CI 1.3-1.6). Patients with newly diagnosed TB who were women, lived in a low income neighborhood (OR = 0.7, 95%CI, 0.6-0.7), and sought TB treatment in their own residential neighborhood (OR = 0.3, 95%CI 0.3-0.4) were less likely to receive HIV counseling and testing. CONCLUSION: Health care providers in Rio de Janeiro selectively offered HIV counseling and testing to persons they perceived to be at risk for HIV and those with advanced stages of TB. HIV counseling and testing should be expanded and offered to all TB patients.     

结核感染T细胞斑点试验在结核病诊断中的应用价值

目的 评价结核感染T细胞斑点试验(T-SPOT.TB)在结核病诊断及鉴别结核病是否为活动性方面的价值。 方法 回顾性分析2011年7月至2012年4月内蒙古医科大学附属医院587例住院患者（结核性疾病患者128例,其中活动性结核组103例,陈旧性结核组25例;非结核性疾病患者459例,免疫损害组241例,非免疫损害组218例）的年龄、性别、病程、临床表现、T-SPOT.TB、病理、PPD、抗酸杆菌涂片及Mtb-Ab等的结果,数据采用SPSS 16.0 软件处理,计量资料比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验,计数资料采用卡方检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果 187例T-SPOT.TB阳性者中确诊结核病患者106例,阳性预测值56.68%（106/187）,400例阴性者中确诊非结核病患者378例,阴性预测值 94.50%(378/400)。587例中共确诊结核性疾病128例,T-SPOT.TB检测的敏感度为82.81%（106/128）,均高于结核菌素纯蛋白衍化物（PPD）35.71%（30/84）、抗酸杆菌涂片8.74%（9/103）及结核抗体(Mtb-Ab)14.06%（9/64）的敏感度,活动性与陈旧性结核的检测敏感度分别为93.20%（96/103)和40.00% (10/25);459例非结核性疾病患者中免疫损害组与非免疫损害组T-SPOT.TB的检测特异度分别为71.37%（172/241）和94.50%(206/218)。结核性胸膜炎及腹膜炎患者T-SPOT.TB的敏感度为100.00%（37/37）。活动性结核与陈旧性结核病患者混合肽ESAT-6和CFP-10总SFCs计数中位数分别为502个/10⁶ PBMCs和430个/10⁶ PBMCs, 四分位数间距（P₂₅, P₇₅）分别为(217个/10⁶ PBMCs,1287个/10⁶ PBMCs)和(140个/10⁶ PBMCs,1303个/10⁶ PBMCs),两组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验,差异无统计学意义（U=429.5,P=0.585）。肺结核与肺外结核患者混合肽ESAT-6和CFP-10总SFC中位数分别为456个/10⁶ PBMCs和528个/10⁶ PBMCs, 四分位数间距（P₂₅, P₇₅）分别为(264个/10⁶ PBMCs,950个/10⁶ PBMCs)和(186个/10⁶ PBMCs,1244个/10⁶ PBMCs),两组间差异无统计学意义（U=1083.0,P=0.871）。 结论 T-SPOT.TB在低风险人群中检测的特异度较好,而在有潜在结核分枝杆菌感染的高危人群中检测的特异度明显降低,在结核性浆膜腔积液中检测的敏感度较高,与PPD、抗酸杆菌涂片及Mtb-Ab相比,敏感度较高,但对鉴别是否为活动性结核病并不理想。