Usefulness of 99Tcm-MDP knee SPET for pre-arthroscopic evaluation of patients with internal derangements of the knee

The aim of this study was to ascertain whether knee SPET can localize lesion sites in patients with internal derangements of the knee. We performed knee SPET as a pre-arthroscopic examination in 63 consecutive patients. SPET imaging was performed with a triple-headed SPET camera 4 h after the injection of 99Tcm-methylene diphosphonate. Arthroscopic diagnoses were as follows: 28 medial meniscus injuries, 24 lateral meniscus injuries, 31 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, three posterior cruciate ligament injuries and one medial collateral ligament injury. Of 30 patients with crescent-shaped increased activity at the medial tibial plateau, 22 had medial meniscus injuries (positive predictive value: PPV 73%); of 17 patients with crescent-shaped activity at the lateral tibial plateau, 13 had lateral meniscus injuries (PPV 76%). Of 18 patients with increased activity at ACL attachment sites (primary sign), 17 had ACL injuries (PPV 94%). Of 27 patients with increased activity at bone impaction sites of ACL injury (secondary sign), 22 had ACL injuries (PPV 81%). Of 32 patients who had either a primary or secondary sign, 26 had ACL injuries (PPV 81%). We conclude that knee SPET is very useful in the management of internal derangements of the knee, particularly in determining the need for arthroscopy by localizing lesion sites.     

Knee dislocations: a magnetic resonance imaging study correlated with clinical and operative findings

OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were to determine retrospectively the prevalence, patients' demographics, mechanism of injury, combination of torn ligaments, associated intra-articular and extra-articular injuries, fractures, bone bruises, femoral-tibial alignment and neurovascular complications of knee dislocations as evaluated by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 17,698 consecutive knee examinations by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over a 6-year period, 20 patients with knee dislocations were identified. The medical records of these patients were subsequently reviewed for relevant clinical history, management and operative findings. RESULTS: The prevalence of knee dislocations was 0.11% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.06-0.16)]. There were 16 male patients and four female patients, with ages ranging from 15 years to 76 years (mean 31 years). Fifteen patients had low-velocity injuries (75%), of which 11 were amateur sports related and four were from falls. Four patients (20%) had suffered high-velocity trauma (motor vehicle accidents). One patient had no history available. Anatomic alignment was present at imaging in 16 patients (80%). Eighteen patients had three-ligament tears, two had four-ligament tears. The four-ligament tears occurred with low-velocity injuries. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) were torn in every patient; the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) was torn in 50%, and the medial collateral ligament (MCL) in 60%. Intra-articular injuries included meniscal tears (five in four patients), fractures (eight in seven patients), bone bruises (15 patients), and patellar retinaculum tears (eight partial, two complete). The most common extra-articular injury was a complete biceps femoris tendon tear (five, 25%). There were two popliteal tendon tears and one iliotibial band tear. One patient had received a vascular injury following a motor vehicle accident (MVA) and had been treated prior to undergoing MRI. Bone bruises (unrelated to fractures), four-ligament tears, biceps femoris tears, and popliteus tendon tears were encountered only in the low-velocity knee dislocations. Twelve were treated surgically, five conservatively, and three had been lost to follow-up. The biceps femoris tendon was repaired in every patient who was treated surgically. CONCLUSIONS: Knee dislocations occurred more commonly in low-velocity injuries than in high-velocity injuries, predominantly affecting amateur athletes. Biceps femoris tendon tears were the most common extra-articular injury requiring surgery. Neurovascular injury (5%) was uncommon. At imaging, femoral-tibial alignment was anatomic in the majority of patients.     

How well do anatomical reconstructions of the posterolateral corner restore varus stability to the posterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knee?

BACKGROUND: With grade 3 posterolateral injuries of the knee, reconstructions of the lateral collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, and popliteofibular ligament are commonly performed in conjunction with a posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to restore knee stability. HYPOTHESIS: A lateral collateral ligament reconstruction, alone or with a popliteus tendon or popliteofibular ligament reconstruction, will produce normal varus rotation patterns and restore posterior cruciate ligament graft forces to normal levels in response to an applied varus moment. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: Forces in the native posterior cruciate ligament were recorded for 15 intact knees during passive extension from 120 degrees to 0 degrees with an applied 5 N .m varus moment. The posterior cruciate ligament was removed and reconstructed with a single bundle inlay graft tensioned to restore intact knee laxity at 90 degrees . Posterior cruciate ligament graft force, varus rotation, and tibial rotation were recorded before and after a grade 3 posterolateral corner injury. Testing was repeated with lateral collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament plus popliteus tendon, and lateral collateral ligament plus popliteofibular ligament graft reconstructions; all grafts were tensioned to 30 N at 30 degrees with the tibia locked in neutral rotation. RESULTS: All 3 posterolateral graft combinations rotated the tibia into slight valgus as the knee was taken through a passive range of motion. During the varus test, popliteus tendon and popliteofibular ligament reconstructions internally rotated the tibia from 1.5 degrees (0 degrees flexion) to approximately 12 degrees (45 degrees flexion). With an applied varus moment, mean varus rotations with a lateral collateral ligament graft were significantly less than those with the intact lateral collateral ligament beyond 0 degrees flexion; mean decreases ranged from 0.8 degrees (at 5 degrees flexion) to 5.6 degrees (at 120 degrees flexion). Addition of a popliteus tendon or popliteofibular ligament graft further reduced varus rotation (compared with a lateral collateral ligament graft) beyond 25 degrees of flexion; both grafts had equal effects. A lateral collateral ligament reconstruction alone restored posterior cruciate ligament graft forces to normal levels between 0 degrees and 100 degrees of flexion; lateral collateral ligament plus popliteus tendon and lateral collateral ligament plus popliteofibular ligament reconstructions reduced posterior cruciate ligament graft forces to below-normal levels-beyond 95 degrees and 85 degrees of flexion, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: With a grade 3 posterolateral corner injury, popliteus tendon or popliteofibular ligament reconstructions are commonly performed to limit external tibial rotation; we found that they also limited varus rotation. With the graft tensioning protocols used in this study, all posterolateral graft combinations tested overconstrained varus rotation. Further studies with posterolateral reconstructions are required to better restore normal kinematics and provide more optimum load sharing between the PCL graft and posterolateral grafts. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A lower level of posterolateral graft tension, perhaps applied at a different flexion angle, may be indicated to better restore normal varus stability. The clinical implications of overconstraining varus rotation are unknown.     

High tibial osteotomy in knee instability: the rationale of treatment and early results

We treated 14 patients having knee instability and varus alignment with tibial osteotomy with or without ligament reconstruction. Five patients with varus angulated anterior cruciate deficiency (double varus) were treated with single-stage closed-wedge tibial osteotomy and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The remaining nine patients had varying amount of posterior cruciate and postero-lateral corner ligament injuries with varus angulation (triple varus); six of these patients had a ligament reconstruction using the Ligament Advanced Reconstruction System ligament with tibial osteotomy (intra-articular--posterior cruciate ligament/extra-articular--postero-lateral corner reconstruction), while the remaining three had a tibial osteotomy without a ligament reconstruction. Four of the nine patients with triple varus had open-wedge tibial osteotomy, and the remaining five had closed-wedge tibial osteotomy. The mean time interval between injury and index surgery of an osteotomy and ligament surgery was 8.3 years (range 1-20 years). At a mean follow-up of 2.8 years after tibial osteotomy, 12 knees (86%) were stable and eliminated of giving way while the remaining 2 were unstable. In one of these patients the result was compromised with severe infection, while in another there was combined cruciate ligament deficiency with postero-lateral corner ligament deficiency. Thirteen (93%) of the patients were able to participate in light recreational activities. None of these patients could return to competitive sports. Five (35%) continued to have pain of varying degree. The mean Cincinnati Knee Score improved from a mean preoperative of 53 (range 40-58) to a mean postoperative of 74 (range 58-82). Accordingly, there were two poor, four fair and eight good results. In-patients with triple-varus, open-wedge tibial osteotomy had better scores than those with closed-wedge procedure. The results of this series are encouraging, and we recommend a high tibial osteotomy along with ligament reconstruction in these complex injuries with varus alignment.     

Anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament injury

Since August 1989 we have treated acute anteromedial instabilities with medial instability of 1+ and 2+ by augmentated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction alone. Subsequently, functional therapy for the lesion of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) was carried out. In a follow-up examination, we evaluated Lysholm, Marshall, OAK and IKDC scores, measured stability with the KT 1000, and tested isokinetic muscle function in 28 patients. The majority demonstrated stable healing of the MCL and ACL and good or excellent knee functions and muscle strength.     

Treatment of acute and chronic injuries to the posterolateral and lateral knee

Acute and chronic posterolateral injury is often associated with cruciate injury. Surgical reconstructions for acuteposterolateral instability achieve better results than reconstructions for chronic posterolateral instability, and whenever possible, we perform acute reconstruction of posterolateral injury. First, any associated cruciate injury is reconstructed. Then the posterolateral corner is exposed through an open lateral incision. We attempt to anatomically repair or reconstruct the major supporting structures of the posterolateral corner. They are the lateral collateral ligament, the popliteus, and the popliteofibular ligament. In acute injury we first attempt direct repair, advancement and recession, or augmentation. Occasionally, reconstruction with patellar tendon autografts or allografts or with achilles allografts is required. In the patient with chronic posterolateral instability and varus alignment, a proximal valgus tibial osteotomy is performed. If required, additional posterolateral reconstruction is performed on a staged basis. In the patient with chronic posterolateral instability and valgus alignment, reconstruction with patellar tendon or Achilles allograft is performed. This article reviews the techniques for reconstruction of acute and chronic injuries to the popliteofibular ligament, and popliteal attachment to the tibia and the lateral collateral ligament.     

膝关节韧带损伤的MRI诊断价值

目的:探讨膝关节韧带损伤的MRI表现特点。方法:回顾性分析50例损伤的膝关节韧带的MRI表现。结果:本组50例87根韧带损伤,其中前交叉韧带15根(17.2%),后交叉韧带18根(26.7%),外侧副韧带15根(17.2%),内侧副韧带39根(44.8%)。50例中复合韧带损伤16例37根,其中前交叉+后交叉+外侧副韧带3例9根,前交叉+后交叉+内侧副韧带2例6根,前交叉+内侧副韧带3例6根,后交叉+内侧副韧带3例6根,后交叉+外侧副韧带3例6根,前交叉+外侧副韧带2例4根。单一韧带损伤34例50根,其中前交叉韧带5根,后交叉韧带7根,外侧副韧带7根,内侧副韧带31根。韧带完全横断撕裂7根,其中前交叉韧带1根,后交叉韧带2根,内侧副韧带3根,外侧副韧带1根。87根中部分纵行撕裂80根;7根完全断裂中3根交叉韧带MRI表现为韧带的连续性中断,断端回缩,局部或弥漫性肿胀,PDWI上呈中等信号,T2WI和脂肪抑制序列呈高信号;4根侧副韧带MRI表现为韧带连续性中断或韧带肿胀增粗,PDWI上呈中等信号,T2WI和脂肪抑制序列呈高信号。80根部分纵行撕裂MRI表现为韧带连续性完整,韧带增粗,PD-WI上呈中等信号,T2WI和脂肪抑制序列呈高信号。经手术关节镜检查21例33根,与MRI诊断相符31根,不符合2根,符合率为93.9%。54根经保守治疗后30~40天MRI复查见韧带原异常高信号而恢复至正常低信号,韧带形态类似正常,33根经关节镜下行韧带重建修复术,30~40天MR复查见原异常高信号而恢复至正常低信号,但局部成角或形态仍不规则。结论:MRI对软组织有极高的分辨率,不仅能较清楚显示膝关节韧带损伤,并能显示半月板损伤和骨挫伤,具有较高的实用价值。     

Surgical treatment of lateral posterolateral instability of the knee using biceps tendon procedures

Posterolateral instability (PLI) is common with posterior cruciate ligament tears and is less common with anterior cruciate ligament tears, and isolated PLI is rare. There are varying degrees of PLI with respect to pathologic external tibial rotation, and varus laxity. Surgical treatment of PLI must address all components of the PLI (popliteus tendon, popliteofibular ligament, lateral collateral ligament, and the lateral-posterolateral capsule), and other structural injuries. Successful posterior cruciate ligament and anterior cruciate ligament surgery depends upon recognition and treatment of posterolateral corner injuries.     

Cruciate ligament avulsion fractures: Anatomy, biomechanics, injury patterns, and approach to management

Injury to the ACL or PCL of the knee most commonly involves a tear of the collagenous fibers of the ligament. Less frequently, a cruciate ligament injury involves an avulsion fracture at the origin or insertion of the ligament, usually from the insertion site on the tibial surface. Avulsion fractures of the cruciate ligaments are important, as they can be identified on radiographs, allowing a specific diagnosis. Although more common in children, when they occur in adults, they are more commonly associated with other injuries. The treatment of cruciate ligament avulsion fractures is different than the treatment of intrasubstance tears of the cruciate ligaments. These injuries can be treated conservatively or surgically with good outcomes. Recently arthroscopic fixation of these injuries with various fixation devices has become more frequent. Treatment largely depends on the type of fracture, particularly, the size, displacement, comminution, and orientation of the avulsed fracture fragment, in addition to the integrity of the attached cruciate ligament. This review article covers the anatomy and biomechanics of the cruciate ligaments, their injury patterns, and approach to management.     

Low-velocity knee disclocation associated with sports injury

A knee dislocation usually involves injury to both the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament,and to either the medial collateral ligament or the lateral structures of the knee. Acute surgical repair of all structures has led to a high rate of arthrofibrosis. We describe a treatment algorithm for treatment based on the healing potential of each structure. The medial collateral ligament can heal with a short duration of serial casting. The posterior cruciate ligament can heal without treatment, and patients with laxity of 2+ have similar outcomes to patients with less laxity. The anterior cruciate usually does not heal, but ACL reconstruction can be performed on an elective basis when the acute inflammatory response has subsided.     

Primary reconstruction of the medial collateral ligament in combined injury of the medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligaments Short-term results

We describe our experiences with 22 patients who underwent acute surgical intervention for complete combined injury of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL) in our hospital. In all patients, an arthroscopically guided repair of the MCL was performed, while the torn ACL was treated non-surgically. Primary reconstruction of the MCL in patients with complete disruptions of the MCL complex as well as the ACL reduces combined anteromedial instability to an isolated problem of the ACL. As a result of this treatment, the condition of 15 of 22 knees was improved, after an average duration of follow-up of 2 and a half years. In conclusion, our treatment strategy of an immediate repair of the MCL and reconstruction of the ACL when conservative treatment has failed seems safe and effective. Received: 30 January 1997 Accepted: 25 September 1997     

Follow-up of posttraumatic ligamentous and meniscal knee lesions detected at MR imaging: systematic review

PURPOSE: To perform a systematic review of the literature regarding the natural course of ligamentous and meniscal knee lesions detected at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MEDLINE database was searched from January 1966 to February 2003. Studies were included if all of the following criteria were met: patients had collateral ligament, cruciate ligament, or meniscal lesions; MR imaging was performed in all patients; study included a group and/or subgroup of patients who underwent conservative treatment during follow-up; patients returned to the clinic for follow-up and clinical data or MR imaging outcomes were noted; and article was written in English, Dutch, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, Danish, or Norwegian. The quality of each study was assessed by using a standardized criteria set, and kappa statistics were used to grade the level of agreement between the two reviewers. Studies with quality scores of 8 or more were designated as high quality. Results were compared with regard to study design and quality scores. RESULTS: The literature search identified 649 articles, and 11 studies (five on posterior cruciate ligament [PCL] injuries, five on anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] injuries, and one on meniscal injuries) met the inclusion criteria. No studies on the follow-up of collateral ligament injuries were identified. Four studies were of high quality, and the kappa value for quality items was 0.80. Between 77% and 93% of the partial or complete PCL ruptures regained continuity. In cases of partial or total ACL rupture, repair of continuity was also possible. A possible association between MR imaging continuity and clinical stability was identified. CONCLUSION: The ACL and PCL can regain continuity after partial or complete rupture. On the basis of this review, no conclusions can be drawn about the natural course of meniscal or collateral ligament injury seen at MR imaging.     

Sports injuries of the knee ligaments--a prospective stress radiographic study.

Forty-six patients were entered into a prospective clinical and stress radiographic study done to assess the value of acute surgical treatment of injuries to the knee ligaments sustained during sports activities. After an average follow-up period of 5 1/2 years (range 4-6 1/2 years) medial instability was found only in two patients, both of whom were in the group with isolated rupture of the medial collateral ligament. Nine of the 29 patients in this group developed rotatory instability, but it was moderate and did not give rise to symptoms. Among the 17 patients with either injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament or combined injuries, anterior drawer instability persisted in seven, with an insufficient functional result in five. None of these 17 patients were able to resume competitive sport. Those patients who had not exercised physically just before the injury proved to have a significantly greater total instability than those who had. Therefore, routine limbering-up is recommended before sports activities.     

Novel approach for reconstruction of the posterolateral corner using a free tendon graft technique

Injuries to the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and posterolateral corner of the knee, particularly when combined with anterior cruciate or posterior cruciate ligament injuries, can result in profound symptomatic knee instability. Although many surgical improvements have been made in the reconstruction of anterior and posterior cruciate ligament injuries, reconstruction of the posterolateral corner has had less predictable results, with residual pathologic laxity especially in the chronic situation. This has stimulated many surgeons to recommend acute repair of posterolateral knee injuries. This article will briefly review the relevant surgical anatomy, present a summary of current reconstructive techniques for the posterolateral corner, and describe our preferred method for anatomic reconstruction of the posterolateral corner for chronic instability of the knee by recreating the LCL and popliteofibular ligament using either autogenous or allograft soft tissue and an interference screw technique. We do not use a transtibial tunnel but re-orientate the transfibular tunnel and utilize 2 femoral tunnels an the attempt to recreate the LCL and popliteus tendon. In a small clinical series, this has proven to restore varus rotation and external rotation patholaxities with a high degree of predictability.     

T-Fix anchor sutures for arthroscopic meniscal repair

The results of arthroscopically repaired meniscal tears with the T-Fix system in a short-term follow-up of 6 months was assessed in a non-comparative, prospective study. The T-Fix device consists of a short, rigid Delrin T attached to a braided, non-absorbable, polyester suture which is preloaded inside and deployed through a delivery (spinal) needle. The T grabs inside the tissue and provides an anchor for the suture. Twenty menisci in 20 patients (mean age 29 years) were repaired. Sports-related injuries were documented in 18 patients. In 15 patients, meniscus tears were repaired 6 months or more after injury. Half of the patients had isolated meniscus injuries. Associated injuries included anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), medial or lateral collateral ligament ruptures. These were not treated at the time of meniscal surgery except for an ACL reconstruction. All tears were longitudinal and positioned mainly in the posterior horn of the medial meniscus. A total of 70 T-Fixes were used with an average of 3 per patient (range 2–7). Only 4 T-Fixes (6%) were unsuccessfully placed, and this occurred early on in the series in 4 patients. In 90% of the patients, the postoperative activity levels returned to preoperative levels, and the clinical symptoms had either resolved or were experienced at a higher level of activity. The T-Fix device was relatively easy to use and could be reliably placed in the meniscus. Postoperatively, there were no complications directly associated with the device. However, further studies are needed to confirmed these results in a long-term follow-up in a larger patient population.     

Knee dislocation with lateral side injury: results of an en masse surgical repair technique of the lateral side

BACKGROUND: Knee dislocations with lateral side injury are rare and disabling if not treated. Hypothesis: An en masse surgical technique to repair the lateral side will provide good stability, and the posterior cruciate ligament will heal when left in situ. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Twenty-three patients underwent an en masse lateral side repair after knee dislocation injury; all but 1 patient had anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Physical examination included the International Knee Documentation Committee score, isokinetic strength testing, KT-2000 arthrometer testing, radiography (including varus stress), and magnetic resonance imaging scan. Patients were evaluated subjectively with several surveys. RESULTS: Mean objective evaluation occurred for 17 patients at 4.6 years postoperatively, and 21 subjective evaluations occurred for 21 patients at 5.6 years postoperatively. The objective overall grade was normal for 10 patients and nearly normal for 7 patients. Lateral laxity was graded as normal in 15 patients and 1+ in 2 patients. The posterior drawer was normal in all but 3 patients, who had 1+ posterior laxity. The postoperative varus stress radiography demonstrated a mean increase of 1.1 +/- 1.7 mm (range, -1.2-4.7) between knees. Magnetic resonance scans showed that the lateral side was thickened but intact in all patients. The posterior cruciate ligament was viewed as healed or intact in all patients but was sometimes seen as elongated or buckled. The mean subjective total scores were 91.3 points for the IKDC survey, 93.0 for the modified Noyes survey, and 8.0 for an activity score, but scores were higher for patients who underwent surgery within 4 weeks from the injury. CONCLUSIONS: The en masse surgical technique to repair the lateral side combined with an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction after knee dislocation provides excellent long-term stability. The repaired lateral side and untreated posterior cruciate ligament heal with continuity. Patients can return to high levels of activity.     

Treatment of acute isolated and combined ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament. A long-term follow-up study.

From a total of 293 patients who had an acute, complete anterior cruciate ligament rupture, we selected all patients (N = 55) who had an anterior cruciate ligament rupture without associated meniscal or ligamentous injuries, and all patients (N = 52) who had an anterior cruciate ligament rupture combined with a rupture, and subsequent primary repair, of the medial collateral ligament. Initially, all patients were assigned to one of two groups: conservative treatment of the anterior cruciate ligament or augmented anterior cruciate ligament repair with the iliotibial band. In the 52 patients who had an anterior cruciate ligament rupture combined with a medial collateral ligament rupture, the associated injuries to the medial collateral ligament and sometimes the posterior oblique ligament, meniscus, and arcuate ligament complex were treated in a similar fashion, without regard to the treatment of the anterior cruciate ligament. Ninety-nine patients (93%) were reexamined 35 to 74 months after the injury, and knee function was evaluated with subjective and objective criteria, including functional tests. Patients who had been treated with augmented anterior cruciate ligament repair had superior stability with better subjective results and returned to strenuous activities more frequently than patients who had undergone conservative treatment. In those patients who had augmented repair, the prognosis did not differ between those who had isolated lesions and those who had combined lesions. Conservative treatment of the anterior cruciate ligament with repair of the medial collateral ligament and other associated injuries, when present, resulted in an almost equally unfavorable outcome for patients with combined and isolated anterior cruciate ligament lesions.     

Medial and posteromedial instability of the knee: evaluation, treatment, and results

Medial-sided knee ligament injuries are complex and require a thorough understanding of the anatomy and the scope of injury to successfully treat. Patients with isolated medical collateral ligament (MCL) tears can normally be treated with bracing followed by physical therapy with outstanding results. Patients with isolated Grade III injuries to the MCL are controversial. A reason for the disparity in results reported may be due to the fact that many (if not most) Grade III MCL tears have associated injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament and/or posteromedial corner injury. Patients with combination injuries should be treated surgically with repair or reconstruction in most cases. Either allograft or autograft reconstructions of both the MCL and posteromedial corner can be successful. Successful elimination of anteromedial rotary instability is the key to successfully treating posteromedial corner injuries.     

Avulsion fracture of the medial collateral ligament association with Segond fracture

The Segond fracture is a tibial avulsion injury of the insertion of the middle third of the lateral capsular ligament that is typically associated with anterior cruciate ligament and meniscal tears. The classically assigned mechanism of injury is a combination of internal rotation and varus stress. We report two cases of Segond fractures that presented with a variant pattern including osseous avulsion injuries of the medial collateral ligament at the femoral origin, anterior cruciate ligament tear, and pivot shift-type osseous contusion pattern, suggesting an alternative mechanism of injury that includes dominant valgus stress and external rotation components. Awareness of this pattern may aid radiologists, surgeons, and sport medicine physicians in the accurate diagnosis of this injury complex and initiation of appropriate treatment in a timely fashion.     

双膝前交叉韧带损伤特点及治疗

目的探讨双膝前交叉韧带(ACL)先后断裂的原因及治疗原则。方法1995年1月~2005年8月收治双膝ACL先后损伤患者32例,对双膝致伤因素、先后损伤之间的关系、膝关节不稳的情况进行观察分析,回顾其受伤到手术的时间及治疗情况。结果32例双膝ACL损伤,运动性损伤占78.1%,后一侧ACL损伤的发生与先伤膝关节不稳、病人的年龄、运动程度有关。89.1%的膝关节在ACL损伤后出现不稳。所有患者均在我院接受ACL重建手术,26例患者双膝ACL重建为一次手术完成,6例分次重建。结果提示一侧ACL断裂引起的膝关节不稳可影响到健侧。膝关节ACL断裂后要早期手术重建以恢复膝关节的稳定性,防止继发损伤,降低另一侧膝关节受伤的风险。对于双膝ACL断裂,我们建议一次手术完成双侧重建,以尽早恢复双膝关节稳定性,保证双膝运动功能。