自杀及其影响因素

自杀是由心理冲突而产生的一种自我毁灭性的行为，是蓄意终止自己有意识的生命。自杀行为是有目的、有计划的、蓄意的。据ＨＯ（１９８９年）报告欧洲每年平均自杀死亡率为１７．１／１０万，估计１０倍以上的人有自杀未遂或有自我伤害行为。自杀是人类前１０位死因之一。尤其是青年人，１９９０年有超过１４０万的人自杀死亡，已构成严重的公共卫生问题。本对国内外自杀伤亡的概况、流行病学特症、自杀危险因素及自杀行为的预防和     

自杀危险因素分析

本文通过对四川省什邡县1987～1988年232例自杀死亡配对调查研究,探讨其影响自杀死亡的社会因素,应用多元逐步回归分析方法,结果表明:家庭关系不合是影响自杀死亡的最重要因素,其次是性格忧郁孤僻、夫妻关系不合等。在性别上,男性的性格忧郁孤僻、失恋较女性重要。而女性的夫妻关系不合、病残比男性明显。在年龄上,14～19岁组以性格忧郁孤僻为第一位,20～49岁组以夫妻关系不合为主,50岁以上组则以家庭关系不合影响最大。     

失代偿期肝硬化患者心理弹性的保护性因素分析

目的 调查了解失代偿期肝硬化患者的心理弹性水平,分析其保护性因素。方法 使用心理弹性量表、社会支持量表、简易应对问卷和家庭关怀度指数量表,对192例失代偿期肝硬化患者进行调查,采用多元逐步回归分析患者心理弹性的影响因素。结果 失代偿期肝硬化患者心理弹性得分为(56.22±9.38)分,低于国内常模,差异有统计学意义(t=6.76,P<0.05);不同婚姻状况(F=6.470)、文化程度(F=10.514)和病程(F=4.447)患者间的心理弹性得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。回归分析显示,文化程度、婚姻状况、支持利用度、积极应对方式、家庭关怀度可联合解释患者心理弹性总变异的57.0%(调整后的R²=0.570,P<0.01)。结论 失代偿期肝硬化患者心理弹性水平低,较高的文化程度、已婚、积极的应对方式、足够的支持利用度和家庭关怀度有助于提高心理弹性水平。     

大学生自杀问题研究进展

目前,在世界各国自杀依旧是亟待解决的公共卫生问题.据WHO估计,全球每年有100万以上的人自杀身亡,中国在20万以上.而大学生自杀率为同龄一般人口的2～4倍,为20/10万左右,已成为大学生非正常死亡的重要组成部分.虽然自杀在大学生总体中只占极小比例,但由于生命的不可逆性,它给社会、家庭和个人带来的后果和创伤却是十分惨痛的,可能会严重干扰学校的正常教学秩序及社会环境的稳定.对大学生自杀问题研究成果进行综述,以期为大学生自杀的早期干预提供依据.     

青少年自杀的社会因素

美国青少年儿童的自杀发生率近年来呈增长的趋势,据调查,15～19岁青少年的自杀率在1960年为3.6/10万,到1982年则上升为8.7/10万,其对照组为85岁和其他高龄组成人,在相同的时期,自杀率却由26/10万减少到17.6/10万,许多学校都表示要重视青少年自杀的研究。本文作者通过调查分析,提出生活水平的提高是导致青少年自杀率增高的重要因素。对于幸福概念的理解,人们普遍认为,     

陕西某高校大学生自杀意念及其影响因素研究

目的 为了解大学生自杀意念、抑郁与社会支持的现状,探讨他们之间的关系,为预防大学生自杀提供理论依据.方法 应用分层整群抽样的方法抽取7个专业1177名大学生,使用自杀意念自评量表(SDSS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS),社会支持量表(SSRS)进行问卷调查.结果 最近1周内大学生的自杀意念发生率为6.3%,自杀意念与抑郁的...     

自杀的社会因素研究

本综述了近年来国内外尤其是西方对自杀行为与社会因素关系的研究现状，并就失业，婚姻危机，内和社会纠纷及暴力，社会和政局的动荡与自杀行为的关系作了客观的描述，同时对自杀的预防和进一步的研究提出了一些建设性的建议和方向。     

青春期青少年自杀与家庭环境因素研究

随着社会的发展和社会竞争的加剧,青少年的心理冲突问题越来越突出,由此而引起的青少年自杀也日益国受到全社会的高度重视。美国１５～１９岁组青少年自杀死亡在各种死因中居第３位〔１〕。我国部分地区的统计亦提示青少年自杀是造成该年龄段青少年寿命损失的重要原因〔２〕。为进一步研究青少年自杀的现状和规律,我们对合肥市１５～１９岁组青少年的家庭环境及部分学校环境因素与自杀的关系进行分析,并提出相应对策。１　研究对象及研究方法１－１　研究对象　合肥市１５岁到１９岁高中学生１６００人为调查对象,回收调查表１４８６份…     

Simulated workplace protection factors for half-facepiece respiratory protective devices

This study investigates two different methods (random effects model and 5th percentile) for determining the performance of three types of respiratory protective devices (elastomeric N95 respirators, N95 filtering-facepiece respirators, and surgical masks) during a simulated workplace test. This study recalculated the protection level of three types of respiratory protective devices using the random effects model, compared the two methods with each other and the APF of 10 for half-facepiece respirators, and determined the value of each of the fit test protocols in attaining the desired level of simulated workplace protection factor (SWPF). Twenty-five test subjects with varying face sizes tested 15 models of elastomeric N95 respirators, 15 models of N95 filtering-facepiece respirators, and 6 models of surgical masks. Simulated workplace testing was conducted using a TSI PORTACOUNT Plus model 8020 and consisted of a series of seven exercises. Six simulated workplace tests were performed with redonning of the respirator/mask occurring between each test. Each of the six tests produced an SWPF. To determine the level of protection provided by the respiratory protective devices, a 90% lower confidence limit for the simulated workplace protection factor (SWPF(LCL90%)) and the 5th percentile of simulated workplace protection factor were computed. The 5th percentile method values could be up to seven times higher than the SWPF(LCL90%) values. Without fit testing, all half-facepiece N95 respirators had a 5th percentile of 4.6 and an SWPF(LCL90%) value of 2.7. N95 filtering-facepiece respirators as a class had values of 3.3 and 2.0, respectively, whereas N95 elastomeric respirators had values of 7.3 and 4.6, respectively. Surgical masks did not provide any protection, with values of 1.2 and 1.4, respectively. Passing either the Bitrex, saccharin, or Companion fit test resulted in the respirators providing the expected level of protection with 5th percentiles greater than or equal to 10 except when passing the Bitrex test with N95 filtering-facepiece respirators, which resulted in a 5th percentile of only 7.9. No substantial difference was seen between the three fit tests. All of the SWPF(LCL90%) values after passing a fit test were less than 10. The random model method provides a more conservative estimate of the protection provided by a respirator because it takes into account both between- and within-wearer variability.     

青年人自杀行为因素分析

目的分析影响青年人自杀行为的因素及预防对策.方法对60例15～35岁的服毒自杀者进行调查研究,调查项目包括职业、文化程度、既往史、自杀原因及女性月经史.结果青年服毒者以女性为多,占85%;工人、农民占73.3%;文化程度在初中以下者占75%;女性服毒半数以上发生在月经前期,自杀原因大多为恋爱受挫、夫妻矛盾、家庭纠纷(占76.7%);部分自杀者有酒精或药物成瘾史及自杀未遂史.结论青年人的自杀行为有其特定的社会-心理-生物因素.     

精神分裂症患者自杀行为分析及防护

精神分裂症是以基本个性改变,思维,情感,行为分裂,精神活动与环境不协调为主要特征的患病率最高的一种精神病.我国属世界高危地区,为了减少自杀,自伤行为的发生,医护工作者必需了解其心理活动,加强责任感,作为心理护理.     

Safer storage of firearms at home and risk of suicide: a study of protective factors in a nationally representative sample

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the protective effect of storing firearms locked or unloaded, or both, on the risk of suicide by firearms among people with relatively low intention to die. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross sectional survey. The 1993 National Mortality Followback Survey of 22 957 deaths in the United States, representing 2.2 million people, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. PARTICIPANTS: Decedent's next of kin answered questions regarding various aspects of decedent's life to supplement information from death certificates. MAIN RESULTS: Compared with decedents who stored their firearm unlocked or loaded, those who stored their firearms locked or unloaded, or both, were less likely to commit suicide by firearms (locked: OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.24 to 0.66; unloaded OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.49). CONCLUSIONS: This study further supports the utility of devices and practices intended to reduce the likelihood of unauthorised or impulsive use of firearms.     

医药院校大学生自杀意念及危险因素研究

目的 了解医药院校大学生自杀意念的出现率及其危险因素。方法 采用自制的调查表，以分层整群抽样方法调查某医药院校大学生2576名，通过logistic回归模型筛选出自杀意念的主要危险因素。结果 有13．5％的大学生出现自杀意念，27．2％有详细的自杀计划和方法。自杀意念的危险因素是对专业不满意，学习成绩差等。结论 大学生中自杀意念发生率较高，因此，根据大学生自杀意念的主要危险因素采取必要的预防措施是当前迫切需要解决的问题。     

The role of the pediatrician in preventing suicide in adolescents with alcohol use disorders

Worldwide, suicide is among the top five causes of mortality in the 15- to 19- year age group. Pediatricians and primary care providers are in a distinctive position to help prevent suicide in adolescents. According to the Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services, all adolescents should have at least an annual preventive services visit, which should address both the biomedical and psychosocial aspects of health. Suicide prevention may best be accomplished by detection and management of specific risk factors, rather than by attempting to recognize those youth who are considered most likely to commit suicide. Alcohol use has been regarded as an important risk factor for adolescent suicidal behavior and the diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder indicates an elevated risk for adolescent suicide. Although the causal relationship between alcohol use and suicide remains unknown, a clear and strong relationship exists. Pediatricians and other health care providers should be skilled to recognize risk factors for adolescent suicide, including alcohol and drug misuse, depression, major loss, and recent suicides within a community. The relative frequency of suicidal behavior among adolescents suffering from alcohol use disorders and its distressing effects on individuals, families and society merits further research and development of prevention strategies in general pediatric settings.