黄斑下脉络膜新生血管膜的手术治疗及随访观察

目的探讨黄斑下脉络膜新生血管膜手术治疗后的远期效果。方法经睫状体平部行闭路式玻璃体切除术后，切开视网膜，取出黄斑下脉络膜新生血管膜瘢痕组织。７例（７只眼）手术前、后均行视力、矫正视力、眼底及眼底血管荧光素造影检查，并进行长期随诊观察。结果随诊观察１年以上，６只眼黄斑下脉络膜新生血管膜消失，１只眼脉络膜新生血管膜复发。６只眼手术后视力均有不同程度增进，其中２只眼视力提高到０．５以上；１只眼视力减退，黄斑机化组织形成；１只眼发生继发性黄斑前膜。结论黄斑下脉络膜新生血管膜手术切除后，大多数眼视力有所提高，视力提高大小与黄斑下脉络膜新生血管膜瘢痕组织对色素上皮及神经上皮的损害程度有关，手术操作对色素上皮及神经上皮的影响亦有一定关系。     

天津市眼科医院视网膜脱离手术培训中心通知

天津市眼科医院是一所眼科专科医院,并设有眼科研究所。该院设备优良,拥有数台进口手术显微镜、玻璃体切割机、眼内显微器械、眼底荧光血管造影、吲哚青绿脉络膜血管造影、多波长激光机、眼内半导体激光机等先进的医疗设备。该院视网膜脱离科技术力量雄厚,80年代初在著名眼底病专家魏景文教授带领下使用间接眼底镜直视下行视网膜脱离复位手术,在全国处于领先地位,90年代又开展复杂性视网膜脱离的玻璃体视网膜手术。为发展我国的眼底病的诊治,培养眼底病专科大夫,开展视网膜脱离手术及玻璃体视网膜手术,天津市眼科医院建立了视网膜脱离手术培…     

我国玻璃体视网膜手术及相关研究飞跃进步的10年

近10年来,我国玻璃体视网膜手术及其相关研究由起步到迅速开展,已取得了显著成效。既往许多无法治疗的严重眼后段疾病患者获得了恢复光明的机会。特别是在改革开放政策的推动下,眼科领域引进了高精密度的设备、器材和先进的技术,这是发展高新技术在眼科的具体体现。70年代末双目间接检眼镜开始引进和推广,常规的孔源性视网膜脱离手术的成功率达到90%,玻璃体注气和单纯的晶状体玻璃体切除术开始用于治疗外伤性晶状体、玻璃体混浊。80年代后期仅有个别单位开展玻璃体视网膜联合手术。1991年召开的第二届玻璃体视网膜学术会议上,涉及玻璃体手术…     

天津市眼科医院视网膜脱离手术培训中心通知

天津市眼科医院是一所眼科专科医院 ,并设有眼科研究所。该院设备优良 ,拥有数台进口手术显微镜、玻璃体切割机、眼内显微器械、眼底荧光血管造影、吲哚青绿脉络膜血管造影、多波长激光机、眼内半导体激光机等先进的医疗设备。该院视网膜脱离科技术力量雄厚 ,80年代初在著名眼底病专家魏景文教授带领下开始用间接眼底镜直视下行视网膜脱离复位手术 ,在全国处于领先地位 ,90年代又开始复杂性视网膜脱离的玻璃体视网膜手术。为发展我国的眼底病的诊治 ,培养眼底病专科大夫 ,开展视网膜脱离手术及玻璃体视网膜手术 ,天津市眼科医院建立了视网膜…     

天津市眼科医院视网膜脱离手术培训中心通知

天津市眼科医院是一所眼科专科医院 ,并设有眼科研究所。该院设备优良 ,拥有数台进口手术显微镜、玻璃体切割机、眼内显微器械、眼底荧光血管造影、吲哚青绿脉络膜血管造影、多波长激光机、眼内半导体激光机等先进的医疗设备。该院视网膜脱离科技术力量雄厚 ,80年初在著名眼底病专家魏景文教授带领下使用间接眼底镜直视下行视网膜脱离复位手术 ,在全国处于领先地位 ,90年代又开展复杂性视网膜脱离的玻璃体视网膜手术。为发展我国的眼底病的诊治 ,培养眼底病专科大夫 ,开展视网膜脱离手术及玻璃体视网膜手术 ,天津市眼科医院建立了视网膜脱离…     

玻璃体视网膜手术治疗老年黄斑变性的疗效评价

为探讨玻璃体切除术及视网膜下手术治疗湿性型老年黄斑变性（ＡＭＤ）的疗效和估价，对２６眼因ＡＭＤ玻璃体出血混浊施玻璃体切除术；６眼黄斑中心凹处新生血管膜形成、出血行视网膜下手术。结果为玻璃体切除术组，术后全部看清眼底，发现黄斑区视网膜下出血１３眼，有新生血管膜及疤痕１０眼，两者同时存在３眼，术后视力提高２２眼，不变及减退各２眼，视力在０．０５以上仅８眼；视网膜下手术组，成功取出视网膜下新生血管膜３眼，出血冲洗干净３眼，术后视力进步４眼，不变及减退各１眼。结论：玻璃体切除术虽然能清除玻璃体出血及混浊，但不能阻止ＡＭＤ病变的发展和治疗视网膜下病变及恢复视功能；视网膜下手术能清除部分视网膜下病灶，亦不能恢复色素上皮和感光细胞功能。因此，视网膜移植可能是治疗湿性型ＡＭＤ的新途径     

自体视网膜色素上皮-脉络膜薄片移植术治疗年龄相关性黄斑变性

目前对于渗出性年龄相关性黄斑变性（AMD）的治疗主要有温热疗法、光动力疗法和玻璃体内注射抗血管内皮生长因子等疗法。手术彻底去除脉络膜新生血管（CNV）不可避免地会造成视网膜色素上皮（RPE）、Bruch膜和脉络膜毛细血管的损伤。黄斑转位术虽可使RPE维持黄斑中心凹光感受器的功能，但由于增生性玻璃体视网膜病变、黄斑水肿和复视等并发症的发生率较高而限制其应用。     

黄斑中心脉络膜新生血管的手术治疗

黄斑中心脉络膜新生血管形成通常规后预后较差。根据黄斑光凝研究组（MPS）的随机对照治疗观察，视网膜光凝对某些黄斑中心脉络膜新生血管膜，尤其是复发膜有一定疗效，但视力不可避负地下降。因此作们探索应用玻璃体视网膜切割技术切除黄斑中心脉络膜新生血管（CNV）。共切除或分离了92眼的CNV，其中病因为老年性黄斑变性42眼，组织胞浆菌病综合征35眼，其它病因5眼。通过短期随访观察，由老年性黄斑变性引起的黄斑中心CNV48例中12例视力明显提高（以提高二行或二行以上为标准）；病因为组织胞浆菌病综合征31例中14例视力明显提高；其它病因5例中2例视力明显提高。玻璃体视网膜切割技术切除CNV在技术上的可行性为研究CNV提供了机会，并为许多黄斑疾病无法恢复视功能提供了手术治疗的前景。     

视网膜脱离术后黄斑前膜的手术治疗

目的 探讨玻璃体切割手术治疗视网膜脱离术后并发黄斑前膜的效果。方法 25例25眼孔源性视网膜脱离巩膜术后并发黄斑前膜有明显视物变形和视力下降病例接受玻璃体切割黄斑前膜剥除。观察术后视功能改善情况和并发症。结果 术后视物变形改善率为80％、76％病例视力提高至0．1以上（术前只有28％病例视力在0．1以上）。并发症有：视网膜表面出血、黄斑前膜残留、视网膜脱离复发、核性白内障发展。结论 玻璃体切割黄斑前膜剥除是治疗视网膜脱离术后并发黄斑前膜的有效方法,并发症较少。     

视网膜下新生血管膜及出血的手术治疗

目的探讨手术治疗视网膜下新生血管膜的适应证、手术方式及疗效。方法对６例视网膜下新生血管膜及出血的患者行现代玻璃体视网膜手术治疗。通过玻璃体切除、眼内激光、视网膜切开、视网膜下膜或出血的取出等方式治疗。手术前、后行眼底荧光血管造影、自动视野计检查，以评价手术疗效。结果随访４～７个月，４例视功能有不同程度的改善，其中２例视力为０．３以上，２例视功能保持不变。结论掌握好适应证，手术治疗对清除视网膜下新生血管膜及出血是一种可行的治疗方法。     

Segmentation and accuracy in copying and drawing: Experts and beginners

As part of an ongoing investigation into real-world copying and drawing, I recorded the eye-hand drawing strategies of 16 subjects with drawing experiences ranging from expert to novice while they copied a line drawing of a standing nude. The experts produced accurate copies whereas all the beginners produced marked inaccuracies of overall scaling, proportion and shape. Analysis of eye and hand movements showed that the experts alone segmented the original drawing into simple line sections that were copied one at a time using a direct eye-hand strategy not requiring intermediary encoding to visual memory. The results suggest that segmentation into simple lines defines the task-specific process of accurate copying, and that this process is restricted to experts, i.e. acquired through training and practice. Additional preliminary tests also suggest that a similar process may apply to drawing a model from life.     

Proximal and accommodative convergence and age

The authors have estimated the phoria for distant and near fixation in two groups of subjects (mean age 27.5 ± 4.4 and 59.2 ± 8.2 years). Different accommodative stimuli were induced by adding minus lenses for distant fixation and plus lenses for near fixation. Statistical analysis of the experimental data indicates that, for distant fixation, the value of phoria per unit of accommodative stimulus is significantly lower in presbyopic than in nonpresbyopic subjects. Also, during near fixation, the accommodative convergence (AC/A ratio) is more reliable in the presbyopic subjects when the accommodative stimulus is progressively reduced. This varying behavior indicates in presbyopic subjects that proximal convergence is of greater relative importance in the determination of the fusion-free position. In nonpresbyopic subjects, accommodative convergence is the more important component.     

Anesthesia and preoperative and postoperative medications

Although certain methods such as retrobulbar blocks are used extensively, improvements in procedure can always be implemented. The use of ultrasound, low concentrations of anesthesia, careful monitoring, and, in the case of risk patients, anesthesia standby are all important considerations to ensure uneventful treatments. Topical anesthesia eliminates needle risk as well as risk of ptosis and bruising. Because it has been demonstrated that bacteria routinely enter the anterior chamber during uncomplicated cataract surgery, certain irrigation solutions are helpful, but still debatable. Postoperatively, diclofenac, flurbiprofen, and timolol have all been proven to be effective in reducing ocular inflammation, reducing incidence of CME, and controlling pressure increase, respectively.     

Paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic retinopathy and optic neuropathy: Evaluation and management

Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the visual system are a heterogeneous group of disorders occurring in the setting of systemic malignancy. Timely recognition of one of these entities can facilitate early detection and treatment of an unsuspected, underlying malignancy, sometimes months before it would have otherwise presented, and gives the patient an increased chance at survival. We outline the clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies for the retinal- and optic nerve–based paraneoplastic syndromes: cancer-associated retinopathy; melanoma-associated retinopathy; paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy; bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation; paraneoplastic optic neuropathy; and polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes syndrome. Distinguishing these disorders from their non-paraneoplastic counterparts (e.g., autoimmune-related retinopathy and optic neuropathy, and acute zonal occult outer retinopathy) and determining appropriate systemic evaluation for the responsible tumor can be challenging. In addition, we discuss the utility and interpretation of autoantibody testing.     

Anesthesia and preoperative and postoperative medications

Retrobulbar blocks, although widely used, still have potentially serious complications. Topical anesthesia presents less risk of injury to the globe and less pain but requires careful usage and an experienced surgeon. New techniques, however, allow for an increase in the percentage of patients able to have topical anesthesia. Preoperatively, 2.5% phenylephrine is found to be just as effective as 10% phenylephrine, and, when compared with wound closure and surgeon's experience, the effect of prophylactic medications was found to be negated. Postoperatively, diclofenac is found to be as effective an anti-inflammatory agent as prednisolone. Also, the addition of 10% phenylephrine to 4% pilocarpine drops enhances the effectiveness of pharmacologic treatment of postoperative iridocorneal adhesions. In addition, ophthalmologists should be aware of emerging antibiotic resistance.     

Nodes and nodal points and lines in eyes and other optical systems

The typical stigmatic optical system has two nodal points: an incident nodal point and an emergent nodal point. A ray through the incident nodal point emerges from the system through the emergent nodal point with its direction unchanged. In the presence of astigmatism nodal points are not possible in most cases. Instead there are structures, called nodes in this paper, of which nodal points are special cases. Because of astigmatism most eyes do not have nodal points a fact with obvious implications for concepts, such as the visual axis, which are based on nodal points. In order to gain insight into the issues this paper develops a general theory of nodes which holds for optical systems in general, including eyes, and makes particular allowance for astigmatism and relative decentration of refracting elements in the system. Key concepts are the incident and emergent nodal characteristics of the optical system. They are represented by 2 × 2 matrices whose eigenstructures define the nature and longitudinal position of the nodes. If a system's nodal characteristic is a scalar matrix then the node is a nodal point. Otherwise there are several possibilities: Firstly, a node may take the form of a single nodal line. Second, a node may consist of two separated nodal lines reminiscent of the familiar interval of Sturm although the nodal lines are not necessarily orthogonal. Third, a node may have no obvious nodal line or point. In the second and third of these classes one can define mid-nodal ellipses. Astigmatic systems exist with nodal points and stigmatic systems exist with no nodal points. The nodal centre may serve as an approximation for a nodal point if the node is not a point. Examples in the Appendix , including a model eye, illustrate the several possibilities.     

Sensitivity to first- and second-order motion and form in children and adults

We compared the sensitivity of adults and children aged 3-10 years to first- and second-order motion and form. For first-order stimuli, at all ages sensitivity was better for motion than form, and motion thresholds were better at 6 Hz than at 1.5 Hz. For second-order stimuli, at all ages sensitivity was better for form than motion, and motion thresholds were better at 0.25 cyc/deg than at 1 cyc/deg. Thresholds became adult-like later for motion than for form and later for first-order than second-order stimuli. For first-order stimuli, the changes with age were larger and more protracted.     

Estrogen and progesterone receptors and human conjunctiva

Freshly frozen conjunctival tissue from premenopausal and postmenopausal women and male subjects were processed for estrogen and progesterone receptors by using monoclonal antibodies and a peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. No immunocytochemical staining was localized in the nuclei of the cells treated with the monoclonal antibodies to human estrogen receptor or human progesterone receptor in any of the conjunctival specimens, in contrast to the strongly positive staining in breast adenocarcinoma controls. Immunocytochemical staining disclosed no evidence for estrogen or progesterone receptors on cells of the ocular surface.