人血白蛋白热原去除工艺的实验

在热原不合格的白蛋白制品中，加入血浆蛋白Ｃｏｈｎ分部ＩＶ－１、ＩＶ－４组份进行热变性沉淀去除热原。经处理后，热原检测（兔法）表明，４批平均降温０．４７℃回收率为７２．５％，白蛋白５７％５０ｈ的热稳定性试验合格。其它常规检测项目均符合生物制品规程要求。     

HPLC测定血浆中奥美拉唑的浓度

本文采用ＨＰＬＣ测定人血浆中奥美拉唑的浓度、色谱柱为ＵｌｔｒａｓｐｈｅｒｅＯＤＳ４．６×２５０ｍｍ，流动相为甲醇－磷酸盐缓冲液（６０／４０），检测波长为３０２ｎｍ，流速为１ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，血浆浓度在０．０２５～１．０μｇ／ｍｌ范围内线性关系良好（γ＝０．９９９８），最低检测浓度０．０２５μｇ／ｍｌ，平均回收率１００．５±１．９％。日间、日内ＲＳＤ％均＜４．１％。     

阿莫西林和克拉维酸钾复合制剂的药物动力学

本文对阿莫西林－克拉维酸钾复合制剂在９名健康成人中进行药物代谢动力学和生物利用度研究。血浆中药物浓度分别用藤黄八叠球菌和克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌为检定菌（用井式琼脂平板法）测定阿莫西林和克拉维田钾。单剂量口服２５０ｍｇ阿莫西林和１２５ｍｇ克拉维酸钾后其阿莫西林的Ｔｍａｘ１．１７±０．３１ｈｆｏ０．９７±０．３３ｈ；Ｃｍａｘ３．５±０．６μｇ／ｍｌ和３．６±０．７μｇｍｌ；Ｔ１／２１．１±０．３ｈ和１．１５±０．２７ｈ。克拉维酸钾为：Ｔｍａｘ１．ｌｌ±０．２４ｈ和０．８９±０．２９ｈ；Ｃｍａｘ３．６±１．０μｇ／ｍｌ和４．０±１．４４μｇ／ｍｌ；Ｔ１／２０．７８±０．１９ｈ和０．８±０．４ｈ。颗粒剂的相对生物利用度阿莫西林为１０４±２０％，克拉维酸钾为１０８±１１％。     

头孢克罗体液浓度的快速HPLC测定及其药代动力学研究

建立头孢克罗在人血浆及尿中的ＨＰＬＣ快速测定方法,选用分析柱为Ｈｙｐｅｒｓｉｌ　Ｃ１８（４．６ｘ２００ｍｍ,５ｍ）,流动相采用甲醇：四氢呋喃：水（１Ｌ水中含庚烷磺酸钠０．５ｇ、三乙胺７．５ｍｌ。磷酸６ｍｌ,ｐＨ２．５）为２３∶４∶７３,流速１．０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ;检测波长２６５ｎｍ。选择８名男性健康志愿者单剂量口服５００ｍｇ,应用所建方法研究其在健康人体内的药代动力学。研究结果表明：血药浓度在０．１０～２５．０ｇ／ｍｌ范围内线性良好（＝０．９９９９）,尿药浓度在１～２５０ｇ／ｍｌ范围内线性良好（＝０．９９９９）,方法的日内及日间精密度均小于１０％,回收率也符合体内药物分析的要求。测得希刻劳胶囊的Ｃｍａｘ为１３．１７±４．７６ｇ／ｍｌ;Ｔｍａｘ为０．６２±０．２０ｈ;ｔ１／２为０．６３±０．２０ｈ;ＡＵＣ０为１８．３０±３．６２ｈ／（ｇ·ｍｌ）。     

替硝唑片剂的HPLC和UV测定

采用ＨＰＬＣ和ＵＶ法测定替硝唑片剂的含量，其线性范围和平均回收率分别为：ＨＰＬＣ法６０～１００．μｇ／ｍｌ，９９．５６％（ＲＳＤ０．８８％）；ＵＶ法５～２５μｇ／ｍｌ，９９．７０％（ＲＳＤ０．５４％）。方法准确可靠。     

环丙沙星在老年慢性阻塞性肺病患者多次给药的药动学研究

应用微生物法测定６名老年慢性阻塞性肺病患者（ＣＯＰＤ）多次口服环丙沙星片后的血清药物浓度，药物体内过程符合一室模型，其主要药动学参数分别为：Ｔ１／２＝５．１±１．１ｈ；Ｖｄ／Ｆ＝７±４Ｌ／ｋｇ；（Ｃ∞）ｍａｘ＝２．７±１．０μｇ／ｍｌ；Ｔ′ｐ＝１．０±０．４ｈ，测定方法平均回收率为１０１．６％     

高效液相色谱法测定人血清中头孢呋辛浓度

作者建立了快速、简便测定人血清中头孢呋辛反相高效液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ法），采用５×２００ｍｍ不锈钢柱，内填１０μｍＹｗＧ－Ｃ＿１８Ｈ＿３７固定相，流动相甲醇：水：冰醋酸（２８：７１：１ｖ／ｖ），流速１．２ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，以头孢噻肟为内标物，紫外检测波长２９０ｎｍ，用１０％三氯醋酸作蛋白沉淀剂，与血清之比为１：２（Ｖ／Ｖ）。头孢呋辛的日内平均相对回收率为１００．３４％±６．６０％，日间平均相对回收率为９９．６９％±６．３３％。头孢呋辛最低检测限为２ｎｇ，最低检测浓度为０．２μｇ／ｍｌ，在０．２５～１０μｇ／ｍｌ度范围内线性良好，相关系数ｒ＝０．９９９９。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定5-氨基水杨酸及其代谢物在人血浆及尿中的浓度

目的：研究５－氨基水杨酸及其代谢物在人血浆及尿中的浓度。方法：反相高效液相色谱法（ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ）为测定方法。结果：血浆测定两者线性范围均为０．０８～８．００μｇ·ｍｌ－１，最低检出浓度均为０．０４μｇ·ｍｌ－１，两者平均回收率分别为８７．９３％，９１．４８％，日内ＲＳＤ分别为６．０４％，５．５１％，日间ＲＳＤ分别为７．９８％，４．４３％。５－氨基水杨酸尿浓度测定线性范围为０．５～１０μｇ·ｍｌ－１，最低检出浓度为０．２５μｇ·ｍｌ－１，平均回收率为１０１．８３％，日内ＲＳＤ为１．５７％，日间ＲＳＤ为２．６４％。结论：该测定方法快速，简便，灵敏     

环丙沙星3种剂型在62名健康志愿者的药物动力学研究

用微生物测定法对环丙沙星３种剂型在６２名男性健康志愿者身上进行药物动力学研究。在１６名受试者静滴环丙沙星注射液（２００ｍｇ／１００ｍｌ）后，０、１、４、１２ｈ的血药浓度分别为３．６８±０．６３、≤１、０．３３～０．４３及０．１μｇ／ｍｌ，药动学参数Ｔ１／２为３．２４ｈ，总清除率３９３．５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，ＡＵＣ０～２４６．２１ｈ·μｇ／ｍｌ，Ｖｓｓ１５５．０±３４．２Ｌ。单次口服环丙沙星１００及５００ｍｇ，体内平均药动学参数Ｃｍａｘ分别为２．３１±０．２８及２．４９±０．２４μｇ／ｍｌ，Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．２６±０．１８及１．４７±０．２１ｈ，Ｔ１／２为２．６９±０．４８及３．８７±０．５３ｈ，ＡＵＣ０～２４为１２．８１±０．８５及１５．０２±２．１１ｈ·μｇ／ｍｌ，结果与文献报道相同。此外，对静滴及口服两种给药途径的血药浓度与临床疗效关系以及统计矩法与房室模型在药物动力学研究中的选用进行了讨论。     

RP－HPLC法同时测定血浆中阿普唑仑和多虑平

本文首次采用反相ＨＰＬＣ法同时测定人血浆中阿普唑仑和多虑平。血浆样品在碱性条件下用乙酸乙酯提取，有机相在氮气下吹干，残渣用５０μｌ甲醇溶解，ＨＰＬＣ流动相为甲醇－０．０５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ醋酸铵缓冲液（内含１．０％三乙胺，ｐＨ５．０）（６０：４０），在２５４ｎｍ进行检测。阿普唑仑的线性范围为０～１００μｇ／Ｌ，ｒ＝０．９９８５，平均回收率为７７．３％，ＲＳＤ为３．２％～６．２％；多虑平的线性范围为０～５００μｇ／Ｌ，ｒ＝０．９９５７，平均回收率为９７．２％，ＲＳＤ为３．１％～６．２％。阿普唑仑和多虑平的最低检出限分别为１．２ｎｇ和４ｎｇ。本法简便、快速、灵敏、准确，适用于阿普唑仑和多虑平血药浓度的同时监测及临床药理学研究。     

Blockade of hoarding in rats by diazepam: an analysis of the anxiety and object value hypotheses of hoarding

The security hypothesis suggests food hoarding by rats serves to preempt attack and therefore might be motivated by anxiety. The object value hypothesis suggests rats hoard objects that they perceive as valuable as related to some state or need. These hypotheses were evaluated with the anxiolytic drug diazepam, which is purported to both decrease anxiety and increase motivation to eat, and which accordingly either may decrease or increase hoarding. Using a new hoarding paradigm, diazepam (Valium: 0.25–5 mg/kg), was found to produce a dose-related reduction in hoarding that was dependent upon food pellet size and that was reversed by flumazenil (Ro 15-1788), a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Diazepam also slowed eating speed, blocked dodging, a movement used to initiate hoarding, and impaired spatial navigation in a learning-set swimming pool task. The results fail to support the object value hypothesis of hoarding. Since perception of food size, motivation, motor ability and spatial abilities all probably contribute to successful food hoarding, the results provide several explanations other than, or in addition to, anxiety reduction for the drug's effects on hoarding. Nevertheless, the study provides a number of new sensitive measures of the effects of anxiolytic drugs and new insights into their behavioral effects.     

Does Resilience Moderate the Relationship Between Stress and Smoking Status?

Background: There is a growing evidence that resilience to stress can promote nonsmoking. However, few studies have undertaken quantitative research to investigate whether resilience, generated by internal and external factors, moderates the impact of stress on the likelihood of smoking. Objective: This study aims to help fill this knowledge gap in relation to smokers and ex-smokers, and those people who have never smoked. Methods: A large online cross-sectional survey was administered in Australia (2015–2016) to collect data on demographic variables, levels of internal and external resilience, and stress from current and past smokers (n?=?400) and those who have never-smoked (n?=?921). Logistic regressions were employed to test our hypotheses. Results: Most participants were female (82%) and ranged between 18 and 77?years. Higher levels of reported perceived stress and stress-related variables did significantly predict smoking. The combined impact of internal and external resilience factors predicted never-smoking and lessened the relationship between perceived stress and stress-related variables, and the likelihood of smoking. Conclusion: These results are important because they suggest that the social environment should be developed to augment social support and internal properties such as developing “a strong sense of purpose in life” to encourage people not to commence smoking, rather than focus on smoking cessation.     

Addiction medicine and domestic violence

Domestic violence is a major medical and legal problem, resulting in a great many deaths and injuries each year. Alcohol and other drug dependencies are frequently found in both the perpetrators and victims of violence. This fact gives addiction medicine practitioners a unique opportunity to intervene in both life-threatening disorders. This article gives diagnostic and intervention guidelines for dealing with the issue of domestic violence in the addiction medicine patient population.     

Sensitivity of morphine-tolerant rats to muscarinic and dopaminergic agonists: Relation to tolerance or withdrawal

Male hooded Wistar rats were treated chronically once daily with morphine sulfate (20 mg/kg SC) after completing a session in an operant chamber. Periodical challenges with morphine (8 mg/kg) prior to the operant session established that tolerance development was virtually complete within 10 days. The morphine-treated rats were more sensitive to the behavioral suppressing effects of apomorphine, a dopamine agonist, and pilocarpine, an acetylcholine agonist, when administered in the tolerant state (morphine given 30 min prior to operant session), regardless of whether they were administered peripherally or directly into the striatum. Conversely, the morphine-treated rats were less sensitive to both agonists when administered in the withdrawal state (morphine given 24 h prior to the operant session). In animals undergoing a similar regimen of chronic morphine treatment, receptor binding studies revealed a lowered affinity (Higher K _D apparent) for the dopamine receptor in the striatum of morphine-withdrawn rats, using ³H-spiroperidol as the ligand. The morphine-withdrawn rats also appeared to have fewer muscarinic cholinergic receptors (lower B _max), using ³H-QNB as the ligand. The also had a lower concentration of membrane-bound phosphodiesterase modulator protein. In general, no significant differences were observed for the above parameters in the morphine-tolerant rats. These behavioral and neurochemical studies are consistent with the view that morphine-tolerant rats are supersensitive to dopamine and acetylcholine agonists and morphine-withdrawn rats are subsensitive.     

急重症自发性颅内出血的脑血管造影和栓塞处理

目的总结急重症自发性颅脑出血患者的血管内诊治中遇到的问题，找出解决对策。结果2例出现脑缺血表现，其中1例出现永久并发症；80％患者出现术中不配合，需要有效的镇静措施。     

Shaving effects on percutaneous penetration: clinical implications

Context: Human/animal shaving biology.

Objective: To assess the effect of shaving on percutaneous penetration and skin function.

Methods: We screened 500+publications in Pub Med, Scopus, Cochrane Library and pertinent journals out of which only 17 were deemed relevant. Terms for searches included shaving and skin, percutaneous penetration and shaving, skin absorption and shaving, absorption of dyes and shaving, skin penetration, effects of shaving and absorption, shave and dyes, axillary shaving and stratum corneum, shaving and breast cancer, shaving and infections, etc.

Result: Shaving appears to have an exaggerated effect on percutaneous absorption; however, some studies do not support this evidence.

Conclusion: Shaving enhances percutaneous penetration of some chemicals; however this effect is species and chemical specific. Further investigations of chemicals of varying physio-chemical properties are mandated before a generalized theory can be promulgated.     

十二指肠损伤的临床特点及诊治

目的探讨十二指肠损伤的临床特点及手术方法,以提高十二指肠损伤的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析1993-10～2003-11我科收治的30例十二指肠损伤患者的临床特点、诊治方法、手术方式及治疗效果。结果腹部X线透视、诊断性腹腔穿刺阳性率分别为24%(6/25)、30%(6/20)。单纯十二指肠损伤占20%(6/30),合并其他腹腔内脏器损伤占80%(24/30)。损伤部位以降部多见占46.67%(14/30),水平部次之占30%(9/30)。术后并发症发生率60%(18/30),病死率20%(6/30)。结论十二指肠损伤具有术前确诊率低、术中漏诊率高、合并损伤多的特点,故并发症发生率及病死率较高。因而掌握其特点,注重早期诊断、早期手术,根据术中具体情况选择简单而合理的手术方式是提高治愈率、降低病死率的关键。     

Decreased potency of CNS depressants after prolonged social isolation in mice

Summary The duration of hypnosis induced by hexobarbital, pentobarbital, chloral hydrate or barbital was markedly reduced after prolonged social isolation of male mice. Hexobarbital and pentobarbital were affected more than chloral hydrate and barbital. The onset of barbital hypnosis was not affected. The in vitro metabolism of hexobarbital by hepatic microsomal enzymes was enhanced in isolated mice with an overall increase in liver weight. Mice deprived of social interaction gained righting reflex at a higher body level of hexobarbital as compared to the undeprived animals. These data show that chronic deprivation of social stimuli in mice increased the drug-metabolizing activity of hepatic microsomes and raised arousal levels such that CNS susceptibility to drugs was altered.This investigation was supported by PHS Training Grant No. 1T01ES 00104 from the Division of Environmental Health Sciences.