关注新命名的代谢相关脂肪性肝病与结直肠癌的关系

<正>结直肠癌(CRC)是全世界范围内最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构(IARC)发布的全球肿瘤流行病统计数据(GLOBOCAN.2020)估计，2020年全球新发CRC病例约193万，排在常见恶性肿瘤的第3位，死亡病例约为93万，在恶性肿瘤死亡原因中排名第2位^[1]。CRC的发病与遗传、生活习惯以及脂肪肝、超重、肥胖、糖尿病、高血压、血脂异常等代谢因素有关。     

MicroRNA在结直肠癌转移中的研究进展

<正>结直肠癌(CRC)是全球最常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一,严重危害人类健康,约50%的患者死于转移相关并发症〔1〕。在我国,CRC是75岁以上老年人最常见的恶性肿瘤,每年75岁以上老年人中的发病人数约为7.82万,占全球发病人数的18.08%;75岁以上老年人的CRC病例占每年新发胃肠道恶性肿瘤病例的28.86%,占每年胃肠道恶性肿瘤死亡病例的     

肠道菌群与膳食纤维:影响结直肠肿瘤发生的环境因素

最新资料显示,2008年全球因结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)而病死者达60.8万,居全部恶性肿瘤的第4位[1].中国目前CRC的发生率和病死率分别排名恶性肿瘤的第3位和第5位,且有明显增高趋势[2].散发性CRC的最主要的癌前疾病是结直肠腺瘤(colorectal adenoma,CRA),CRC和CRA并称为结直肠肿瘤.大致而言,结直肠肿瘤的发生是遗传因素和环境因素共同作用的结果.     

关注结直肠腺瘤的诊治研究

结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是常见的恶性肿瘤.我国结直肠癌的发病率也逐年增高,1984年-2004年上海地区男性结直肠癌发病率已由16/10万增至23.61/10万,女性则由14.26/10万增至20.43/10万(均为标率,数据来自上海市疾病预防控制中心).大约80%CRC由结直肠腺瘤样息肉(病理学上的结直肠腺瘤,colorectal adenoma,CRA)发展而来[1].内镜下及时发现和摘除CRA可降低76%的CRC发生率,甚至更高.因此,研究CRA的诊断与治疗对于预防CRC发生至关重要.     

结直肠腺瘤性息肉术后复发的中西医治疗进展

<正>结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是源于结直肠黏膜上皮的恶性肿瘤,2015年全世界癌症统计数据显示结直肠癌是癌症相关的主要死亡原因之一,发病位于第3位,死亡位于第2位~([1])。随着生活方式和饮食习惯的改变,我国CRC的发病率和死亡率均呈上升趋势,2015年我国CRC新发病例达37.63万,上升至恶性肿瘤第5位,死亡19.1万例~([2])。散发结直肠癌多由结直肠腺瘤性息肉发展而来。结直肠腺瘤性息肉及其相关的异型增生是重要的结     

注水式结肠镜与注气式结肠镜在临床应用中的对照研究

<正>WHO国际癌症研究机构(IARC)发布的2020年全球最新癌症负担数据显示，结直肠癌(CRC)发病率已跃居第3位，病死率位列第2位^[1]。2020年我国CRC总发病人数为55.5万，位列我国各癌种的第2位。结直肠息肉与CRC的发生高度相关。传统的腺瘤-癌序列途径和锯齿状息肉致癌途径均参与CRC的形成^[2]。肠镜检查作为临床发现结直肠息肉的重要检查手段，同时可治疗肠道息肉，降低CRC发病率和病死率^[3]。     

2型糖尿病患者发生结直肠癌影响因素的研究进展

<正>结直肠癌(CRC)是常见的恶性肿瘤,以澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大、美国等地的发病率最高,亚非地区较低〔1〕。但近年来我国CRC的发病率却逐年增加,2005年统计资料报道中国CRC发病数和死亡数分别达17.2万和9.9万,已超过美国〔2〕。越来越多的调查表明,2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者CRC的发生风险增加。Jiang等〔3〕与Deng等〔4〕关于T2DM与CRC发生关系     

分子标志物在大肠癌辅助化疗方案决策中的地位和影响

结直肠癌（CRC）是消化道最常见恶性肿瘤，全球每年新发病例85万例、死亡50万例，美国CRC占恶性肿瘤发病的第3位和因肿瘤死亡的第2位。CRC正成为我国常见的恶性肿瘤之一，尤其是在大中城市，由于人们生活水平提高和膳食结构改变，CRC发病率的上升趋势更加明显。     

代谢综合征与结直肠腺瘤的关系

结直肠癌(CRC)是世界上常见的恶性肿瘤之一。近年来,大量流行病学研究证实代谢综合征(MS)及其组分与CRC的发病有关,而大部分CRC来源于结直肠腺瘤(CRA)。近年来国外大量研究表明MS及其组分是CRA发病的危险因素,目前国内这方面的研究还较少。此文就MS及其组分与CRA发病的关系作一综述。     

中国结直肠肿瘤筛查、早诊早治和综合预防共识意见(一)

结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是我国常见的恶性肿瘤.在西方发达国家,CRC的发病率居恶性肿瘤的第2～3位.随着国人生活水平的不断提高和饮食习惯的变化,我国CRC发病率亦逐年升高,已跃居第3～5位,特别是大城市的增幅更快.结直肠腺瘤( colorectal adenoma,CRA)是CRC最主要的癌前疾病[1-3].通常认为结直肠肿瘤主要包括CRC和CRA.     

Colorectal cancers in ulcerative colitis from a low-prevalence area for colon cancer

AIM: To determine the incidence and risk factors for colorectal cancer(CRC) in patients with ulcerative colitis from a low prevalence region for CRC.METHODS: Our prospective database yielded a cohort of 430 patients [age: 44 ± 14.6 years; 248 men(57.7%)] with ulcerative colitis(median disease duration 6, range: 1-39 years) for analysis. Of these, 131(30.5%) had left-sided colitis and 159(37%) extensive colitis. Patients with histologically confirmed CRC within the segment with colitis were compared with those without CRC, to determine the risk factors for the development of CRC.RESULTS: Twelve patients(2.8%) developed CRC. The overall incidence density was 3.56/1000 patient-years of disease- 3/1000 in the first 10 years, 3.3/1000 at 10 to 20 years, and 7/1000 at > 20 years. Three of our 12 patients developed CRC within 8 years of disease onset. On univariate analysis, extensive colitis, longer duration of disease, and poor control of disease were associated with development of CRC. On multivariate analysis, duration of disease and extent of colitis remained significant.CONCLUSION: CRC occurred in 2.8% of patients with ulcerative colitis in our population- an incidence density similar to that in Western countries in spite of a low overall prevalence of colon cancer in our population.The risk increased with extent and duration of disease.     

Body mass index and colon cancer screening:The road ahead

Screening for colorectal cancer(CRC) has been associated with a decreased incidence and mortality from CRC.However,patient adherence to screening is less than desirable and resources are limited even indeveloped countries.Better identification of individuals at a higher risk could result in improved screening efforts.Over the past few years,formulas have been developed to predict the likelihood of developing advanced colonic neoplasia in susceptible individuals but have yet to be utilized in mass screening practices.These models use a number of clinical factors that have been associated with colonic neoplasia including the body mass index(BMI).Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which obesity contributes to colonic neoplasia as well as clinical studies on this subject have proven the association between BMI and colonic neoplasia.However,there are still controversies on this subject as some studies have arrived at different conclusions on the influence of BMI by gender.Future studies should aim at resolving these discrepancies in order to improve the efficiency of screening strategies.     

结直肠癌筛查及其进展

结直肠癌(CRC)是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,近年来我国CRC发病率总体呈现上升趋势,在消化系统恶性肿瘤中居第二位。CRC筛查可显著降低其发病率和死亡率,筛查方法多样,目前以免疫化学法粪便隐血试验(FIT)和结肠镜检查为基础的两步法筛查方案为多个国家的权威指南或共识所推荐,其他筛查方法可作为个体化的选择和补充。对于结直肠息肉超过10枚同时有CRC个人史或家族史,或结直肠息肉超过20枚的极高危人群,应行多基因种系突变检测。     

Aspects of colorectal cancer screening,methods, age and gender

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is, besides breast, prostate, lung and skin cancers, the most common cancer worldwide and is suitable for screening. The incidence of CRC varies considerably in different parts of the world: in well-developed countries, the incidence is between 30 and 70 per 100 000 inhabitants, whereas in less-developed countries such as sub-Saharan Africa, it is 10–20/100 000 inhabitants. Women have a lower incidence of CRC, which is usually one-third of total incidence. Several studies have shown that it is possible to decrease mortality from CRC with about 20%, which is evidenced through the data from countries with screening programmes. Though the method of choice to identify blood samples in faecal matter is under debate, the most feasible way is to perform colonoscopy. Other methods include more advanced faecal analyses, testing for mutations from CRC, sigmoidoscopy, CT colonoscopy or optical colonoscopy. Colonoscopy is in most countries not available in sufficient amount and has to be carried out with great accuracy; otherwise, lesions will be missed to identify, thus leading to complications. Gender is an issue in CRC screening, as women have about 20% fewer colorectal adenomas and CRCs, but they also have more right-sided lesions, which are more difficult to detect with tests for faecal blood since they create less blood in faeces. Thus, other strategies may have to be developed for women in order for screening to have the same effect. It is essential to introduce colorectal cancer screening in all countries together with other clinical pieces of advice such as information on smoking, obesity and exercise in order to reduce one of the most dangerous cancers.     

结直肠癌高危因素研究进展

恶性肿瘤严重威胁人类健康和社会经济发展,是我国乃至全球的主要公众健康问题。结直肠癌在经济发达地区较为常见,近年来一些低风险的国家由于饮食习惯、生活方式等的改变发病率也开始上升。我们查阅国内外相关文献,从社会人口学因素、医学因素、行为生活方式、饮食因素四方面对结直肠癌高危因素进行综述。     

Colonic cancer and polyps

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the best studied cancers. It is easily accessible and develops slowly over several years from premalignant lesions (adenomatous polyps) to invasive cancers. The key molecular events in this sequence have been characterized. Different screening strategies have proven to be effective in lowering both the mortality and the incidence of CRC. Nevertheless, CRC is still the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths for both men and women in the USA and other Western countries. An estimated 130 000 new cases and more than 50 000 deaths have been diagnosed in the USA in 2000. Surgical resection remains the only curative treatment, and the likelihood of cure is greater when the disease is detected at an early stage. Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and the different polyposis syndromes such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or Peutz-Jeghers disease are rare causes of CRC but have been a major focus of research in past years, helping with the understanding of the molecular events in carcinogenesis. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the pathogenesis and management of colorectal polyps and polyposis syndromes as well as sporadic CRC.     

Current and future molecular diagnostics in colorectal cancer and colorectal adenoma

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the most prevalent cancers in developed countries.On the other hand,CRC is also one of the most curable cancers if it is detected in early stages through regular colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy.Since CRC develops slowly from precancerous lesions,early detection can reduce both the incidence and mortality of the disease.Fecal occult blood test is a widely used non-invasive screening tool for CRC.Although fecal occult blood test is simple and cost-effective in screening CRC,there is room for improvement in terms of the accuracy of the test.Genetic dysregulations have been found to play an important role in CRC development.With better understanding of the molecular basis of CRC,there is a growing expectation on the development of diagnostic tests based on more sensitive and specific molecular markers and those tests may provide a breakthrough to the limitations of current screening tests for CRC.In this review,the molecular basis of CRC development,the characteristics and applications of different non-invasive molecular biomarkers,as well as the technologies available for the detection were discussed.This review intended to provide a summary on the current and future molecular diagnostics in CRC and its pre-malignant state,colorectal adenoma.     

大肠癌与抑癌基因相关性的研究现状

大肠癌是常见的高危害消化系恶性肿瘤,全球每年新发病例约为120万例.近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高,饮食习惯和结构的改变,我国大肠癌的发病率和死亡率增长迅速,而且,发病年龄明显提前,目前,我国大肠癌中位发病年龄为58岁,比欧美等国家提前12-18年.大肠癌的发生是一个多阶段多步骤的、涉及多个基因改变的复杂过程.许多研究表明,结直肠癌变是一个涉及原癌基因激活、抑癌基因失活等多基因、多阶段、多步骤渐进演化的积累过程.与结直肠癌相关的抑癌基因有p53、APC、DCC、MMR等,原癌基因有k-ras、c-myc等.本文就以上基因改变与大肠癌的发生发展相关性的研究现状作一简单复习.     

Mouse models of colorectal cancer: Past,present and future perspectives

Colorectal cancer(CRC) is the third most common diagnosed malignancy among both sexes in the United States as well as in the European Union. While the incidence and mortality rates in western, high developed countries are declining,reflecting the success of screening programs and improved treatment regimen, a rise of the overall global CRC burden can be observed due to lifestyle changes paralleling an increasing human development index. Despite a growing insight into the biology of CRC and many therapeutic improvements in the recent decades, preclinical in vivo models are still indispensable for the development of new treatment approaches. Since the development of carcinogen-induced rodent models for CRC more than 80 years ago, a plethora of animal models has been established to study colon cancer biology. Despite tenuous invasiveness and metastatic behavior, these models are useful for chemoprevention studies and to evaluate colitis-related carcinogenesis. Genetically engineered mouse models(GEMM) mirror the pathogenesis of sporadic as well as inherited CRC depending on the specific molecular pathways activated or inhibited. Although the vast majority of CRC GEMM lack invasiveness, metastasis and tumor heterogeneity,they still have proven useful for examination of the tumor microenvironment as well as systemic immune responses; thus, supporting development of new therapeutic avenues. Induction of metastatic disease by orthotopic injection of CRC cell lines is possible, but the so generated models lack genetic diversity and the number of suited cell lines is very limited. Patient-derived xenografts, in contrast, maintain the pathological and molecular characteristics of the individual patient's CRC after subcutaneous implantation into immunodeficient mice and are therefore most reliable for preclinical drug development – even in comparison to GEMM or cell line-based analyses. However, subcutaneous patient-derived xenograft models are less suitable for studying most aspects of the tumor microenvironment and anti-tumoral immune responses. The authors review the distinct mouse models of CRC with an emphasis on their clinical relevance and shed light on the latest developments in the field of preclinical CRC models.     

Current diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer in China

In China, morbidity and mortality for pancreatic cancer differs from that in most Western countries. Pancreatic cancer is the sixth leading cause of death from malignant disease in China, with an overall cumulative 5-year survival rate of 1% to 3%. Pancreatic cancer has the highest incidence in Shanghai (7.21/100,000) and the lowest (0.47/100,000) in the Hunan Province. As in the Western world, the main reason for the poor outcome of patients with pancreatic cancer is the late establishment of the diagnosis. Pancreatic cancer is seldom detected in early disease stages, and until now, the process of cancer initiation, progression, and formation of metastasis is not sufficiently understood. In this article, we reviewed recent data on patients in China with pancreatic cancer and obtained the most updated information on the different aspects of oncologic research, including epidemiology, molecular biology, diagnosis, and treatment.