种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤1例及文献复习

目的 报告1例种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤（HV-like CTCL）患者并复习该病临床、组织病理、分子生物学及治疗和预后特点,以提高临床医生对该病的诊治水平.方法 分析1例HV-like CTCL患者的临床病理、实验室检查及治疗预后特点,并复习近年国内外相关文献.结果 该患者表现为全身丘疹、丘疱疹、坏死、溃疡、结痂和痘疮样瘢痕等多形性皮疹,并伴有浅表淋巴结肿大.组织病理示真皮全层及脂肪小叶间隔密集的淋巴细胞浸润,细胞有异型性;免疫组化示肿瘤细胞表达CD2、CD3、CD8、TIAI、GramB,CD20,CD30,CD56阴性.皮损基因重排示TCR-δ（＋）.原位杂交检测Epstein-Barr（EB）病毒（＋）.患者经干扰素治疗病情缓解.结论 HV-like CTCL临床表现特殊,主要依靠组织病理及分子生物学手段确诊.目前该病没有统一的治疗方案,其预后与患病年龄、发病诱因（如血液EB病毒滴度、亚型和基因变异）及治疗等多种因素相关.     

皮肤原发性侵袭性亲表皮CD8阳性细胞毒性T细胞淋巴瘤一例

患者女,19岁。全身反复发作进行性溃疡伴发热1年。皮损初起为紫红色斑丘疹,迅速破溃形成溃疡,伴剧烈疼痛。皮损渐发展至躯干、四肢,伴间歇性高热。皮肤组织病理示真皮全层及皮下脂肪层结节状中至大异形淋巴样细胞浸润,伴局灶性亲表皮生长。浸润细胞免疫组化标记CD3、CD8、T细胞细胞内抗原、T细胞受体β均阳性。T细胞受体基因重排提示T细胞克隆性增生,确诊为皮肤原发性侵袭性亲表皮CD8阳性细胞毒T细胞淋巴瘤。患者通过环磷酰胺、长春新碱、泼尼松、博来霉素化疗,皮损部分好转,但仍于发病后22个月死亡。     

Lymphomatoid Papulosis Type D: A Newly Described Variant Easily Confused With Cutaneous Aggressive CD8-Positive Cytotoxic T-Cell Lymphoma

ABSTRACT:: Lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) is defined as a chronic recurrent skin disease characterized by waxing and waning papules and nodules with histologic features of a CD30-positive T-cell lymphoma. Three histological subtypes (A, B, and C) were already recognized, and only more recently, a further variant simulating histologically an aggressive epidermotropic CD8-positive T-cell lymphoma was described, which was named LyP type D by the authors. We report the case of a 38-year-old woman presenting with a 1-year history of recurrent self-healing papules and nodules, predominantly affecting her upper and lower limbs but also the face, including the lower lip, with no associated systemic symptoms. A biopsy from 1 lesion revealed an infiltrate of atypical lymphoid cells extending throughout the dermis with massive epidermotropism displaying a pagetoid reticulosis-like pattern and a CD8CD30 cytotoxic T-cell phenotype. The clinicopathologic features conformed to the newly described type D variant of LyP. Diagnostic studies did not reveal any systemic involvement, and the patient remains otherwise well with no active treatment. In the present report, we discuss the need for clinicopathologic correlation to establish an accurate diagnosis and its importance for an adequate management of these patients.     

Hydroa-like lymphoma with CD56 expression

Hydroa-like lymphoma is an extremely rare and aggressive lymphoma described in children from Latin American countries (Mexico, Guatemala and Peru) and Asia (Japan, Korea and Taiwan). Clinically, patients present with vesicles, ulcers and scars occurring on both sun-exposed and non-sun-exposed areas. In contrast to classical hydroa vacciniforme, hydroa-like lymphoma is associated with systemic lymphoma of T-cell type that expresses either CD4 or CD8. We report the findings from two unusual cases of hydroa-like lymphoma that, unlike the cases described thus far in the literature, express CD56 and resemble natural killer cell lymphomas. Two 9-year-old boys presented with clinical histories of waxing and waning ulcerative blistering lesions since 3 years of age. Histological examination of skin biopsies from both cases showed periappendigeal infiltrates of atypical lymphocytes. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the cells were highlighted by markers for CD3, CD56 and CD30, but did not express CD4 and CD8. Both patients were alive with disease 1 year later. Hydroa-like lymphoma with natural killer-cell phenotype may have a similar outcome to T-cell derived hydroa-like lymphoma, but the prognosis appears to be better than classic NK lymphomas, which in general behave in an aggressive fashion.     

Digital ulcers and necroses: novel manifestations of angiocentric lymphoma

We describe a patient with angiocentric lymphoma whose presenting features were multiple areas of digital ulceration and necrosis, including deep ulcers on both great toes. He lacked the lateral halves of both earlobes because of multiple ulcers. Skin biopsy revealed a patchy and diffuse infiltrate of lymphoid cells with nuclear atypia in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Angiocentric and angiodestructive features of the lymphoid cells, a prominent histiocytic infiltrate and some epithelioid cell granulomas were found. The results of immunohistochemical staining showed a T-cell phenotype, and showed positive staining for apoptosis. He died in July 1999. Peripheral vascular disturbances including Raynaud's phenomenon, digital skin ulcers and necroses are novel clinical symptoms in patients with angiocentric lymphoma, which should be added to the differential diagnosis in patients with peripheral vascular disturbances.     

Primary cutaneous CD56 positive lymphoma: a diagnostic conundrum in an unusual case of lymphoma

We present an unusual case of a CD56-positive T-cell lymphoma exhibiting immunophenotypic characteristics of both γδ T-cell lymphoma and extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type. The patient presented with a 2-month history of rapidly progressive, pruritic and cutaneous nodules on his arms. A biopsy showed a dense pan-dermal infiltrate of markedly atypical CD3-positive lymphocytes, compatible with tumor stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Retrospective review of a preceding biopsy and flow cytometric analysis, performed at an outside institution, showed strong expression of surface CD3, CD7, CD43 and γδ T-cell receptor (TCR), findings consistent with a diagnosis of cutaneous γδ T-cell lymphoma. In light of these data, we performed additional studies that showed diffuse positive staining of the atypical lymphocytes for CD56, CD4 and CD43 as well as Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small nonpolyadenylated RNA (EBER). Interestingly, this case displays characteristic features of γδ T-cell lymphoma, with strong surface expression of CD3 and γδ-TCR, as well as characteristics of natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, including expression of CD4 and EBER positivity, that represent two separate categories in the current classification of cutaneous lymphomas. Taken together, these findings underscore the difficulty of rendering an unambiguous classification of the presented neoplasm given the close ontogenetic relationship between NK and cytotoxic T-cells and highlight the need for continued reevaluation of the current classification system.     

Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative lesions presenting as a hydroa vacciniforme-like eruption: an analysis of six cases

BACKGROUND: There are many reports of patients with a severe hydroa vacciniforme (HV)-like eruption in which cutaneous lesions occur in both sun-exposed and non-exposed areas, unlike in true HV. Several patients have died from a malignant haematological neoplasm. In most cases, a latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been detected in the skin lesions. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical and laboratory features of six additional patients with an EBV-associated HV-like eruption. METHODS: The clinical, histological and immunohistochemical features were reviewed. T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangements were studied using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and heteroduplex analysis. In-situ hybridization was performed to detect mRNA for EBV in skin biopsy specimens. PCR was performed to screen for EBV infection in the skin lesions of three patients and blood of two patients. Photoprovocation with repeated ultraviolet (UV) A exposure was performed in three patients. RESULTS: The severity of the skin lesions and the clinical course varied among the patients. Skin lesions were induced by repeated UVA exposure in three patients and a latent EBV infection was demonstrated in the photoprovoked lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Three different clinical courses were found in six patients with an HV-like eruption associated with chronic EBV infection: (i) spontaneous remission; (ii) clearing after photoprotection; and (iii) continuous recurrence irrespective of sun exposure. It is possible that there are two patterns of HV-like eruption associated with chronic EBV infection. One is characterized by recurrent necrotic papulovesicles of the face and the other by nodules and facial swelling. It was demonstrated that the skin lesions could be triggered by repeated UVA exposure in the patients showing recurrent necrotic papulovesicles of the face.     

种痘样水疱病12例临床及病理分析

目的：分析12例种痘样水疱病患儿的临床，病理特征。方法：回顾分析12例种痘样水疱病患儿的临床资料和组织病理检查结果。结果：12例种痘样水疱病患儿男5例，女7例，平均发病年龄4.3岁，病程1-13年。12例均有暴露部位的丘疱疹、水疱、坏死、结痂及痘疮样瘢痕；其中1例伴有非暴露部位皮肤受累，1例伴有指间关节变形，1例皮损出现时伴有低热。病理表现为表皮内多房性水疱，真皮浅层中等至大量淋巴细胞浸润，并可伴有表皮、真皮坏死。结论：种痘样水疱病典型皮损为水疱，丘疱疹和痘疮样瘢痕，重型可出现皮肤肿胀，皮损亦可累及非暴露部位皮肤。     

Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell cutaneous lymphoma

Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T cell lymphoma (SPTCL) is a rare cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma classified in the World Health Organization-European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (WHO-EORTC) classification as a unique extranodal lymphoma with characteristic by T cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement. We report here a case of SPTCL in a 22 year-old woman who had presented with variably sized multiple nodules on both her legs. Initial differential diagnoses considered were panniculitis and lupus panniculitis. The histopathology showed a predominantly subcutaneous lobular infiltrate with atypical lymphocytes, karyorrhexis and rimming of adipocytes by lymphoid cells. Immunohistochemistry showed CD4-, CD8+, CD56- T-cell phenotype. Although TCR rearrangement studies were not done, the above T-cell phenotype and sparing of epidermis and dermis suggested the possibility of an SPTCL alpha/beta type. The patient received five cycles of a cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP) regimen which resulted in the regression in her skin lesions and constitutional symptoms.     

Pagetoid reticulosis with CD30 positivity and cytotoxic/suppressor cells

Pagetoid reticulosis (PR) is a low-grade primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that usually presents as a solitary, slowly enlarging erythematous or hyperkeratotic plaque on the distal areas of the extremities. Histopathologically, it is characterized by a dense, band-like infiltrate of atypical lymphocytes with prominent epidermotropism within a hyperplastic epidermis, and immunophenotypic studies show in most cases, a CD4-positive T-helper phenotype for the neoplastic lymphocytes. We describe an African man with a more than 20-year history of an acral lesion of PR, which was histopathologically characterized by lymphocyte immunophenotype consisting of CD8- and CD30-positive cells. We discuss the differential diagnosis with other primary cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders showing similar immunophenotype. This case shows that CD30-positive PR should be included as a rare variant within the spectrum of CD30-positive primary cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders. As in other primary cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative processes, lesions of CD30-positive PR show an indolent course and a benign biological behavior.     

CD56＋皮肤淋巴瘤二例

例1，女，15岁。皮肤反复红肿、水疱、溃疡3年，浸润性斑块和结节6个月。组织学检查示真皮全层中等大小不典型淋巴样细胞呈血管中心性浸润，浸润细胞为LCA+，CD45RO+，CD56+，EBV+。最后诊断：鼻型结外NK/T细胞淋巴瘤。患者确诊后经系统化疗无效，1个月后死亡。例2，男，44岁。右腰部浸润性肿块进行性增大1年，局部淋巴结肿大4个月。组织学特征为真皮全层及皮下大量致密的中等至较大的母化淋巴样细胞浸润，浸润细胞对CD4+和CD56呈弥漫性阳性反应。最后诊断：母细胞性NK细胞淋巴瘤。患者行皮损切除后系统化疗，在随访中。CD56+皮肤淋巴增生性疾病常具有较高的侵袭性生物学行为。     

Nasal-type natural killer cell lymphoma preceded by benign panniculitis arising in an asymptomatic HTLV-1 carrier

We report a case of an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasal-type natural killer cell lymphoma (NKCL) preceded by benign panniculitis, which arose in a 48-year-old woman with an asymptomatic human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection. A biopsy of the initial panniculitis lesion demonstrated lobular panniculitis with a germinal center composed of benign mononuclear cells with a phenotype of CD4+CD45RO+CD5sCD3+ cCD3 epsilon + T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1)- and granzyme B-. One year after oral prednisolone therapy, the patient developed subcutaneous nodules composed of atypical lymphoid cells with a phenotype of CD4-CD45RO+CD56+sCD3-cCD3 epsilon + (TIA-1)+ and granzyme B+. In the initial panniculitis lesion, neither EBV-encoded RNA (EBER-1) nor clonal proliferation of EBV-infected cells was identified. In later lesions, however, a large number of atypical cells were positive for EBER-1, and a clonal expansion of EBV-infected cells was detected. No clonal rearrangement of T-cell receptor-alpha, -beta, or -gamma genes was found in either specimen. This patient was an asymptomatic carrier of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type-1 (HTLV-1) without clonal integration of proviral HTLV-1 in neither the peripheral blood nor the skin lesions. These observations suggest that EBV-associated NKCL occurred subsequently in the clinical course of benign panniculitis under the influence of immunosuppression caused by prednisolone treatment and HTLV-1 infection.     

Epstein-Barr virus-associated recurrent necrotic papulovesicles with repeated bacterial infections ending in sepsis and death: consideration of the relationship between Epstein-Barr virus infection and immune defect

The disease of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) -associated recurrent necrotic papulovesicles is a distinct clinicopathologic entity different from classic hydroa vacciniforme (HV). A few patients have been reported as atypical HV with systemic involvement, development of lymphoma, and poor prognosis. We describe a patient with recurrent necrotic papulovesicles and multiple varioliform scars in both sun-exposed and covered areas. In contrast to cases of previously reported atypical HV, our patient suffered from repeated bacterial infections on various sites ending in sepsis and death, but without malignant transformation. EBV was detected in the lymphoid cells from the skin lesions by anti-latent membrane protein (LMP) antibody and in situ hybridization. We suggest that the repeated bacterial infections in this case raise the possibility of an association of EBV infection with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections.     

Severe hydroa vacciniforme-like eruptions confined to sun-exposed areas

A 15-year-old boy presented with vesiculopapular eruptions confined to sun-exposed areas from the age of 3. Histopathological examination of biopsy specimens of repetitive UVA-irradiated areas revealed reticular degeneration of the epidermis, and dermal infiltrates in the photoinduced lesions showed a latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. At the age of 21, the number of skin lesions had increased, and his anti-EBV antibody titers revealed an abnormal profile: an undetectable anti-EBV nuclear antigen antibody titer despite a detectable antiviral capsid antigen IgG antibody titer. No infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms, such as prolonged or intermittent fever, lymphoadenopathy, or liver damage were evident up till then. Severe hydroa vacciniforme (HV)-like eruptions were diagnosed considering the increased number of the skin lesions with increasing age and the unusual anti-EBV antibody titers, in addition to the histopathological findings. In the same year, he suddenly developed high fever and died from disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome without any spontaneous regression of the skin lesions. In this patient with severe HV-like eruptions, the skin lesions had been confined to sun-exposed areas until his death, and the photo-provocation test showed a positive reaction. Severe HV-like eruptions may have clinical features suggestive of HV.     

伴面部严重肿胀的种痘样水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤1例

报告1例伴面部严重肿胀的种痘样水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤。患者男,23岁,面、颈、上胸部、双手背出现丘疹、丘疱疹、坏死、结痂、痘疮样瘢痕形成伴面部肿胀6年,加重4年。皮损组织病理及免疫组化检查符合种痘样水疱病样T细胞淋巴瘤。     

Pleomorphic CD8+ small/medium size cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Pleomorphic small/medium-sized cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a recently recognized rare type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma which is clinicopathologically different from mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. By definition the phenotype of the neoplastic lymphocytes in pleomorphic small/medium-sized cutaneous CD3CD4CD8 but CD8 pleomorphic small/medium sized cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cases have been occasionally described. We describe a 55-year-old female with a pruritic erythematous nodule on the lateral aspect of her right foot present for 1.5 years. Histology revealed a nonepidermotropic lichenoid infiltrate in the papillary dermis and a patchy infiltrate in the mid and lower dermis composed of small to medium-sized pleomorphic lymphocytes. The immunophenotype of these lymphocytes was CD3CD4CD8TIA-1. Staining for CD20, CD30, CD56, TdT, and LMP1 were negative, and the Ki-67 proliferation index was 5% to 10%. Gene rearrangement studies demonstrated a T-cell clone. The laboratory and imaging workup did not reveal extracutaneous involvement. The lesion was treated by local irradiation but a follow-up biopsy demonstrated only partial remission. Consequently, the lesion was treated by surgical excision.     

种痘样水疱病样皮肤NK细胞淋巴瘤1例

目的:报告1例"面、躯干、四肢反复起丘疱疹伴发热6月"的8岁患儿的组织病理及免疫组织化学特征,探讨本病与EB病毒感染的关系,以求做出明确诊断.方法:进行组织病理学、免疫组化及EB病毒原位杂交等检查.结果:组织病理学显示真皮层皮肤附件及小血管周围异型淋巴细胞浸润.免疫组化显示真皮淋巴细胞LCA( + ),CD3( + )...     

Granulomatous slack skin: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of three cases

Three cases of granulomatous slack skin (GSS), a rare variant of T-cell lymphoma, are reported. Immunohistochemical studies using a panel of 16 antibodies were carried out on both frozen tissue and tissue embedded in paraffin wax to characterize the infiltrate. A routine immunoperoxidase technique was used to identify T cells (UCHL1, CD45R0), B cells (L26, 4KB5 [CD45R]), S100 protein-positive cells, monocytes/macrophages (Mac-387, KP1 [CD68]), and dermal dendrocytes (factor XIIIa) in paraffin sections. A close association was found between UCHL1-positive T cells and KP1-positive giant cells. A number of S100-positive cells and factor XIIIa-positive cells were present in the infiltrate from all three patients. The lymphocytes in two of the patients were predominantly of the helper T-cell phenotype. Giant cells from all three patients stained with KP1 (CD68) and Leu M3 (CD14). These studies confirm that the infiltrate in GSS is predominantly a T-cell disorder associated with monocyte-derived cells rather than with resident dendritic macrophages.     

Large atypical cells of lymphomatoid papulosis are CD56-negative: a study of 18 cases

BACKGROUND: Histologically, diffuse dermal infiltrates of large atypical lymphocytes can be seen in lesions as indolent as type C lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) to ones as aggressive as NK/T-cell lymphoma. While lesions of lymphomatoid papulosis are definitionally positive for CD30, their ability to express CD56 has not been formally studied. The objective of the current study was to determine whether or not the large atypical cells of LyP express the natural killer cell marker, CD56. METHODS: Biopsies from 18 patients with LyP were studied with monoclonal antibodies to CD30, CD56, CD8, and TIA-1. These included four type C LyP lesions. Clinical information was obtained by chart review and included extent of LyP lesions, presence/absence of disease at follow-up, and any associated hematologic malignancies,. RESULTS: None of the biopsies exhibited CD56 positivity within the large atypical cells of LyP. While some biopsies demonstrated CD56-positive, small, presumably reactive, lymphocytes within the infiltrate, their presence did not correlate with extent of disease, persistence of disease, or propensity for an associated non-LyP hematologic malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: The large atypical cells of types A and C LyP do not exhibit positivity for CD56, and thus a panel of antibodies that includes CD30 and CD56 can readily distinguish between the benign end of the spectrum of CD30-positive lymphoproliferations and aggressive NK/T-cell lymphoma.     

CD56-positive cutaneous lymphoma: a poorly recognized entity in the spectrum of primary cutaneous disease

CD56-positive (CD56+) lymphomas, characterized by the expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule on pathological lymphocytes, share a frequent extranodal involvement and a generally aggressive course. Five CD3- CD56+ lymphoma patients presenting with nodular lesions were identified among 180 immunophenotyped cutaneous lymphomas. All the patients were men, with ages ranging from 55 to 78 years. After staging, two patients were diagnosed as having primary cutaneous lymphomas: the remaining three had the secondary cutaneous type. The clinical course was aggressive and four patients died within 8 months from diagnosis. The remaining patient is still alive after a 17-month follow-up. The histological diagnosis was immunoblastic lymphoma in two patients, and medium and large cell pleomorphic lymphoma in three. The angiocentric infiltrate was located mainly in the dermis: azurophilic granules were present in three of the five patients. Immunogenotypic analyses suggested the natural killer cell origin of these neoplasias: all cases exhibited a CD56+ CD3- CD5- T-cell receptor (TCR) silent phenotype, and Southern blot analysis showed a germline configuration of the TCR β-chain gene.