焦化厂空气中的多环芳烃监测分析

多环芳烃 (ＰｏｌｙｃｙｃｌｉｃＡｒｏｍａｔｉｃＨｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎｓ,以下简称ＰＡＨｓ)是全球性有机污染物〔1〕,也是美国环境保护署的优先控制污染物〔2〕,在世界各地各种环境介质中都有分布。由于ＰＡＨｓ化合物具有很强的致突变作用 ,与癌症的发生有关〔3〕。国内外研究表明 ,大气中苯并 (ａ)芘 (以下简称Ｂ(ａ)Ｐ)浓度每增加百万分之一 ,肺癌死亡率就上升 5 %。焦化厂工人的肺癌死亡率明显高于其周围居民。一些癌症的发病与ＰＡＨｓ的摄入有关〔4〕。煤燃烧是ＰＡＨｓ的一个重要来源。燃煤空气可吸入颗粒有机组分 ,使用二氯甲烷…     

莱芜市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃污染状况调查

莱芜市位于鲁中山区，素有“钢城煤都”之称，近年来，随着工业化、城市化进程的加快，市区空气质量有所下降。莱芜市环境监测站历年环境质量检测数据显示，二氧化硫、二氧化碳污染相对严重。多环芳烃是一类普遍存在于环境中的难降解的“三致”有机污染物，因此受到广泛关注。     

某地区农民尿液中多环芳烃暴露水平调查

目的了解我国某地区农民尿液中多种多环芳烃的内暴露水平及分布特征。方法于2008年8月,选择我国内地某远离城区、绿化较好、周围无工业污染源、交通流量较小的农村,采集50名无多环芳烃职业暴露史、无不良生活嗜好的40岁左右常住居民的尿液样本。采用酶解-固相萃取进行富集、净化,采用高效液相色谱荧光检测器测定2-羟基萘、2-羟基芴、1-羟基菲、2-羟基菲、3-羟基菲、4-羟基菲、9-羟基菲和1-羟基芘8种多环芳烃羟基代谢物(OH-PAHs)的浓度。结果该地区农民尿液中2-羟基萘、2-羟基芴、2-羟基菲+3-羟基菲、1-羟基菲+9-羟基菲、4-羟基菲和1-羟基芘的浓度分别为10.58、7.89、0.84、2.00、0.08、1.77μmol/mol肌酐。各OH-PAHs化合物之间相关性差异较大,2-羟基萘、2-羟基芴、总羟基菲与1-羟基芘间的相关系数在0.202～0.781之间,其中,1-羟基芘与2-羟基萘、总羟基菲浓度的相关系数分别为0.362和0.781。结论该地区农民尿液中1-羟基芘的浓度较高,多种代谢物的联合测定可更客观地评价人体PAHs内暴露水平。     

室内空气悬浮颗粒物中多环芳烃和硝基多环芳烃化合物呼吸器官内沉积率初探

作者研究了室内空气悬浮粒子中8种致癌性多环芳烃和5种强致突变性硝基多环芳烃化合物在呼吸器官的沉积率。结果表明,除dBaeP、3-NF1r和6-NC因未检出不能计算外,其余7种PAHs(Py、BaA、BkF、BaP、dBahA、BbC和BghiP)的沉积率范围为37.7％～65.0％(平均值为50.2％);3种NO_2-PAHs(2—NF,1-NP和6-NBaP)的沉积率范围为34.9％～40.5％,平均值为39.8％。     

某焦化厂接触多环芳烃的工人代谢综合征患病情况

目的研究某焦化厂接触多环芳烃的焦炉工代谢综合征（MS）的患病情况。方法选取接触多环芳烃的焦炉工人269名作为暴露组,并将暴露组分为炉顶组110名,炉侧组80名,炉底组79名;选择不接触多环芳烃的该厂工龄10年以上的工人174名作为对照组。检测所有研究对象的身高、体重、血压、血糖、高密度脂蛋白以及甘油三酯水平,按照中华医学会糖尿病分会建议的标准诊断MS。结果炉顶组与炉侧组高血压患病率显著高于对照组;炉顶组及炉侧组与对照组相比,患MS的危险度升高,调整OR值分别为3.13和3.03。结论职业接触多环芳烃可能促进了MS的发生。     

2000年济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃污染状况调查

[目的 ]了解济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染状况。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 0年在济南市采集大气环境土壤风沙尘、扬尘、煤烟尘、机动车尾气尘 ,利用气相色谱 质谱联用技术测定多环芳烃浓度。 [结果 ]大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的含量为 0 2 94～ 15 45 4μg/g ,粒径 <10 μm的机动车尾气燃油尘最高 ,粒径≥ 10 μm的土壤风沙尘最低。[结论 ]济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃含量最高的是以机动车尾气为代表的燃油尘     

北京市某城区冬季细颗粒物中多环芳烃的人群健康风险评估

目的 对北京市某城区冬季不同污染天气过程中细颗粒物(fine particulate matter,PM2.5)中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)进行人群健康风险评估.方法 2016年冬季采集并分析大气PM2.5样本中10种PAHs浓度.通过毒性等效因子(toxic...     

重庆市某中心城区空气细颗粒物中多环芳烃污染特征及其来源分析

目的 了解重庆市某中心城区空气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布状况,并分析其来源,为防治环境污染和保护人群呼吸健康提供参考依据。方法 于2019年2月-2020年1月,在重庆市某中心城区市控环境空气质量监测站1 km覆盖范围内某小学设置采样点,每月10-16日采集PM_2.5样品,用GC-MS测定PM_2.5中的16种PAHs的含量,分析变化规律,并利用特征比值法、主成分分析法识别PAHs来源。结果 共检出16种PAHs,全年PM_2.5中PAHs总浓度变化范围为1.09～11.83 ng/m³,均值5.22 ng/m³。冬季浓度高于其他季节,夏季浓度最低,呈明显的U型变化趋势。PM_2.5中以5环、6环PAHs为主,其质量浓度之和占总PAHs的61.3%,显示出明显的机动车尾气排放特征。特征比值法揭示重庆市某中心城区PAHs来源于机动车柴油和汽油尾气的排放,主成分分析法表明重庆市某中心城区机动车尾气排放与天然气燃烧(...     

200O年济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃污染状况调查

[目的]了解济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染状况.[方法]2000年在济南市采集大气环境土壤风沙尘、扬尘、煤烟尘、机动车尾气尘,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定多环芳烃浓度.[结果]大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的含量为0.294～1 545.4μg/g,粒径＜10 μm的机动车尾气燃油尘最高,粒径≥10 μm的土壤风沙尘最低.[结论]济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃含量最高的是以机动车尾气为代表的燃油尘.     

焦化作业环境空气中颗粒物的污染特征研究

目的 了解焦化作业环境空气中颗粒物的污染特征,为制定焦炉逸散物职业接触限值提供科学依据.方法 选取武汉市某焦化厂的附属、炉底、炉侧和炉顶作业区,测定一氧化碳(CO)、二氧化硫(SO2)、苯可溶物(BSM)、苯系物(包括苯、甲苯和二甲苯)、PM10、PM2.5,PM10和PM2.5上16种多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度,分析颗粒物与颗粒物上载带PAHs、BSM以及焦炉逸散物其他组分的关系.结果 焦化作业区空气中CO、SO2、BSM、苯系物、PM10和PM2.5及它们载带总PAHs浓度呈现附属＜炉底＜炉侧＜炉顶的趋势,趋势有统计学意义(P趋势＜0.05).PM2.5,占PM10的比例在焦化作业区间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).PM10与CO、SO2、苯、苯系物和BSM呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.705、0.823、0.664、0.624和0.734(P＜0.05);PM2.5与CO、SO2、苯、苯系物和BSM呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.635、0.916、0.680、0.553和0.726(P＜0.05);BSM与苯呈正相关,相关系数为0.698(P＜0.05).PM10和PM2.5上PAHs的环数分布在各作业区相同.各作业区空气中PM10和PM2.5上PAHs的总苯并(a)芘等当量浓度中位数的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 焦化厂空气中颗粒物浓度与焦炉逸散物中其他组分相关,单位体积空气中PM10和PM2.5上PAHs的含量和种类相似.     

Hygienic evaluation of air and soil pollution with mercury in the area of location of a coke plant

It has been established that processes of coal carbonization are accompanied by intensive mercury discharge into the air and soil. The maximum levels of ambient air contamination by mercury are determined 0.5 km away from the source--0.0016 mg/m3, 3 km away from the source--lower than 0.00024 mg/m3. Technogenic area of mercury is almost twice the territory of the plant, and it is stretched along the prevalent direction of the winds. Mercury concentrations at different distances away from the plant were 2.76 mg/kg (0.5 km), 1.97 mg/kg and 0.26 mg/kg. Simultaneous isolation of mercury from coals in the process of coal carbonization is recommended.     

Aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons in air and their urinary metabolites in coke plant workers

This study describes the exposure of coke plant workers to hydrocarbons. Aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the breathing zone air and their oxygenated metabolites in the urine of coke plant workers are qualitatively and quantitatively determined. Concentrations of benzene, toluene, naphthalene, m+p-xylene, o-xylene and 14 different PAHs were measured at the different workplaces by personal air sampling. O-cresol, 1- and 2-naphthol, methylhippuric acid, and 1-hydroxypyrene were determined in hydrolyzed urine of workers collected after the work shift. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was applied to identify AHs in air and in urine samples. Time-weighted values of exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons at a coke plant were: benzene (0.06–9.82 mg/m³), toluene (0.05–4.71 mg/m³), naphthalene (0.01–3.28 mg/m³), o-xylene (0.01–1.76 mg/m³) and m + p-xylene (0.01–2.62 mg/m³). At the coke batteries, the total concentration of PAHs ranged from 7.27 to 21.92 μg/m³. At the sorting department, the total concentration of PAHs were about half this value. Concentration of the urinary metabolites (naphthols and methylhippuric acid) detected in workers at the tar distillation department are three times higher than those for the coke batteries and sorting department workers. A correlation between inhaled toluene, naphthalene, xylene, and urinary excretion of metabolites has been found. Time-weighted average concentrations of AHs in the breathing zone air show that exposure levels of the workers are rather low in comparison to exposure limits. The 1-hydroxypyrene concentration is below 24.75 μmol/mol creatinine. The GC/MS analysis reveals the presence of AHs, mainly benzene and naphthalene homologues. It has been found that coke plant workers are simultaneously exposed to the mixture of aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons present in the breathing zone air of a coke plant. Exposure levels are significantly influenced by job categories. Compounds identified in the urine appear to be the products of the hydroxylation of AHs present in the air as well as unmetabolized hydrocarbons. Am. J. Ind. Med. 34:445–454, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Aplastic anemia in a young coke plant worker

 The objective of this study was to make a contribution to the debate on the cause-effect relationship between low-dose exposure to benzene and onset of hemopathies. We report the case of a coke plant worker suffering from aplastic anemia. Before being hired at the coke plant, he underwent a medical examination including a blood cell count: no disease or abnormalities of the blood crasis were found. For 3 years the patient was then exposed to gas containing—as measured in environmental investigation carried out at the coke plant—concentrations of benzene lower than TLV-TWA ACGIH (measured values 21–109 μg/m³). In the absence from the patient’s history of any exposure to other myelotoxic agents and of any earlier pathology causing aplastic anemia, we assume there is a relationship between exposure to low levels of benzene and onset of the disease. However, it is very important to consider that exposure to low levels of benzene could promote myelotoxic reactions when the working environment contains other substances that may act synergstically or compete for the same metabolism sites, or when carcinogenic substances are present in the working environment. Received: 27 September 1995/Accepted: 29 January 1996     

不同来源的蛋白质对大鼠血脂水平的影响

目的研究雄性大鼠在长期摄入不同来源和含量的蛋白质饲料后,其血脂水平及各血脂比值的变化。方法将断乳雄性大鼠按体重随机分为4组(n=15),分别给予牛奶粉(HM组和LM组)或大豆粉/蛋清粉(HS组和LS组)为蛋白质来源的饲料(每种饲料中总蛋白质含量分别为18%和9%),持续喂养20周后,检测各组大鼠血清中血脂水平,并计算各类血脂的比值。结果在各实验组中,HM组大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平最高(P<0.05),TC/HDL-C比值最低(P<0.05);HS组大鼠甘油三酯(TG)水平最低(P<0.05)。HS与HM组的TG/HDL-C比值低于LS与LM组(P<0.05)。LS与HS组低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平和LDL-C/HDL-C比值均低于LM与HM组(P<0.05)。结论给予高剂量大豆粉来源蛋白质,可以显著降低大鼠的TG水平;若长期给予高剂量牛奶粉作为蛋白质来源,可明显升高大鼠血清胆固醇总体水平。     

Impact of forest fires on PAH level and distribution in soils

Surface (0–5 cm) and subsurface (−5 to 15 cm) soils from burned forest areas in South of France were analyzed to determine contents of 14 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their distribution profile. The sampling procedure allowed us to study the effect of the frequency of fire as well as the influence of the time elapsed since the last fire. The contribution of forest fires to the content of PAHs in soils was demonstrated, as well as the decrease of their total level with time. The hypothesis is that a natural remediation takes place a few years after the last fire event. The lowest molecular weight studied PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphtene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene) appear to be the major ones produced by forest fire. Naphtalene levels are remarkably high in burned soils (more than 70 μg kg⁻¹, i.e. more than 20 times higher than in the control soils) and still remain important years after the last fire event. The time elapsed since the last fire appears to be a more influencing factor than the fire frequency. The index defined from the PAH levels shows values reflecting the time elapsed since the last fire.     

住宅室内空气颗粒物污染状况及其与大气浓度关系的初探

目的了解当前住宅室内空气PM2.5和PM10的污染水平及其与室外大气浓度的关系。方法选择10户市区常住家庭,采用单孔多段冲击式颗粒物采样仪进行室内外空气PM2.5、PM10浓度的同时监测。结果非采暖期室内空气PM2.5和PM10的浓度范围分别为27.0～272.9μgm3和42.9～309.6μgm3;采暖期分别为20.7～251.4μgm3和34.0～283.9μgm3。PM2.5与PM10浓度之间呈良好的直线相关关系。室内外颗粒物浓度的相关关系在非采暖期和采暖期有所不同。结论住宅室内空气颗粒物污染比较严重,今后应进一步研究室内颗粒物的污染规律,探讨颗粒物对人群健康的影响。     

Movement and identification of a creosote-derived PAH complex below a river pollution point source

High pressure liquid chromatography was used to determine the identity of a black, oily leachate seeping into a spring-fed river. The leachate was identified as creosote by comparing a sample of the material to a sample of commercial creosote. As creosote contains a complex mixture of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), the direct introduction of creosote into a stream system provided an opportunity to study the kinetics of these hydrocarbons as sediment contaminants below the creosote source. Concentrations of PAH, calculated on the basis of the amounts of organic matter contained in the sediments, declined rapidly below the point source in a form readily approximated by double exponential equations. An important aspect of the pattern of decline encountered was that concentrations tended to become asymptotic. As a result, the river's sediments became contaminated over a considerable distance.Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons     

Ambient particulate air pollution and circulating C-reactive protein level: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundAmbient particulate air pollution is a major threat to the cardiovascular health of people. Inflammation is an important component of the pathophysiological process that links air pollution and cardiovascular disease (CVD). A classical marker of inflammation—C-reactive protein (CRP), has been recognized as an independent predictor of CVD risk. Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) may cause systemic inflammatory response but its association with CRP has been inconsistently reported.ObjectivesTo estimate the potential effects of short-term and long-term exposures to ambient particulate air pollution on circulating CRP level based on previous epidemiological studies.MethodsA systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus databases for publications up to January 2018 was conducted for studies reporting the association between ambient PM (PM_2.5 or PM₁₀, or both) and circulating CRP level. We performed a meta-analysis for the associations reported in individual studies using a random-effect model and evaluated the effect modification by major potential modifiers.ResultsThis meta-analysis comprised data from 40 observational studies conducted on 244,681 participants. These included 32 (27 PM_2.5 studies and 13 PM₁₀ studies) and 11 (9 PM_2.5 studies and 5 PM₁₀ studies) studies that investigated the associations of CRP with short-term and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution, respectively. A 10 μg/m³ increase in short-term exposure to PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ was associated with increases of 0.83 % (95% CI: 0.30%, 1.37%) and 0.39% (95% CI: -0.04%, 0.82%) in CRP level, respectively, and a 10 μg/m³ increase in long-term exposure to PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ was associated with much higher increases of 18.01% (95% CI: 5.96%, 30.06%) and 5.61% (95% CI: 0.79%, 10.44%) in CRP level, respectively. The long-term exposure to particulate air pollution was more strongly associated with CRP level than short-term exposure and PM_2.5 had a greater effect on CRP level than PM₁₀.ConclusionExposure to ambient particulate air pollution is associated with elevated circulating CRP level suggesting an activated systemic inflammatory state upon exposure, which may explain the association between particulate air pollution and CVD risk.