胶囊内镜与双气囊小肠镜在诊断小肠疾病中的应用

常规内镜检查不能确定来源的持续或反复消化道出血,称为不明原因消化道出血（OGIB）。OGIB约占消化道出血的5％,多为小肠疾病所致,如血管病变、小肠肿瘤、Meckel憩室等。小肠气钡双重造影、放射性核素扫描、选择性腹腔动脉造影、推进式小肠镜等技术诊断小肠疾病敏感度低、漏诊率高。胶囊内镜（CE）和双气囊小肠镜（DBE）的相继诞生,开创了小肠疾病诊断的新时代。现对胶囊内镜及双气囊小肠镜检查小肠疾病的适应证、禁忌证、并发症及OGIB检出率等进行对比,综述如下。     

胶囊内镜在不明原因消化道出血患者诊断中的应用价值

不明原因消化道出血（obscure gastrointestinal bleeding,OGIB）是指结肠镜和上消化道内镜未发现明确病因的持续或反复发作的消化道出血,在消化道出血中约占5％。由于OGIB的出血部位多位于小肠,常规内镜和传统检查方法对其诊断价值有限。而诊断率较高的双气囊小肠镜,不仅操作费时、患者耐受性差、并发症多,而且全小肠检查成功率也仅62．5％。胶囊内镜作为一种无创的小肠检查方式,患者无痛苦,亦无明显不良反应和并发症。本研究通过分析我院OGIB患者的胶囊内镜检查及随访结果,探讨其在OGIB诊断中的价值。     

双气囊小肠镜与胶囊内镜对不明原因消化道出血诊断价值的研究

目的 比较双气囊小肠镜与胶囊内镜对不明原因消化道出血检出率、诊断率和实用价值.方法 对2006年10月至2007年10月第三军医大学新桥医院收治的不明原因消化道出血73例患者行双气囊小肠镜检查,经口腔或肛门进镜检查未发现病灶者,改换进镜方式再行检查.另66例行胶囊内镜检查.对比两种检查方式的临床效果.结果 双气囊小肠镜组检出率为94.5%,诊断率为80.8%;胶囊内镜组检出率81.8%、诊断率为50.0%.两组患者均能耐受检查.结论 双气囊小肠镜组的检出率及诊断率均显著高于胶囊内镜组.而胶囊内镜检查更为简便易行.     

气囊辅助小肠镜对不明原因消化道出血的诊断与治疗

不明原因消化道出血（OGIB）定义为常规内镜检查（胃镜和结肠镜检查）和X线小肠钡剂检查（口服钡剂或钡剂灌肠造影）未能查明出血原因的反复性或持续性消化道出血。由于解剖特点和检测手段的限制，OGIB的诊断（尤其是小肠病变）和处理一直是消化界临床医师面临的挑战之一。近年来随着胶囊内镜和双气囊小肠镜等新一代小肠镜的问世和应用，其诊治水平有了很大提高。     

С����Ѫ���ھ����

消化道出血是常见疾病,其中约有5%的消化道出血发生在小肠,诊断比较困难,由于过去小肠是盲区,故这部分小肠出血又称为隐源性出血(OGIB).2000年美国消化内镜协会对隐源性出血定义为:经过包括胃镜、结肠镜在内的检查手段检查仍不明起源的持续或反复消化道出血.     

探路胶囊临床应用新进展

胶囊内镜检查目前主要应用于小肠疾病的诊断,与双气囊小肠镜等检查相比,其在不明原因消化道出血（OGIB）、克罗恩病等疾病的诊断中拥有同等甚至更高的诊断价值。同时,胶囊内镜简单、无创、方便的特点使其更易为患者接受。但胶囊潴留是胶囊内镜的常见并发症,发生率为0～21％。在合并肠道狭窄因素（如克罗恩病、肿瘤、外科术后等）患者中胶囊潴留发生率较高,因此肠道狭窄被列为胶囊内镜检查的禁忌证。     

CTA在自发性蛛网膜下腔出血早期病因诊断学中的应用

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）年发病率为6／10万。再出血是自发性蛛网膜下腔出血患者致死、致残的主要原因,要杜绝再出血,关键是早期明确SAH的病因并针对病因进行治疗。随着CT技术的不断成熟,CT血管造影（CTA）在SAH早期病因诊断上逐渐体现出其准确率高、安全性好的优势。2007年-2009年我院对32例早期SAH患者进行了CTA检查,同时进行了数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查作为对比。     

Clinically manifest gastrointestinal bleeding in patients subject to coronary angiography

PATIENT SET AND METHODOLOGY: The authors evaluated the incidence of acute bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract in 5,955 patients (of which 3,684 men and 2,271 women) during hospitalisation for coronary angiography, and the incidence of potential sources of bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract in the patients without bleeding. RESULTS: Bleeding occurred in 9 persons, within 3.4 +/- 3.6 days of the coronary angiography (the median of 1.0 day), with a 33% mortality rate. An ulcer of the duodenal bulbus or bulbitis were detected in four cases (44%), esophagitis in one case (11%), esophageal varices in one case, stomach carcinoma in one case, and the source of bleeding could not be detected in 2 cases. Patients with bleeding were significantly older than those without bleeding (73.6 +/- 4.4 years vs. 65.8 +/- 10.6 years, p < 0.001). Treatment with clopidogrel or abciximab was not associated with a higher incidence of bleeding (p > 0.05). In 42 patients without bleeding, the following pathologies were detected by gastroscopy: esophagitis (31%), mouth and stomach ulcers (36%), duodenal ulcers (21%), (12%), esophageal varices (2%) The incidence of mouth ulcers, stomach ulcers and duodenal ulcers was significantly higher in patients taking acetylsalicylic acid on a regular basis (p < 0.025). CONCLUSION: Bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract is not frequent shortly after coronary angiography, but the related mortality is high. The most frequent source of bleeding are duodenal peptic lesions most likely caused by previous treatment by acetylsalicylic acid.     

Active gastrointestinal diverticulum bleeding diagnosed by computed tomography angiography

A diverticulum is a bulging sack in any portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Small intestine diverticular disease is much less common than colonic diverticular disease. The most common symptoms include non-specific epigastric pain and a bloating sensation. Major complications include diverticulitis, gastrointestinal bleeding, acute perforation, intestinal obstruction, intestinal perforation, localized abscess, malabsorption, anemia, volvulus and bacterial overgrowth. We report one case of massive jejunal diverticula bleeding and one case of massive colonic diverticula bleeding, both diagnosed by acute abdominal computed tomography angiography and treated successfully by surgery.     

Usefulness of CT angiography in diagnosing acute gastrointestinal bleeding: A meta-analysis

AIM: To analyze the accuracy of computed tomography (CT) angiography in the diagnosis of acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. METHODS: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cancerlit, Cochrane Library database, Sciencedirect, Springerlink and Scopus, from January 1995 to December 2009, were searched for studies evaluating the accuracy of CT angiography in diagnosing acute GI bleeding. Studies were included if the ycompared CT angiography to a reference standard of upper GI endoscopy, colonoscopy, angiography or surgery in ...     

Interventional digital subtraction angiography for small bowel gastrointestinal stromal tumors with bleeding

AIM: To retrospectively evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of interventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for bleeding small bowel gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs).METHODS: Between January 2006 and December 2013, small bowel tumors in 25 consecutive patients undergoing emergency interventional DSA were histopathologically confirmed as GIST after surgical resection. The medical records of these patients and the effects of interventional DSA and the presentation and management of the condition were retrospectively reviewed.RESULTS: Of the 25 patients with an age range from 34- to 70-year-old (mean: 54 ± 12 years), 8 were male and 17 were female. Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, including tarry or bloody stool and intermittent melena, was observed in all cases, and one case also involved hematemesis. Nineteen patients required acute blood transfusion. There were a total of 28 small bowel tumors detected by DSA. Among these, 20 were located in the jejunum and 8 were located in the ileum. The DSA characteristics of the GISTs included a hypervascular mass of well-defined, homogeneous enhancement and early developed draining veins. One case involved a complication of intussusception of the small intestine that was discovered during surgery. No pseudoaneurysms, arteriovenous malformations or fistulae, or arterial rupture were observed. The completely excised size was approximately 1.20 to 5.50 cm (mean: 3.05 ± 1.25 cm) in maximum diameter based on measurements after the resection. There were ulcerations (n = 8), erosions (n = 10), hyperemia and edema (n = 10) on the intra-luminal side of the tumors. Eight tumors in patients with a large amount of blood loss were treated with transcatheter arterial embolization with gelfoam particles during interventional DSA.CONCLUSION: Emergency interventional DSA is a useful imaging option for locating and diagnosing small bowel GISTs in patients with bleeding, and is an effective treatment modality.     

Diagnostic accuracy of fiberoptic panendoscopy and visceral angiography in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Emergency fiberoptic panendoscopy and visceral angiography both had comparable diagnostic accuracy in our series of 55 patients with actively bleeding upper gastrointestinal lesions. The diagnostic accuracy of the barium meal was found inferior to both fiberoptic panendoscopy and visceral angiography. Panendoscopy proved capable of quickly and safely diagnosing site and source of the active bleeding lesion. Visceral angiography requiring additional time, expense and personnel commitment proved an effective back-up procedure when panendoscopy was unsuccessful or contradictions existed. Emergency angiography was well tolerated by gravely ill patients. The therapeutic advantage of angiography with infusion of vasopressin upon completion of the diagnostic study remains to be shown as an advantage over panendoscopy.     

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding

BACKGROUND: Lower gastrointestinal bleeding can be a confusing clinical conundrum, the satisfactory evaluation and management of which requires a disciplined and orderly approach. Diagnosis and management has evolved with the development of new technology such as selective mesenteric angiography and colonoscopy. PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to review the available data in the literature and to determine the current optimum method of evaluation and management of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage most likely to result in a successful outcome. METHODS: Data available on the topic of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in the English literature were obtained via MEDLINE search and were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: The colonic origin of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage in order of decreasing incidence is diverticulosis, inflammatory bowel disease, including ischemic and infectious colitis, colonic neoplasia, benign anorectal disease, and arteriovenous malformations. Approximately 10 to 15 percent of all cases of rectal bleeding are attributable to a cause that is proximal to the ligament of Treitz. Small intestinal sources such as arteriovenous malformations, diverticula, and neoplasia account for between 3 and 5 percent of all cases. Colonoscopy successfully identified an origin in severe hematochezia in 74 to 82 percent of cases. Mesenteric angiography has a sensitivity of 42 to 86 percent. The best method of management depends on whether hemorrhage persists, the severity of continued hemorrhage, the cumulative transfusion requirement, and the specific origin of bleeding. CONCLUSION: Lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage is a complex clinical problem that requires disciplined and sophisticated evaluation for successful management. Diverticulosis is the most common cause. Colonoscopy is the diagnostic procedure of choice both for its accuracy in localization and its therapeutic capability. Selective mesenteric angiography should be reserved for those patients in whom colonoscopy is not practical. Precise identification of the bleeding source is crucial for a successful outcome. Specific directed therapy, such as segmental colonic resection for bleeding diverticulosis, is associated with the highest success rate and the lowest morbidity. A complete review of lower gastrointestinal bleeding is contained herein.