Nitric oxide synergistically potentiates interleukin-1 beta-induced increase of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA levels,resulting in the facilitation of substance P release from primary afferent neurons: involvement of cGMP-independent mechanisms

We previously demonstrated that cultured rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells respond to stimulation with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) by releasing substance P (SP), and this response is regulated via the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 pathway. In this study, to ascertain the interaction between nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins in primary afferent neurons, we investigated the effect of NO on the IL-1 beta-induced release of SP in cultured DRG cells. An NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP), did not in itself evoke SP release. However, it potentiated the IL-1 beta-induced release of SP. Similarly, while SNAP did not elicit the expression of COX-2 mRNA, it potentiated the expression induced by IL-1 beta in cultured DRG cells, and this potentiation was significantly suppressed by the NO scavenger, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (carboxy-PTIO). Moreover, SNAP also potentiated the expression of COX-2 protein induced by IL-1 beta in cultured DRG cells. The stimulatory effect of SNAP on the IL-1 beta-induced release of SP was completely inhibited on co-incubation with a selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one (ODQ), a potent inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, did not suppress, and a membrane-permeable cGMP analogue, 8-Br-cGMP, did not mimic the stimulatory effects of SNAP in DRG cells. These results suggest that in cultured DRG cells, NO potentiates the IL-1 beta-induced increase in COX-2 expression via a soluble guanylate cyclase-cGMP-independent pathway, resulting in facilitation of SP release. The interaction between NO and COX in primary afferent neurons might contribute to the change in nociceptive perception in inflammatory hyperalgesia.     

环氧化酶2介导化学性缺氧诱导的人角质形成细胞的炎症损伤作用

目的探讨环氧化酶2(COX-2)在化学性缺氧模拟剂氯化钴(CoCl2)诱导永生化人皮肤角质形成细胞(HaCaT)毒性及炎症反应中的作用。方法用CoCl2处理HaCaT细胞,建立化学性缺氧诱导人皮肤角质形成细胞损伤的实验模型。CCK-8比色法检测细胞存活率,ELISA试剂盒检测细胞培养基中白介素-6(IL-6)和白介素-8(IL-8)的水平,Western blot法检测COX-2蛋白的表达。结果 2 000μmol.L-1 CoCl2处理HaCaT细胞0～3 h,可上调COX-2的表达,1 h COX-2表达开始升高,2 h表达达到高峰。用0、500、1 000和2 000μmol.L-1 CoCl2处理HaCaT细胞2 h可剂量依赖性地上调COX-2的表达。2 000μmol.L-1 CoCl2处理HaCaT细胞0～8 h可时间依赖性地降低HaCaT细胞存活率,半数致死时间(LT50)在6 h左右。2 000μmol.L-1 CoCl2处理HaCaT细胞6 h可促进HaCaT细胞释放IL-6和IL-8。选择性COX-2抑制剂(NS-398)可明显对抗2 000μmol.L-1 CoCl2处理引起的细胞毒性及CoCl2诱导的IL-6和IL-8的释放增加。结论 COX-2介导化学性缺氧诱导的HaCaT细胞毒性及炎症损伤作用。     

盐酸西替利嗪对表皮角质形成细胞和真皮成纤维细胞P物质受体和细胞因子表达的影响

研究抗组胺药盐酸西替利嗪对表皮角质形成细胞系HaCaT细胞和真皮成纤维细胞P物质受体表达以及对P物质诱导两种细胞表达IFN-γ、IL-1β、IL-6及IL-8的影响。采用流式细胞术和Western blotting检测分析西替利嗪对两种皮肤细胞P物质受体表达的影响；以P物质刺激HaCaT细胞和真皮成纤维细胞，加入不同剂量的西替利嗪共孵育，采用ELISA方法测定西替利嗪对IFN-γ、IL-1β、IL-6及IL-8分泌的影响。结果表明，西替利嗪显著抑制HaCaT细胞和真皮成纤维细胞P物质受体的表达；P物质刺激可以显著增加HaCaT细胞和真皮成纤维细胞IFN-γ、IL-1β、IL-8的分泌量；1~100 μmol·L^-1的西替利嗪均可抑制皮肤细胞IL-1β、IL-8的分泌，但对IFN-γ的分泌无明显影响。P物质和西替利嗪对两种皮肤细胞IL-6的产生均无显著影响。     

P物质受体在人表皮角质形成细胞和真皮成纤维细胞中的表达调控

目的考察P物质受体(Neurokinin1R,NK1R)在正常人表皮角质形成细胞和真皮成纤维细胞中的表达调控特征。方法培养人表皮角质形成细胞株HaCaT细胞和真皮成纤维细胞,应用免疫组织化学法检测NK1R在两种细胞中的表达;采用RTPCR方法检测NK1R在两种细胞mRNA水平的表达特征,并采用流式细胞术定量检测在不同刺激因素及药物作用下两种细胞中NK1R的表达调控情况。结果NK1R在HaCaT细胞及真皮成纤维细胞中均有表达,阳性部位位于细胞膜及细胞质。NK1RmRNA在HaCaT细胞上的表达水平要高于在真皮成纤维细胞上的表达。P物质和IFNγ可以上调NK1R在两种细胞上的表达,而LPS抑制了NK1R的表达;抗组胺药盐酸西替利嗪和P物质受体特异性拮抗剂SpantideI可以降低两种细胞上NK1R的表达。结论皮肤角质形成细胞和真皮成纤维细胞在细胞、蛋白及mRNA水平均有NK1R的表达,而且这种表达可被过敏炎症因子调控,提示角质形成细胞和真皮成纤维细胞参与了皮肤免疫调控,神经肽P物质可能在皮肤过敏性炎症中起重要作用。     

Effect of matrine on the expression of substance P receptor and inflammatory cytokines production in human skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts

Matrine is a kind of alkaloid found in certain Sophora plants, which has been extensively used in China for the treatment of viral hepatitis, cancer, cardiac diseases and skin diseases (such as atopic dermatitis and eczema). It also has been confirmed that substance P (SP) and its receptor (neurokinin-1 receptor, NK-1R) are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin disorders. So the present study was designed to investigate the effect of matrine on the expression of NK-1R and cytokines production induced by SP in HaCaT cells (a human epidermal keratinocyte cell line) and dermal fibroblasts. In addition, cell viability was also evaluated. The results showed that matrine inhibited the expression of NK-1R in HaCaT cells and fibroblasts. SP induced the production of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 in both cell types. Matrine 5-100 microg/mL had little effect on cell viability. It inhibited SP-induced IL-1beta, IL-8 and MCP-1 production in HaCaT cells and fibroblasts, while it increased the production of IFN-gamma in HaCaT cells. Both SP and matrine had no effect on the secretion of IL-6. These findings suggest that matrine may have potential treatment function on SP related cutaneous inflammation by inhibition of the expression of substance P receptor and regulation of the production of inflammatory cytokines.     

Regulation of 1-alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 induced by sulfur mustard (HD) on human skin cells

The regulatory effects of the active form of vitamin D, 1-alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1-alpha, 25 (OH)2D3) were assessed on the cytokine and chemokine secretion induced by sulfur mustard on human skin fibroblasts and human epidermal keratinocytes. Stimulation of human skin fibroblasts with sulfur mustard (10(-4) M for 24 hr at 37 degrees ) resulted in approximately a 5 times increase in the secretion of interleukin-6 and over a 10 times increase for interleukin-8, which was inhibited by 1-alpha, 25 (OH)2D3, at 相似文献   

复方甘草酸苷对HaCaT 细胞表达IL-2、IL-4 的影响

目的观察复方甘草酸苷(CG)对角质形成细胞株HaCaT 细胞增殖的抑制作用及其表达白细胞介素（IL）- 2、IL-4 的影响,探讨CG 治疗银屑病的作用机制。方法将培养的HaCaT 细胞分为4 组：空白对照组（不加CG）;低浓度组（1 mL 细胞培养液中加入50 μL CG）;中浓度组（1 mL 细胞培养液中加入100 μL CG）;高浓度组（1 mL 细胞培养液中加入200 μL CG）。采用噻唑蓝（MTT）方法检测24 h 后不同浓度CG 对HaCaT 细胞增殖的抑制作用;双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)分析不同浓度CG 处理后的HaCaT 细胞上清液中IL-2 及IL-4 的表达水平。结果低、中、高浓度CG 干预HaCaT 细胞24 h 后均可见到明显的增殖抑制作用。不同浓度CG 干预HaCaT 细胞24 h 后,低浓度组上清液中IL-2 的浓度与空白对照组无明显差异（ng/L：234.51±17.98 vs 225.31±16.23,P＞0.05）;中、高浓度组的IL-2 浓度明显低于空白对照组及低浓度组,且高浓度组低于中浓度组（ng/L：188.99±19.22 vs 208.49±18.40, P＜ 0.05）;高浓度组培养上清液中IL-4 的浓度较其余3 组明显升高（ng/L：45.67±10.29 vs 37.62±3.90、39.68±6.08、43.85± 10.26,P＜0.05）。结论CG 可能是通过调节细胞因子IL-2 与IL-4 的分泌而抑制皮肤角质形成细胞的增殖。     

Shikonin suppresses IL-17-induced VEGF expression via blockage of JAK2/STAT3 pathway

IL-17 signaling in keratinocytes plays an important role in psoriasis, which is a benign, chronic skin disease characterized by keratinocytes hyperproliferation and increased dermal vascularity. Shikonin, isolated from the traditional medical herbs Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has long been found to possess different medicinal properties such as antibacterial, improving wound healing, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. However, the effects and mechanisms of shikonin on VEGF expression in keratinocytes mediated by IL-17 signaling, are still not fully clarified. In the present study, we investigated the effects and regulatory mechanisms of shikonin on VEGF expression in keratinocytes induced by IL-17 by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Our results showed that shikonin significantly inhibited IL-17-induced VEGF mRNA and protein expression in HaCaT cells and the secretion of VEGF by HaCaT cells, inhibited IL-17-induced IL-17R, pJAK2 and pSTAT3 expression, while up-regulated the expression of SOCS1 in HaCaT cells. Additionally, shikonin effectively suppressed VEGF expression in the skin of IL-17 stimulated mice. Furthermore, shikonin suppressed VEGF-induced tube formation of HUVECs and CD34 expression in the skin of IL-17 stimulated mice. These results imply that shikonin suppresses IL-17-induced VEGF expression in vitro and in vivo and the mechanisms may be related to its effect in blockage of JAK2/STAT3 pathway. These data deepen our understanding of shikonin in the inhibition of angiogenesis in inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis.     

重组人白细胞介素10对角朊细胞增殖及产生细胞因子的影响

目的：研究重组人白细胞介素10(rhIL-10)对无血清培养的角朊细胞增殖和产生细胞因子的影响，探讨其治疗银屑病的作用机制。方法：用四甲基偶氮唑蓝比色法(MTT)测定其对细胞增殖的影响；小鼠胸腺细胞增殖法检测白细胞介素1(IL-1)；ELISA法检测白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素8(IL-8)。结果：重组人白细胞介素10抑制角朊细胞增殖与IL-1、IL-6及IL-8的分泌，并呈剂量依赖关系。结论：重组人白细胞介素10抑制角朊细胞与细胞因子分泌，可能是治疗银屑病的作用机理之一．     

异甘草酸镁对人表皮角质形成细胞炎症因子的产生和外周血白细胞趋化功能的影响

目的：研究异甘草酸镁对角质形成细胞产生促炎症细胞因子、黏附分子和对白细胞趋化功能的影响,以获得异甘草酸镁治疗炎症性皮肤病的药理学基础.方法：采用2 000 U/mL rhIFN-γ诱导人表皮角质形成细胞Ha-CaT细胞,用ELISA法检测不同浓度的异甘草酸镁对HaCaT细胞IL-8、IL-6和ICAM-1产生的影响;通过琼脂糖平板法在显微镜下观察药物对10 nmol/L甲酰甲二磺酰-亮氨酰-苯丙氨酸（fMLP）诱引的人白细胞移动距离的影响.结果：异甘草酸镁能剂量依赖性地抑制rhIFN-γ刺激引起的IL-8、IL-6和ICAM-1的产生,其IC50值分别为1.21、7.23和4.17μg/mL;对fMLP诱引的人外周血白细胞趋化功能有明显影响,其抑制作用呈剂量依赖性,IC50值为8.58 μg/mL.结论：异甘草酸镁可通过抑制人表皮角质形成细胞IL-8、IL-6、ICAM-1产生和白细胞趋化达到治疗炎症相关性皮肤病的作用.     

Arecoline decreases interleukin-6 production and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human basal cell carcinoma cells

Arecoline, the most abundant areca alkaloid, has been reported to decrease interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in epithelial cancer cells. Since IL-6 overexpression contributes to the tumorigenic potency of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), this study was designed to investigate whether arecoline altered IL-6 expression and its downstream regulation of apoptosis and the cell cycle in cultured BCC-1/KMC cells. BCC-1/KMC cells and a human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT, were treated with arecoline at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μg/ml, then IL-6 production and expression of apoptosis- and cell cycle progress-related factors were examined. After 24 h exposure, arecoline inhibited BCC-1/KMC cell growth and decreased IL-6 production in terms of mRNA expression and protein secretion, but had no effect on HaCaT cells. Analysis of DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation showed that arecoline induced apoptosis of BCC-1/KMC cells in a dose-dependent manner, activated caspase-3, and decreased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. In addition, arecoline induced progressive and sustained accumulation of BCC-1/KMC cells in G2/M phase as a result of reducing checkpoint Cdc2 activity by decreasing Cdc25C phosphatase levels and increasing p53 levels. Furthermore, subcutaneous injection of arecoline led to decreased BCC-1/KMC tumor growth in BALB/c mice by inducing apoptosis. This study demonstrates that arecoline has potential for preventing BCC tumorigenesis by reducing levels of the tumor cell survival factor IL-6, increasing levels of the tumor suppressor factor p53, and eliciting cell cycle arrest, followed by apoptosis.     

Impact on Inflammation and Recovery of Skin Barrier by Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid as a Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Antagonist

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the skin with increased transepidermal water loss. Both an abnormal inflammatory response and a defective skin barrier are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) belongs to a family of G-protein coupled receptors and is activated by both trypsin and a specific agonist peptide, SLIGKV-NH₂. PAR2 is expressed in suprabasal layers of the epidermis and regulates inflammatory responses and barrier homeostasis. In this study, we show that nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) inhibits the PAR2-mediated signal pathway and plays a role in skin barrier recovery in atopic dermatitis. Specifically, NDGA reduces the mobilization of intracellular Ca²⁺ in HaCaT keratinocytes by down-regulating inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-8, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 in HaCaT keratinocytes. Also, NDGA decreases the protein expression of involucrin, a differentiation maker of keratinocyte, in both HaCaT keratinocytes and normal human epidermal keratinocytes. We examined NDGA-recovered skin barrier in atopic dermatitis by using an oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis model in hairless mice. Topical application of NDGA produced an increase in transepidermal water loss recovery and a decrease in serum IgE level, without weight loss. Accordingly, we suggest that NDGA acts as a PAR2 antagonist and may be a possible therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis.     

Curcumin induces apoptosis in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-treated HaCaT cells

Psoriasis is a benign, chronic skin disease characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation. Curcumin, a selective phosphorylase kinase inhibitor, is a natural phytochemical present in turmeric. Curcumin has been confirmed to have anti-inflammatory properties as well as the ability to inhibit proliferation and decrease the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in psoriatic keratinocytes. However, the pro-apoptotic effect of curcumin in keratinocytes remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of curcumin on apoptosis induction in TNF-α-treated HaCaT cells. These results show that curcumin exhibited a significant pro-apoptotic effect on HaCaT cells only in the presence of TNF-α and/or TRAIL. The pro-apoptotic effect of curcumin resulted from the increased expression of TRAIL-R1/R2 and the decreased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Our results indicate that both curcumin and TNF-α up-regulated the expression of TRAIL-R1/R2. In addition, the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins (IAP1, IAP2, Bcl-X(L)) was up-regulated by TNF-α but suppressed by curcumin in HaCaT cells. Because these proteins are regulated by NF-κB, we examined the role of curcumin in NF-κB activation. As expected, curcumin inhibited TNF-α-induced activation of NF-κB, including NF-κB-P65. Curcumin also inhibited the TNF-α-induced production of IL-6/IL-8 in HaCaT cells. These results imply that curcumin-induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells only occurs when TNF-α or/and TRAIL are present. Therefore, we believe that curcumin is able to reverse the anti-apoptotic function of TNF-α in HaCaT cells and thus expect curcumin to be successful in the treatment of psoriasis.     

Triggering Apoptotic Death of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes by Malic Acid: Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress- and Mitochondria-Dependent Signaling Pathways

Malic acid (MA) has been commonly used in cosmetic products, but the safety reports in skin are sparse. To investigate the biological effects of MA in human skin keratinocytes, we investigated the potential cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects of MA in human keratinocyte cell lines (HaCaT). The data showed that MA induced apoptosis based on the observations of DAPI staining, DNA fragmentation, and sub-G1 phase in HaCaT cells and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). Flow cytometric assays also showed that MA increased the production of mitochondrial superoxide (mito-SOX) but decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential. Analysis of bioenergetics function with the XF 24 analyzer Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer demonstrated that oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was significantly decreased whereas extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) was increased in MA-treated keratinocytes. The occurrence of apoptosis was proved by the increased expressions of FasL, Fas, Bax, Bid, caspases-3, -8, -9, cytochrome c, and the declined expressions of Bcl-2, PARP. MA also induced endoplasmic reticulum stress associated protein expression such as GRP78, GADD153, and ATF6α. We demonstrated that MA had anti-proliferative effect in HaCaT cell through the inhibition of cell cycle progression at G0/G1, and the induction of programmed cell death through endoplasmic reticulum stress- and mitochondria-dependent pathways.     

重组人白细胞介素-11对2,4-二硝基氟苯致小鼠接触性皮炎和炎症细胞因子水平的影响

目的观察重组人白细胞介素11(rhIL11)对接触性皮炎有无抗炎作用。方法采用2,4二硝基氟苯(DNFB)致小鼠耳部皮肤接触性皮炎试验模型,观察scrhIL110.375～1.5mg·kg-1·d-1,连续10d后皮肤炎症反应程度,同时采用放射免疫分析法测定血清中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)和白细胞介素6(IL6)的水平,采用生物化学检测法测定血清一氧化氮(NO)的水平,采用免疫组化法测定皮肤中细胞间粘附分子(ICAM1)的表达。结果rhIL11可显著降低炎性细胞浸润,减轻炎症反应程度,并显著降低血清中TNFα,NO,IL6及皮肤中ICAM1的水平。结论rhIL11可抑制DNFB诱发的炎症反应,并明显降低血清中促发因子TNFα,NO,IL6等的水平及皮肤中ICAM1的表达。     

Budesonide, but not tacrolimus, affects the immune functions of normal human keratinocytes

Topical immunosuppressant therapy is widely used in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Besides its beneficial therapeutic effects, application of topical anti-inflammatory drugs may render the epidermis more vulnerable to invading pathogens by suppressing innate immune responses in keratinocytes, such as cytokine production and Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression. In order to evaluate and compare the immunosuppressive effects of different immunosuppressant drugs on keratinocytes, we treated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated and -unstimulated normal human keratinocytes with the synthetic corticosteroid budesonide and the macrolide tacrolimus. The expressions of the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) TLR2 and TLR4 were measured by quantitative RT-PCR, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1alpha, IL-8 and TNF-alpha were monitored by quantitative RT-PCR and by ELISA, and alterations in TLR2 protein level were measured by flow cytometry. Budesonide had a suppressive effect on both constitutive and LPS-induced IL-8 gene expression. The amount of TNF-alpha mRNA was diminished in unstimulated keratinocytes, while TLR2 mRNA expression was markedly enhanced both in unstimulated and LPS-treated cells after incubation with budesonide. This increase in TLR2 mRNA expression was also detectable at the protein level in LPS-stimulated cells. Tacrolimus had no effect on any of the examined genes. Budesonide, but not tacrolimus, significantly inhibited the NF-kappaB-dependent luciferase reporter activity in HaCaT cells after induction with LPS or TNF-alpha. Although tacrolimus and budesonide are both effective treatments in some inflammatory skin diseases, the data provided here imply differences in local therapeutic and adverse effects of these two topical immunosuppressants.