小鼠单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型脑内潜伏感染的实验研究

目的:探讨单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(HSV-Ⅰ)F株初次感染后在脑内是否形成潜伏感染。方法:用角膜划痕法给Balb/c小鼠接种单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型F株,6周后用免疫组化法检测脑组织不同部位及三叉神经节HSV-1抗原的表达,聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法分别检测小鼠脑的颞叶、脑干、小脑及三叉神经节疱疹病毒DNA片段。结果:病毒接种6周后,小鼠三叉神经节、脑组织的不同部位未检测到HSV-1抗原的表达;三叉神经节、脑的颞叶、脑干和小脑均检测到了疱疹病毒DNA片段。结论:单纯疱疹病毒除了可以在三叉神经节建立潜伏感染外,脑组织也是其建立潜伏感染的部位之一。     

IL-6在小鼠单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型潜伏与再激活感染中的表达及意义

目的探讨细胞因子IL-6在小鼠三叉神经节单纯疱疹病毒I型(HSV-1)潜伏与再激活感染时的表达及其意义。方法用角膜划痕法建立Balb/c小鼠HSV-1潜伏感染模型,紫外线角膜照射诱发疱疹病毒的再激活。免疫组织化学法检测小鼠三叉神经节病毒抗原和IL-6的表达,Mias2000图像分析系统测定其平均光密度值。结果HSV-1潜伏感染组小鼠三叉神经节细胞周围卫星细胞出现IL-6的弱表达,其OD值高于对照组(0.198±0.025 vs 0.145±0.017,P<0.05);再激活感染组小鼠三叉神经节IL-6的表达在2d达高峰,其OD值高于同一时间点单纯紫外线照射组(0.282±0.047 vs 0.230±0.040,P<0.05),同时三叉神经节单纯疱疹病毒抗原的表达在2~4d也达最高值。结论IL-6是一多功能的细胞因子,对于HSV-1潜伏感染的维持以及病毒再激活的发生和病毒的清除都起重要作用。     

血清IL-6在小鼠单纯疱疹病毒I型复发感染中的意义

目的探讨血清中IL-6在小鼠单纯疱疹病毒I型复发感染中的意义。方法将单纯疱疹病毒I型潜伏感染的小鼠用过热作为应激原,诱发病毒的复发感染。以免疫组化检测病毒抗原的表达观察病毒活化;用放射免疫的方法检测血清中IL-6水平的变化。结果热应激后,疱疹病毒潜伏感染小鼠的部分三叉神经节细胞出现HSV-1抗原阳性表达,12～24hOD值达高峰,之后下降。小鼠血清IL-6水平也出现升高,12h为峰值,24h后开始下降,持续48h。与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论IL-6能够诱发单纯疱疹病毒-Ⅰ型的复发感染。     

血清IL-6在小鼠单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型复发感染中的意义

目的探讨血清中IL-6在小鼠单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型复发感染中的意义。方法将单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型潜伏感染的小鼠用过热作为应激原，诱发病毒的复发感染。以免疫组化检测病毒抗原的表达观察病毒活化；用放射免疫的方法检测血清中IL-6水平的变化。结果热应激后，疱疹病毒潜伏感染小鼠的部分三叉神经节细胞出现HSV-1抗原阳性表达，12-24h OD值达高峰，之后下降。小鼠血清IL-6水平也出现升高，12h为峰值，24h后开始下降，持续48h。与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论IL-6能够诱发单纯疱疹病毒-Ⅰ型的复发感染。     

γ-氨基丁酸在小鼠单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎中的表达变化

目的:观察γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)在小鼠单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎(HSE)病程中的表达变化,探讨其在病毒感染性脑损伤中的作用。方法:颅内病毒直接接种的方法建立小鼠疱疹病毒性脑炎模型,免疫组化的方法同时检测疱疹病毒(HSV)抗原和GABA在脑炎不同时间的表达变化,结果用图像分析系统进行分析。结果:病毒接种3d后脑组织颞叶、额叶、海马均出现HSV抗原阳性细胞,7-10dHSV抗原阳性细胞数目达高峰,阳性面积比最大,部分脑组织出现坏死,14d后抗原阳性表达细胞开始减少。GABA的表达变化与HSV的表达呈相反趋势,其阳性神经元数目则随病程而减少,在病程的7-10d表达降至最低,部分标本脑组织的坏死区几乎无表达,14d后表达开始增强。结论:GABA的表达变化与病毒性脑炎的严重程度有一定的相关性,可能对感染性脑损伤具有保护作用。     

边缘系统和单纯疱疹性脑炎的定位

单纯疱疹Ⅰ型病毒可能多年隐居于宿主的三叉神经节中,但病毒之所以从隐居状态转变成侵犯破坏中枢神经组织以及为什么病毒只选择性破坏边缘系统的原因还不清楚。有关后者最初提出的解释是病毒经鼻腔内接种,沿嗅神经通路播散,进入邻近的颞叶和额叶皮层从而造成单纯疱疹脑炎(HSE)独特的定位。最近Davis等认为病毒来自三叉神经节的隐居部位,通过三叉神经小脑幕支向硬脑膜蔓延、     

小鼠单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎主要免疫反应特性研究

目的 了解单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎(HSE)小鼠的主要免疫反应特性.方法 Balb/c小鼠颅内注射HSV1病毒制造HSE模型,脑组织切片观察病理变化,流式细胞仪检测CD11b、CD40、MHCⅠ、MHCⅡ抗原表达水平,RT-PCR检测脑内细胞因子(IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、TNF-α)mRNA表达水平.结果 HSE小鼠脑组织片状坏死出血.HSE小鼠表达CD11b、CD40、MHC 、MHC 增加,TH1型细胞因子(IL-2、TNF-α)、TH2型细胞因子(IL-4、IL-10)显著增高.结论 小胶质细胞感染后被激活、增殖,MHC增加以发挥抗原提呈作用;CD40表达将进一步激活小胶质细胞,促进TH1及TH2型细胞因子分泌.     

单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎(HSVE)的脑组织活检和尸检干扰素的测定

对6例颞叶活检和其中5例不同部位的尸检脑组织进行了干扰素的测定,证实干扰素与单纯疱疹病毒有关.对组织培养,病毒分离、定量和定型的均按标准方法进行.从脑部分离出来的每株HSV均经中和试验定型为1型病毒.     

免疫增强药物对单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎预后的影响

目的:检测细胞因子IL-2、IL-10、TNF-α在单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎(HSE)中的表达和变化。探讨具有免疫增强作用的药物干预(利比、黄芪)对小胶质细胞细胞因子分泌及对HSE疾病预后的影响。方法:使用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测颅内感染单纯疱疹病毒I型(HSVⅠ)的小鼠在感染后及使用具有免疫增强作用的药物治疗后各细胞因子变化及观察脑组织切片HE染色后的病理变化。结果:HSVⅠ感染后出现脑内出血坏死性的病理改变,各细胞因子均明显上升;各用药组治疗好转后脑内病理变化改善,IL-2保持稳定、IL-10继续升高,TNF-α显著下洚。结论:具有免疫增强作用的药物可调节小胶质细胞分泌细胞因子的动态平衡,改善HSE的预后。     

脑电图对单纯疱疹病毒脑炎的早期诊断价值

单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎(herpes simplex virus encephalitis,HSE)是由单纯疱疹病毒(herpes simplex virus,HSV)感染引起的一种急性疾病,又称为急性坏死性脑炎,在中枢神经系统中,HSE最常累及大脑颞叶、额叶及边缘系统,引起脑组织出血性坏死和变态反应性脑损害.目前第二代抗病毒药物(无环鸟苷等)已有效地用于临床,明显降低了病死率,故早期迅速做出诊断极为重要.     

Neuroimaging in epilepsy in tropics

Epilepsy is a major public health problem in many tropical countries. Also, some of the tropical diseases are major contributors to the higher prevalence of epilepsy in these countries. The etiologic factors responsible for epilepsy in these countries are quite different from those in the developed world. This article discusses the etiologic factors and neuroimaging of epilepsy in light of the conditions in these tropical countries.     

癫痫与抑郁关系的研究进展

抑郁是癫痫患者中常见的精神障碍,严重地影响了患者的生活质量。传统的观点认为癫痫患者因为存在着诸多社会学问题易出现抑郁倾向,癫痫和抑郁是单向的联系,但大量的研究已经证明癫痫和抑郁之间存在双向的联系,一种异常状态的存在可能易转化为另一种异常状态的发展。癫痫和抑郁存在着共同的发病机制。本文主要就癫痫和抑郁的双向联系以及抗抑郁药物在癫痫患者中的应用进行阐述。     

Sudanophilic lipid accumulation in astrocytes in periventricular leukomalacia in monkeys

Summary Sudanophilic lipid accumulation is a characteristic feature of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) of infants. At least two types of lipid-containing cells have been identified, one being the macrophage, the other the pre-myelin glial cell. A third type of lipid-containing cell has been seen in two monkeys with spontaneous PVL. Electron microscopically this cell appears to be an astrocyte. This probably represents a reaction of the astrocyte to hypoxia and may be the equivalent of the hypertrophic astrocytes found in human infants.Supported in part by NIH grant HDO 8633 and the Regional Primate Research Center Grant RR-00166     

Increase in cathepsin D activity in rat brain in aging

Cathepsin D-like activity in homogenates of five brain areas of 3-month-old and 24-month-old Fischer 344 rats was measured. With hemoglobin as substrate at pH 3.2, more than 90% of the activity was inhibited by pepstatin. In each area studied, activity was more than twice as high in the old rat brain: 140-160% higher in the cortex, cerebellum, pons-medulla, and striatum and 90-100% higher in the hippocampus and spinal cord. The greatly increased metabolic capacity in the absence of an increase in protein turnover may have a role in age-related pathological degeneration in the brain.     

Characteristics of nociceptors in the periodontium--an in vitro study in rats

Recent studies have indicated that nociceptors can be classified into various types according to their physiological properties. These studies have clarified that the frequency distribution of various nociceptor types is different among body sites and animal species. In the present study, we investigated the physiological properties of rat's periodontal nociceptors in an in vitro jaw-nerve preparation. Responses were recorded from functional single filaments in the inferior alveolar nerve. To determine the nociceptor type, calibrated von Frey filaments, heat, and bradykinin (BK) stimuli were used. We found five subtypes of nociceptors in the periodontal ligaments of the lower incisor: Adelta-high threshold mechanonociceptors (Adelta-HTM, n=28), Adelta-mechanoheat nociceptors (Adelta-MH, n=6), Adelta-polymodal nociceptors (Adelta-POLY, n=26), C-high threshold mechanonociceptors (C-HTM, n=3) and C-polymodal nociceptors (C-POLY, n=4). Most nociceptors were Adelta-innervated, while only a small number of C-innervated nociceptors were found. The present results suggest that periodontal nociceptors transmit mainly fast pain, and may thus play a role in rapid detection of injure-related stimuli during mastication.     

Gender in Voice Perception in Autism

Deficits in the perception of social stimuli may contribute to the characteristic impairments in social interaction in high functioning autism (HFA). Although the cortical processing of voice is abnormal in HFA, it is unclear whether this gives rise to impairments in the perception of voice gender. About 20 children with HFA and 20 matched controls were presented with voice fragments that were parametrically morphed in gender. No differences were found in the perception of gender between the two groups of participants, but response times differed significantly. The results suggest that the perception of voice gender is not impaired in HFA, which is consistent with behavioral findings of an unimpaired voice-based identification of age and identity by individuals with autism. The differences in response times suggest that individuals with HFA use different perceptual approaches from those used by typically developing individuals.     

Defects in Bioenergetic Coupling in Schizophrenia

Synaptic neurotransmission relies on maintenance of the synapse and meeting the energy demands of neurons. Defects in excitatory and inhibitory synapses have been implicated in schizophrenia, likely contributing to positive and negative symptoms as well as impaired cognition. Recently, accumulating evidence has suggested that bioenergetic systems, important in both synaptic function and cognition, are abnormal in psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia. Animal models of synaptic dysfunction demonstrated endophenotypes of schizophrenia as well as bioenergetic abnormalities. We report findings on the bioenergetic interplay of astrocytes and neurons and discuss how dysregulation of these pathways may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, highlighting metabolic systems as important therapeutic targets.     

Ethnic disparities in problem behaviour in adolescence contribute to ethnic disparities in social class in adulthood

BACKGROUND: It is important for prevention of social class disparities to know how ethnic disparities in social class arise among migrant children. We contribute to this understanding by examining the role of problem behaviour in adolescence. METHODS: Prospective observational study with 753 Dutch native and 217 Turkish migrant adolescents (11-18 year) followed for 10 years. Internalising and externalising problems were assessed in adolescence and employment status and occupational level were assessed in adulthood. The difference in odds ratios (OR) before and after adjustment for internalising and externalising problems was an indication of the predictive value of disparities in internalising and externalising problems for the development of social class disparities. RESULTS: A total of 135 (62%) of the Turkish and 602 (80%) of the Dutch adults were employed. Internalising and externalising problems were not associated with employment status. Of the employed, 65 (48%) Turkish and 179 (30%) Dutch adults worked in low-level occupations (p < 0.0001). Internalising and externalising problems were associated with both ethnicity and occupation. The OR for low-level occupation for Turkish adults was 1.78 (1.19-2.65), indicating ethnic disparities. Adjustment for internalising problems lowered the OR with 36% to 1.50 (0.97-2.31), and adjustment for externalising problems lowered it with 8% to 1.72 (1.15-2.57). Findings were similar for men and women and did not vary by age. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnic disparities in occupational level in adulthood could partly be attributed to disparities in mental health between Turkish migrants and Dutch natives in adolescence. Prevention of ethnic disparities in mental health at young age may therefore also contribute to the prevention of occupational differences in adulthood.     

Progress in neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease

Slowing or aborting the progress of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains the most important unmet need of this disorder. There are several recent developments in trial design and also in drugs under investigation for possible neuroprotective effect. Emphasis has been placed on clinical as opposed to imaging end-points and these include change in a clinical rating scale, e.g. United Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), or time to additional therapy. The introduction of the delayed-start, or wash-in, trial design adds an additional dimension to drug evaluation for neuroprotection. Compounds that have been recently tested in clinical trial include the monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor rasagiline, the anti-apoptotic agents TCH346 and CEP1347, and the promitochondrial agent creatine. The dopamine agonists have been evaluated for a neuroprotective effect using imaging end-points. Perhaps the most important and simplest concept for neuroprotection has been the theory that early dopaminergic support for the degenerating dopaminergic system per se provides significant long-term clinical benefit for PD patients.     

Changes in parasympathetic system in medulla oblongata in male pigs in the course of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy

Background

Autonomic imbalance constituting a fundamental feature of heart failure (HF) has been assessed mainly at the periphery. Changes in the functioning of autonomic centers in the brain remain unclear. We investigated the molecular elements of parasympathetic system, i.e. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) and enzymes metabolizing acetylcholine (acetylcholinesterase, AChE, choline acetyltransferase, ChAT) in medulla oblongata (MO) of male pigs with chronic tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

Methods

The mRNA levels of AChE, ChAT, α7nAChR and X-box binding protein 1 (spliced form, XBP1s) in MO were analyzed using qPCR, AChE and ChAT activities using spectrophotometry, proteasome activity using fluorometry, and the protein level of α7nAChR using Western blotting.

Results

The development of systolic HF was accompanied by an increase in circulating catecholamines, a decrease in the AChE and α7nAChR mRNA in MO, an increase in AChE activity (all p < 0.05), and no change in either the mRNA or activity of ChAT. Both circulating catecholamine levels and AChE activity were inversely related to systolic function of left myocardial ventricle (p < 0.05). The level of α7nAChR protein in MO and its cytoplasmatic fraction were higher in pigs with moderate and severe HF as compared to the other animals (p < 0.01). There was no difference in proteasome activity in MO between diseased and healthy animals, whereas the XBP1s mRNA decreased during HF progression (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Molecular elements of parasympathetic system are changed within the medulla oblongata during the progression of systolic non-ischemic heart failure in male pigs, indicating a functional link between MO and heart in HF.