血管内支架成形术治疗肾动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的探讨血管内支架成形术治疗肾动脉狭窄的安全性及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年8月~2015年9月我院行血管内支架置入术的85例肾动脉狭窄患者临床资料,观察其手术成功率、围手术期并发症发生率及临床疗效。结果 85例患者共成功植入85枚球扩式肾动脉支架,手术成功率100%。围手术期未发生动脉夹层、支架内血栓形成、急性肾功能衰竭等并发症。术后血压较术前呈逐渐下降趋势,服用降压药数减少,肾功能-血肌酐稳定。85例患者随访6个月~7年,平均(21.3±18.4)个月。随访期间发现肾动脉再狭窄8例(9.4%),均为无症状性狭窄。无责任血管相关的肾功能恶化。结论血管内支架成形术治疗肾动脉狭窄能解除血管狭窄,可有效改善血压,防止肾功能恶化,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

介入诊疗技术在肾移植临床上的应用(附14例报告)

目的：探讨介入诊疗技术在肾移植临床上的应用。方法：回顾性分析14例肾移植术后患者接受介入诊疗的临床资料．其中肾移植术后肾功能丧失8例。移植肾动脉血栓形成2例．移植肾动脉狭窄2例。假性动脉瘤和术后并发重症高血压各1例。结果：对8例移植肾失功能者进行动脉造影。3例显示血管堵塞未予处置，另5例进行移植。肾动脉栓塞。其中3例栓塞术后完全停用免疫抑制剂．1例用小剂量激素维持．1例手术切除移植肾。1例重症高血压者经自体肾动脉栓塞．血压得到很好控制。接受肾动脉栓塞术患者均出现“栓塞后综合征”。2例移植肾动脉血栓形成患者溶栓成功．但。肾功能未恢复。2例移植肾动脉狭窄患者．1例放置支架失败。仅进行球囊扩张，术后血压控制良好。肾功能恢复。但6个月后血压再次升高、肾功能严重受损而行栓塞治疗，1例未处置。术后高血压得到控制。1例移植肾假性动脉瘤者经动脉造影证实后手术切除。结论：移植肾或自体肾动脉栓塞可替代手术切除移植肾和治疗肾移植术后重症高血压；移植肾动脉血栓形成可作溶栓治疗；移植肾动脉狭窄进行球囊扩张远期效果不佳。     

移植肾动脉血流峰值速度加快与移植肾动脉狭窄相关性研究

目的:探讨肾移植术后半年内移植肾动脉血流峰值速度加快与移植肾动脉狭窄相关性。方法:回顾性分析我院102例肾移植患者术后半年内移植肾多普勒超声图像检查结果及临床资料,比较患者收缩期血流峰值速度(PSV)、血压及移植肾功能。结果:102例患者中,有27例患者出现较高的PSV,其中4例患者呈现持续性PSV升高,经行移植肾动脉造影检查而确诊为移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS),行经皮肾动脉支架植入术(PTRAS)后,PSV降至正常,血压恢复正常,随访6~13个月未见狭窄复发。结论:在肾移植术后半年内,移植肾动脉PSV加快未必是肾动脉狭窄,可先随访观察,若超声提示PSV呈持续性升高,尤其是伴顽固性高血压,则需行移植肾动脉造影明确是否是TRAS。PTRAS是TRAS安全有效的治疗方法。     

自体肾移植术治疗顽固性肾血管性高血压的临床价值(附5例报告)

目的:总结采取自体肾移植术(renal autotransplantation,RAT)治疗因重度肾动脉狭窄(renal artery stenosis,RAS)所致顽固性肾血管性高血压(intractable renal vascular hypertension,IRVH)的经验并探讨其临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析武汉协和医院收治5例IRVH患者的临床资料及随访结果,观察术后患者血压改善情况及移植肾功能状况,并复习相关文献。结果:4例单侧重度RAS患者术后血压均降至正常范围,于术后20~35天停服降压药物。1例双侧RAS患者左侧行自体肾移植术后血压明显下降,出院后1个月右侧行经皮腔内肾动脉支架成形术(percutaneous transluminal renal artery stenting PTRAS),术后63天停服降压药物。随访6个月~3年,5例患者血压维持在正常范围,移植肾功能正常。结论:针对于肾动脉重度狭窄的患者,当无法行PTRAS术时,RAT可作为首选的治疗方法,而且疗效确切。     

同种异体肾移植术后移植肾动脉狭窄 介入治疗的临床疗效分析

目的探讨同种异体肾移植术后移植肾动脉狭窄（TRAS）介入治疗的临床疗效。方法介入治疗同种异体肾移植术后TRAS患者22例,其中单纯球囊扩张治疗10例（球囊组）,内支架治疗12例（支架组）。对所有患者术前及术后2年内血压、肾功能以及生活质量进行评估,并与同期接受单纯药物治疗的6例TRAS患者（药物组）进行比较。结果球囊组技术成功率90.00%,支架组技术成功率100%。术后在血压及肾功能改善方面,球囊组和支架组均取得显著疗效,两组近期疗效未见明显差异,药物组疗效不满意。术后随访6个月～2年,支架组再狭窄率16.67%,除1例不明原因治疗无效外,其余11例均能比较健康的生活和工作。球囊组手术失败1例,再狭窄率达40.00%。结论内支架植入术可作为TRAS特别是I型及Ⅱ型狭窄的首选治疗方法。     

肾动脉狭窄支架植入术的临床疗效观察

目的探讨肾动脉狭窄支架植入术的临床疗效.方法1997年1月～2004年12月,我院行支架介入治疗肾动脉狭窄27例.对27例术前、术后及随访期内血压、肾功能以及生活质量进行评估,并与同期单纯药物治疗肾动脉狭窄27例进行比较.结果介入组27例植入支架40枚,手术成功24例(88.9%,24/27),失败3例(11.1%,3/27),手术并发症5例(18.5%,5/27).术后在血压下降(包括收缩压舒张压)肌酐下降,肾小球滤过率增加方面,介入组获益率明显优于药物组,两组比较差异均有显著性,术后随访6个月～8年6个月,中位数为1年9个月,介入组有19例能比较健康的生活和工作,药物组仅12例能维持生活和工作.结论支架介入治疗较单纯药物治疗肾动脉狭窄疗效显著.     

肾动脉狭窄患者肾动脉支架置入术后再狭窄及肾功能和血压的改变

目的评估肾动脉支架术后再狭窄的发生及肾功能及血压的改变。方法对135 例单侧或双侧肾动脉明显狭窄(管腔内径减少≥70％)的患者行肾动脉支架置入术(PTRAS),术后行肾动脉造影、血压及血肌酐(Scr)的随访观察。结果 135例患者植入147枚支架均获成功。术后肾动脉造影随访率70％,平均随访时间为(7．2±5．6)月,再狭窄率为7．4％。血压及肾功能随访率为95％,平均随访时间(22±6)月,随访患者的收缩压与舒张压均明显下降,分别为 [(172±23)比(159±20)mm Hg,P<0．05,(93±16)比(85±13)mm Hg,P<0．05]。但术后12个月及24个月Scr和GFR与术前比较无显著性差异。结论肾动脉支架置入术后的再狭窄率较低,PTRAS有助于患者的血压控制。     

移植肾动脉狭窄的诊治(附3例报告)

目的探讨移植肾动脉狭窄的诊治方法. 方法回顾性分析253例肾移植术后发生的3例移植肾动脉狭窄(transplant renal artery stenosis, TRAS)的诊治经过. 结果 3例TRAS均发生于肾移植术后半年内,经彩超和肾动脉造影确诊.3例均行经皮穿刺移植肾动脉球囊扩张成形(percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty, PTRA)和血管内支架置入,获临床治愈.随访15～24个月,无TRAS复发,移植肾功能正常. 结论彩超是筛选TRAS的首选检查方法,肾动脉造影是TRAS的确诊手段.PTRA/血管内支架置入是治疗TRAS的安全、有效和首选方法.     

经皮腔内肾动脉支架成形术治疗动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的疗效分析

目的探讨经皮腔内肾动脉支架成形术(percutaneous transluminal renal artery stenting,PTRAS)治疗动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄(atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis,ARAS)的疗效。方法回顾分析2002年1月-2008年12月,采用PTRAS治疗69例ARAS患者的临床资料。男47例,女22例;年龄42～88岁,平均66.2岁。单侧66例,其中1例为单功能肾;双侧3例。肾动脉造影显示肾动脉狭窄程度为70%～99%。合并高血压67例,外周血管病损69例,冠心病34例,糖尿病44例,高血脂症36例。观察患者术后肾功能及血压变化并分析疗效。结果 1例肾动脉狭窄程度为99%的患者因急性夹层导致急性肾动脉闭塞,改行急诊旁路移植术;余68例均成功植入肾动脉支架,成功率为98.6%。68例肾动脉支架成功植入者中,1例术后3个月失访,1例术后6个月死于心肌梗死;余66例获随访,随访时间13～60个月,平均32个月。随访12个月时,血清肌酐水平为(107.8±35.4)μmol/L,与术前(104.1±33.8)μmol/L比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);9例肾功能改善(13.6%),48例稳定(72.8%),9例恶化(13.6%),肾功能获益率为86.4%。64例术前高血压患者随访12个月时,收缩压自术前(163±34)mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa)降至(132±24)mm Hg,舒张压自术前(89±17)mm Hg降至(78±11)mm Hg,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);4例高血压治愈(6.3%),52例改善(81.2%),8例失败(12.5%),高血压获益率为87.5%。随访12个月时2例(3.0%)出现再狭窄。结论 PTRAS治疗ARAS的手术成功率高,有助于高血压患者血压控制和稳定肾功能,远期疗效需进一步随访观察。     

动脉内支架植入术在移植肾动脉狭窄治疗中的应用

移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS)是肾移植术后常见的外科并发症之一，动脉内支架植入术(PTRAS)可以有效地对移植肾动脉狭窄进行治疗。我院采用PTRAS先后对14例移植肾动脉狭窄患者进行治疗，疗效颇佳。有关资料报道如下：     

肾动脉狭窄的介入治疗分析

目的 分析介入治疗肾动脉狭窄（RAS）的疗效。方法自2003年3月至2008年3月共收治45例RAS患者,53支肾动脉中单纯行腔内球囊扩张术（PTA）治疗11支,行球囊扩张及内置支架术（PTA／Stent）治疗者42支,随访9～48个月,检测患者的血压与血肌酐水平,并作肾动脉彩超。结果手术成功率为100％。手术后高血压治愈者9例,改善28例,肾功能改善12例。肌纤维发育不良及多发性大动脉炎的血压改善有效率均为100％,高于动脉粥样硬化的有效率65．1％（P〈0．05）。行彩色多普勒超声检查肾动脉18支,发现再狭窄者7支。结论PTA和PTMStent治疗肾动脉狭窄具有微创、安全、有效的优点。     

Restenosis in gold-coated renal artery stents

BACKGROUND: Gold coating improves stent visibility under fluoroscopy. This is particularly valuable for precise stent placement during renal artery stenting (RAS). There is conflicting evidence regarding restenosis with gold-coated stents. To evaluate the effect of gold coating on restenosis after renal stenting, we reviewed the results of all patients undergoing RAS in our practice. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of all patients undergoing RAS between June 2000 and September 2003 was performed. During this time, both gold-coated and stainless steel stents were used. Restenosis (>60% diameter) was determined by serial follow-up duplex exams (peak systolic velocity >180 cm/s and renal-aortic ratio >3.5). Restenosis rates were determined by using the Kaplan-Meier life-table method. Variables potentially affecting restenosis were evaluated with the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards modeling. RESULTS: RAS was performed in 97 arteries (78 patients). Gold-coated (NIRoyal) stents were placed in 59 arteries (48 patients). Stainless steel stents (Corinthian, Genesis, and Herculink) were placed in 38 arteries (34 patients). Patient demographics, indication for treatment, technical success, and complications did not differ between gold and stainless steel stent groups. Mean follow-up was 15 months for gold-coated stents and 18 months for stainless steel stents (NS). By life-table method, 1-year and 2-year freedom from restenosis rates were 84% and 78% in arteries treated with stainless steel stents versus 69% and 39% in those treated with gold-coated stents (P = .012, log-rank test). By multivariate analysis, only the use of gold-coated stents (P = .018; hazard ratio [HR], 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 8.7) and bilateral disease (P = .046; HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.02 to 5.2) predicted restenosis. Stent diameter, patient demographics, and indication for RAS had no effect on restenosis by univariate analysis. According to American Heart Association criteria, 87% of patients in the stainless steel group had improved blood pressure at 1 year, compared with 77% in the gold-coated stent group (Kaplan-Meier; P = .042, log-rank test). There were no significant differences in the effect of RAS on serum creatinine levels between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Gold-coated renal stents had a substantially higher rate of restenosis than stainless steel stents in our series. These findings have led us to abandon the use of gold-coated stents for RAS. Patients who have received gold-coated stents for the treatment of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis should be followed closely for evidence of restenosis.     

Treatment of atherosclerotic ostial renal artery stenosis with the intravascular stent

Traditional approaches to revascularization for atherosclerotic ostial renal artery stenosis (RAS) have been suboptimal because of the invasiveness and relatively high perioperative morbidity and mortality of surgery and the low rates of success and long-term patency with percutaneous renal angioplasty (PTRA). We report our 5-year (1991 to 1996) experience with the intravascular stent (Palmaz stent; Johnson & Johnson, Miami Lakes, FL) for the treatment of ostial RAS in 129 patients (63 men, 66 women) and 148 arteries. The mean age of the patients was 71+/-10 years; 98% were hypertensive and 57% had renal dysfunction. Angiographic characteristics of RAS were unilateral in 78%, bilateral in 15%, and single kidney in 7%. The technical success rates were 98% for stent versus 11% for PTRA in the ostial location. The stent restenosis rate (angiographic) was 14% at 8+/-5 months. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were as follows: baseline, 158+/-3 and 84+/-2 mm Hg; 6 months, 149+/-3 and 81+/-2 mm Hg; 12 months, 149+/-3 and 79+/-2 mm Hg; and 24 months, 135+/-3 and 79+/-2 mm Hg. Follow-up values were significantly lower than baseline (P < 0.05). The number of medications for hypertension initially decreased from 2.2+/-0.1 at baseline to 1.6+/-0.1 and 1.8+/-0.1 at 1 and 3 months, respectively (P < 0.05). By 6 months, however, the number of medications had increased and was not significantly different from before stent placement. Renal function was stable in the group as a whole: Cockroft-Gault creatinine clearance (C-G CrCl) at baseline was 40+/-2 mL/min; at 6 months, 36+/-3 mL/min; at 12 months, 39+/-3 mL/min; and at 24 months, 39+/-4 mL/min. When stratified by degree of renal function, values were similarly stable. Patients with a baseline serum creatinine level of 2 mg/dL or less had C-G CrCl values as follows: baseline, 53+/-3 mg/dL; 6 months, 43+/-4 mg/dL; 12 months, 46+/-4 mg/dL; and 24 months, 52+/-5 mg/dL. Those with a baseline serum creatinine level greater than 2 mg/dL had C-G CrCl values as follows: baseline, 26+/-2 mg/dL; 6 months, 31+/-4 mg/dL; 12 months, 32+/-6 mg/dL; and 24 months, 23+/-3 mg/dL. Of eight patients who were dialysis dependent, four (50%) recovered renal function with a mean serum creatinine level of 2.3+/-0.5 mg/dL at 15+/-6 months (range, 9 to 24 months). Stent placement for the treatment of atherosclerotic ostial RAS has a high success rate and a low rate of restenosis. Control of hypertension improves in most patients. Renal function stabilizes or improves in the majority of patients, even those with severe renal failure. These favorable outcomes are maintained long term.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent placement for recurrent carotid artery stenosis

OBJECT: Treatment consisting of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and stent placement has recently been proposed as an alternative to surgical reexploration in patients with recurrent carotid artery stenosis following endarterectomy. The authors retrospectively reviewed their experience after performing 25 procedures in 21 patients to assess the safety and efficacy of PTA with or without stent placement for carotid artery restenosis. METHODS: The mean interval between endarterectomy and the endovascular procedures was 57 months (range 8-220 months). Seven arteries in five patients were treated by PTA alone (including bilateral procedures in one patient and repeated angioplasty in the same vessel in another). Early suboptimum results and recurrent stenosis in some of these initial cases prompted the authors to combine PTA with stent placement in the treatment of 18 arteries over the past 3 years. No major periprocedural deficits (neurological or cardiac complications) or death occurred. There was one periprocedural transient neurological event, and in one patient a pseudoaneurysm of the femoral artery (at the access site) required surgical repair. In the 16 patients who each underwent at least 6 months of follow-up review, no neurological events ipsilateral to the treated artery had occurred after a mean follow-up period of 27 months (range 6-57 months). Three of five patients who underwent PTA alone developed significant (>50%) asymptomatic restenoses that required repeated angioplasty in one and PTA with stent placement in two patients. Significant restenosis (55%) was observed in only one of the vessels treated by combined angioplasty and stent placement. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular PTA and stenting of recurrent carotid artery stenosis is both technically feasible and safe and has a satisfactory midterm patency. This procedure can be considered a viable alternative to surgical reexploration in patients with recurrent carotid artery stenosis.     

Long-term effects of arterial stenting on kidney function for patients with ostial atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and renal insufficiency.

It is uncertain whether renal artery stent placement in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular renal failure can prevent further deterioration of renal function. Therefore, the effects of renal artery stent placement, followed by patency surveillance, were prospectively studied in 63 patients with ostial atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and renal dysfunction (i.e., serum creatinine concentrations of >120 micromol/L (median serum creatinine concentration, 171 micromol/L; serum creatinine concentration range, 121 to 650 micromol/L). Pre-stent renal (dys) function was stable for 28 patients and declining for 35 patients (defined as a serum creatinine concentration increase of > or =20% in 12 mo). The median follow-up period was 23 mo (interquartile range, 13 to 29 mo). Angioplasty to treat restenosis was performed in 12 cases. Five patients reached end-stage renal failure within 6 mo, and this was related to stent placement in two cases. Two other patients died or were lost to follow-up monitoring within 6 mo, with stable renal function. For the remaining 56 patients, the treatment had no effect on serum creatinine levels if function had previously been stable; if function had been declining, median serum creatinine concentrations improved in the first 1 yr [from 182 micromol/L (135 to 270 micromol/L ) to 154 micromol/L (127 to 225 micromol/L ); P < 0.05] and remained stable during further follow-up monitoring. In conclusion, stent placement, followed by patency surveillance, to treat ostial atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis can stabilize declining renal function. For patients with stable renal dysfunction, the usefulness is less clear. The possible advantages must be weighed against the risk of renal failure advancement with stent placement.     

供肾动脉带主动脉袖口预防移植肾动脉狭窄

目的:探讨供肾动脉带主动脉袖口预防移植肾动脉狭窄的效果。方法:对955例(1030例次)行肾移植患者的肾移植供肾动脉,全部采用主动脉袖口与受者髂内动脉吻合。应用彩色多普勒血流B超及移植肾动脉血管造影排除移植肾动脉狭窄。结果:955例(1030例次)肾移植无一例出现移植肾动脉狭窄。结论:供肾动脉带腹主动脉袖口可以防止移植后肾动脉狭窄发生。     

Transluminal vascular stent implantation for a patient with renovascular hypertension due to renal artery stenosis

In recent years, transluminal vascular stents have been implanted in patients with renal artery stenosis. At present, controversy remains as to whether the long-term outcome of stent implantation is better than that of percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA). However, until now, no clinical experience of a stent placement for renal artery stenosis has been reported in our country. We implanted a Palmaz stent in a patient with renovascular hypertenstion due to renal artery restenosis who had already undergone PTRA. The renal function and blood pressure of the patient improved remarkably.     

超声多普勒血流速度诊断肾动脉支架植入术后支架内再狭窄

目的 分析超声多普勒血流速度诊断支架植入术治疗重度粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄（ARAS）术后支架内再狭窄的价值。方法 回顾性分析85例（94条肾动脉）肾动脉支架植入术后重度ARAS患者，根据术后12个月超声造影（CEUS）所示支架内径狭窄比判定狭窄程度，以<30%为无再狭窄，30%~50%为轻度再狭窄，51%~70%为中度再狭窄，>70%为重度再狭窄；对比其支架内收缩期峰值血流速度（PSV）及肾动脉PSV与腹主动脉PSV比值（RAR）。采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析PSV、RAR对支架内再狭窄的诊断价值。结果 94条植入支架后肾动脉中，术后12个月2条支架闭塞。92条未闭塞动脉中，58条无再狭窄，15条轻度再狭窄，11条中度再狭窄，8条重度再狭窄。不同程度再狭窄肾动脉支架内PSV及RAR差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.01），且PSV、RAR随狭窄程度增高而逐渐加大（P均<0.05）。以PSV>162.50 cm/s作为判断支架内径狭窄比>30%的阈值，其敏感度、特异度均为100%；以RAR>2.28作为阈值，敏感度为100%，特异度为96.60%。对于支架内径狭窄比>50%，以PSV>219.55 cm/s作为诊断阈值，其敏感度为100%，特异度为98.60%；以RAR>3.17作为阈值，敏感度为100%，特异度为94.50%。以PSV>310.53 cm/s作为支架内径狭窄比>70%的诊断阈值，敏感度为100%，特异度为100%；以RAR>4.33作为阈值，敏感度为100%，特异度为100%。结论 超声多普勒血流速度对于诊断肾动脉支架植入术治疗重度ARAS术后支架内再狭窄的效能较高。