BDNF Val66Met基因多态性和温暖的教养方式对青少年抑郁的影响

目的:探讨BDNF Val66Met基因多态性与温暖的教养方式对青少年抑郁水平的影响。方法:采用爱荷华青年和家庭项目(Iowa Youth and Families Project)中教养问卷的温暖维度与儿童抑郁自评量表(Children’s Depression Inventory,CDI)分别对838名青少年抑郁症状与父母的教养方式进行测量,在确定被试BDNF Val66Met基因型后,用多重线性回归对测得数据进行分析。结果:温暖的家庭教养方式与青少年抑郁症状负相关;BDNF Val66Met多态性与青少年抑郁症状无显著相关;BDNF Val66Met多态性与温暖的家庭教养方式的交互作用显著预测青少年抑郁症状:Val等位基因携带者对家庭教养方式更加敏感。结论:本研究证实了BDNF Val66Met基因多态性与母亲温暖在青少年抑郁症状上存在交互作用,支持Belsky的"不同易感性模型"。     

长处与困难问卷父母评和自评的一致性

目的:研究长处与困难问卷(SDQ)父母卷和自评卷应用情况,分析父亲、母亲、青少年三者对SDQ问卷评价的异同.方法:采用全国青少年心理健康调查数据,对4644名11岁到21岁的在校学生长处与困难问卷的父母卷和自评卷数据进行分析.结果:问卷信度、效度总体良好.父亲评与母亲评在多动-注意、同伴关系、亲社会维度上有差异,在青少年早、中、晚期,自评分数普遍高于父母评,父母评和自评在大部分维度上有差异,如情绪症状、行为问题、多动注意三个维度,男生组和女生组结果在同伴关系和亲社会维度上略有不同.结论:长处与困难问卷父母评结果趋于一致,父母评和自评结果在各个维度上普遍存在差异.     

父母教养方式、人格与自尊的关系研究

目的探讨父母教养方式、人格与大学生自尊的关系。方法采用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)修订中文版、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)、自尊量表(SES)对260名大学生进行施测。结果①父母情感温暖理解、人格中的内外向维度与自尊呈显著正相关;②父亲拒绝否认、过度保护、母亲拒绝否认、惩罚严厉、人格中的神经质维度与自尊呈显著负相关;③结构方程模型分析表明,父亲教养方式对自尊的直接效应不显著(路径系数为0.13),父亲教养方式对人格的直接效应显著(路径系数为-0.34,P<0.01),人格对自尊的直接效应显著(路径系数为0.62,P<0.001)。而母亲教养方式对自尊的直接效应和对人格的直接效应均不显著。结论人格在父亲教养方式与自尊之间起完全中介作用,父亲教养方式能够通过影响人格的塑造而促进个体自尊水平的提高。     

大学生人格特征、父母教养方式与其成就动机关系的研究

目的了解大学生成就动机状况,探讨父母教养方式、人格特征对大学生成就动机的影响。方法采用成就动机问卷、父母教养方式评价量表、艾森克人格问卷对150名大学生进行调查。结果①艾森克人格问卷的精神质、神经质、内外向3个维度与大学生的成就动机存在显著的相关。②精神质、神经质、内外向3个维度与父母教养方式量表的各维度存在不同程度的相关。③大学生成就动机与父母教养方式大部分维度不存在显著的相关。④大学生人格特征,尤其是神经质、内外向两个维度是预测其成就动机的关键变量,父母亲情感温暖理解和过分干涉以及父亲拒绝否认、母亲过分干涉、母亲过度保护是预测个体人格特征的关键变量。结论大学生父母教养方式对其人格特征有显著影响,大学生人格特征对其成就动机有显著影响。     

父母对子女人格发展期望与青少年理想人格、现实人格和客观人格的比较研究

目的:考察父母对子女的人格发展期望与青少年自我发展期望之间的差异,以及对父母的期望与青少年现实人格、客观人格之间的差异进行比较.方法:采用中国青少年人格量表(QZPS-Q)对509名中学生及其家长进行了调查.结果:家长对子女的人格发展期望远高于对子女人格发展现状的评价,7大维度中只有行事风格维度差异不显著,19个小因子中有18个小因子差异显著;父母对子女的人格发展期望与子女自身期望在外向性、善良、行事风格维度上存在显著差异;青少年自评的现实人格与父母对子女人格发展的期望在除善良维度外的其余6大维度上均有显著差异.结论:父母对子女人格发展有较高的期望.     

父母监管对青少年问题行为的影响:结交不良同伴的中介作用

目的:考察父母监管对青少年问题行为的影响以及交往不良同伴的中介作用。方法:以中国科学院心理研究所双生子库中年龄9-19岁(M=13.5岁,SD=2.67)的1387对青少年双生子为研究对象,采用自评问卷和父母评问卷对青少年的问题行为进行测量,采用自评问卷对青少年的不良同伴交往及其父母教养行为进行测量。结果:1青少年自身的问题行为与母亲监管、父亲监管及结交不良同伴均有显著的相关性。2结交不良同伴在父母监管对青少年自身问题行为的影响中起到部分中介作用。结论:父母监管可以直接影响青少年问题行为,也可以间接通过结交不良同伴,进而影响青少年问题行为的发生。     

青少年评价父母教养投入行为问卷的修订及其信效度检验

目的:基于父亲教养投入问卷,修订青少年评价父母教养投入行为问卷。方法:通过方便取样对辽宁、北京、湖北、山东、贵州、河南、广东等地的3045名小学、初中及高中学生施测,进行项目分析、探索性因素分析、信度分析和效标效度分析。通过方便取样,对北京及广西的268名学生实施问卷调查,进行验证性因素分析。通过方便取样对北京和湖北的276名学生施测,计算重测信度。结果:青少年评价父母教养投入行为问卷的父亲版与母亲版在探索性因素分析中均包括情感休闲、规则教导、学业支持与生活照顾四个维度;验证性因素分析表明父亲版与母亲版四因素模型均拟合良好。青少年评价的父亲与母亲教养投入行为均与青少年人际技能呈显著正相关。父亲版与母亲版各维度Cronbach’sα系数、重测信度均在0.7以上。结论:青少年评价父母教养投入行为问卷具有良好的信效度,可作为青少年家庭父母教养投入研究的工具。     

母亲抑郁与青少年认知重评的关系:教养方式的中介作用

目的:考察母亲抑郁、母亲教养方式(关切-引导,温暖)与青少年认知重评之间的关系。方法:采用流调中心用抑郁量表,教养方式问卷和情绪调节量表,测量了1212对青少年双生子及其母亲。结果:①母亲抑郁和青少年认知重评显著负相关,母亲教养方式和青少年认知重评显著正相关,母亲抑郁和教养方式显著负相关。②母亲抑郁与青少年认知重评之间的相关可以由母亲教养方式完全介导。结论:母亲抑郁通过其教养方式影响青少年认知重评。     

父母教养方式对青少年特质焦虑的影响:意志控制的中介作用

目的:探讨父母教养方式对青少年子女特质焦虑的影响,并考察青少年意志控制的中介作用。方法:样本来自中国科学院心理研究所全国青少年心理健康数据库,对其中1398名14～20岁的在校学生数据进行分析;使用状态-特质焦虑量表测量青少年特质焦虑,青少年气质量表测量意志控制,爱荷华青年和家庭项目的教养问卷测量父母教养方式。结果:①青少年特质焦虑与父亲、母亲积极教养的各个维度负相关,与消极教养各个维度正相关;青少年特质焦虑与自身意志控制负相关。②意志控制在父母教养方式与青少年特质焦虑之间起部分中介作用。结论:父母教养方式能部分通过青少年的意志控制间接影响青少年的特质焦虑。     

父母控制与初中生抑郁、危险行为的关系:神经质的中介效应

目的:考察父母行为控制和心理控制与青少年抑郁和危险行为的关系,并考察神经质在两者之间的中介作用。方法:对珠海市某中学初中生329人作为被试(男生178人,女生151人)施测父母控制问卷、流调中心抑郁量表(CES-D)、青少年危险行为评定量表(RBQ-A)和艾森克人格问卷简式量表中文版(EPQ-RSC)中的神经质和内外倾分量表。结果:父母心理控制与初中生的抑郁和危险行为都呈显著正相关(r=0.30,0.25;P0.01),与神经质呈显著的正相关(r=0.32,P0.01);父母行为控制只和危险行为呈显著负相关(r=-0.13,P0.05),与抑郁不存在显著相关;行为控制与神经质无显著相关;神经质与抑郁和危险行为均存在显著正相关(r=0.73,0.28;P0.01);在控制其他的变量后,青少年的神经质人格在父母心理控制和抑郁关系中呈现完全中介效应,在父母行为控制与抑郁之间起遮掩效应;神经质在心理控制和危险行为以及行为控制和危险行为中存在部分中介效应,结论:父母控制通过神经质进而对青少年的抑郁和危险行为产生影响。     

Rumination in adolescents at risk for depression

BACKGROUND: Identifying high-risk adolescents and understanding first onset of depression in adolescence are important steps in reducing depression morbidity. There is compelling evidence that the personality dimension neuroticism is a risk factor for depression, but the vulnerability mechanism is not yet understood. This study examined the association between a hypothesized psychological vulnerability factor (rumination) and depression in adolescents. METHODS: A behavioural high-risk design differentiated a sample of 326 adolescents (aged 14-18) as either at normal or high risk for depression (operationalized as scores on a measure of neuroticism). RESULTS: Adolescents at risk for depression reported more rumination than adolescents not at risk. We hypothesized that the well established relationship between neuroticism and depression would be mediated by rumination in cross-sectional analyses, and our findings suggest that rumination partially mediated this relationship. CONCLUSIONS: The findings tentatively suggest that neuroticism acts as a risk factor for adolescent onset depression through increased tendency towards brooding rumination (i.e. moody self-evaluative dwelling) in response to depressed mood. Prospective and experimental research examining this mechanism is required.     

气质和教养方式对青少年攻击行为的交互效应检验

目的:考察气质间及气质与教养方式对青少年直接攻击和间接攻击的交互效应。方法:采用气质问卷、教养方式问卷和青少年攻击行为问卷,对1266名青少年进行调查。结果:①意志控制可缓冲感觉寻求对青少年直接攻击的风险作用。②权威教养可缓冲感觉寻求对青少年直接攻击的风险作用,而专制教养可增强意志控制对青少年直接攻击的保护作用;专制教养可减弱感觉寻求对青少年间接攻击的抑制作用。结论:气质间及气质与教养方式的交互效应对青少年直接攻击效应显著;气质与教养方式的交互效应对青少年间接攻击效应显著。     

Life events and depression in a community sample of siblings

BACKGROUND: The overall aim of the GENESiS project is to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for anxiety/depression, and to examine the interaction between these loci and psychosocial adversity. Here we present life-events data with the aim of clarifying: (i) the aetiology of life events as inferred from sibling correlations; (ii) the relationship between life events and measures of anxiety and depression, as well as neuroticism; and (iii) the interaction between life events and neuroticism on anxiety/depression indices. METHODS: We assessed the occurrence of one network and three personal life-event categories and multiple indices of anxiety/depression including General Health Questionnaire, Anhedonic Depression, Anxious Arousal and Neuroticism in a large community-based sample of2150 sib pairs, 410 trios and 81 quads. Liability threshold models and raw ordinal maximum likelihood were used to estimate within-individual and between-sibling correlations of life events. The relationship between life events and indices of emotional states and personality were assessed by multiple linear regression and canonical correlations. RESULTS: Life events showed sibling correlations of 0-37 for network events and between 0-10 and 0.19 for personal events. Adverse life events were related to anxiety and depression and, to a less extent, neuroticism. Trait-vulnerability (as indexed by co-sib's neuroticism, anxiety and depression) accounted for 11% and life events for 3% of the variance in emotional states. There were no interaction effects. CONCLUSIONS: Life events show moderate familiality and are significantly related to symptoms of anxiety and depression in the community. Appropriate modelling of life events in linkage and association analyses should help to identify QTLs for depression and anxiety.     

大学生人格特质与性别因素和风险决策行为的关系

目的:探讨大五人格特质及性别变量与大学生风险决策行为的关系。方法:招募在校大学生110名,采用大五人格简氏量表(NE0-FFI)与气球模拟风险决策任务(BART)分别测量被试的外倾性、责任性、宜人性、神经质、开放性及风险决策行为水平。结果:女生神经质与外向性特质得分高于男生,责任性与风险决策的得分低于男生(均P<0.05)。神经质负向预测风险决策(β=-0.24),宜人性与性别的交互项负向预测风险决策行为(β=-0.34)。方差分析结果显示,性别主效应、宜人性与性别的交互作用均有统计学意义(P<0.001或P<0.05)。结论:大学生大五人格特质中神经质与风险决策行为密切相关,而宜人性与风险决策的关系受到性别因素的制约。     

Parent-adolescent communication and psychological symptoms among adolescents with chronically ill parents

OBJECTIVE: To examine the psychological adjustment of adolescents living with a chronically ill parent and the relationship between psychological symptoms and communication with both their healthy and ill parents. METHOD: Adolescents, healthy parents, and ill parents from 38 families completed questionnaires regarding adolescent psychological symptoms, including posttraumatic stress symptoms, and parent-adolescent communication. RESULTS: Adolescent anxiety, depression, and behavior problems were within the subclinical ranges while approximately one-third of adolescents reported clinical levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Openness, but not problems, in communication between adolescents and their parents varied as a function of the parent's health status (healthy or ill) and parent sex. Adolescents reported poorer communication with healthy mothers; however only the quality of communication with healthy parents was related to adolescent psychological symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Many adolescents with severely ill parents appear to experience clinically significant posttraumatic stress symptoms, therefore assessment for these symptoms in this population is important. Communication with a healthy parent may serve significant and unique functions for adolescents with ill parents, making communication between adolescents and their healthy parent a potentially useful target for clinical intervention.     

Resilience among African American adolescent mothers: predictors of positive parenting in early infancy

OBJECTIVE: To use Nath et al.'s (1991) conceptual model of adolescent parenting to examine the relationship between resiliency factors measured shortly after delivery and maternal parenting behavior at 6 months. METHOD: We recruited 181 first-time, adolescent African American mothers at delivery. Data on resiliency factors (maturity, self-esteem, and mother-grandmother relationships) were collected when infants were 1-4 weeks of age. Data on parental nurturance and parenting satisfaction were examined through observations and self-report at 6 months. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses were used to examine the longitudinal impact of resiliency factors on parental nurturance and parenting satisfaction. Maternal maturity, positive self-esteem, and positive adolescent mother-grandmother relationships (characterized by autonomy and mutuality) were associated with better parenting outcomes. Maternal parenting satisfaction was lowest when infants were temperamentally difficult and mothers and grandmothers had a confrontational relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal associations between mother-grandmother relationships at delivery and parental behavior and satisfaction 6 months later may suggest an intergenerational transmission of parenting style. Recommendations are provided for intervention programs to enhance mother-grandmother relationships in contexts where adolescents are required to live with a guardian to receive government assistance.     

Sleep duration and personality in Croatian twins

The objective of this study was to examine which genetic and environmental influences contribute to individual differences in sleep duration in a sample of Croatian adolescent/early adult twins, as well as to investigate the relationship between personality and sleep duration. Participants included 339 twin pairs (105 monozygotic and 234 dizygotic) aged between 15 and 22 years. They reported on their average sleep duration and personality. The broad heritability estimate (additive and non‐additive genetic influences) for sleep duration was 0.63, while personality estimates ranged between 0.47 and 0.62. Significant negative phenotypic associations with neuroticism and openness were mainly genetically mediated 100 and 80%, respectively. Only 6% of the sleep duration variance was explained by genetic influences shared with neuroticism and openness. In regression analysis, age, gender and five personality traits explained 5% of sleep duration variance, with neuroticism and openness as significant predictors. Comparison of short, moderate and long sleepers showed that participants in the short sleepers group had significantly higher neuroticism scores than groups of moderate and long sleepers, as well as a significantly higher openness score than the group of long sleepers. This indicates that personality traits of neuroticism and openness contribute to the prediction of sleep duration due to overlapping genetic influences that contribute to both these personality traits and sleep duration. However, as phenotypic overlap of personality and sleep duration is relatively weak, heritability of sleep duration is not only related to individual differences in personality traits, so future research needs to examine other phenotypic correlates of sleep duration.     

Adolescents' behavior in the presence of interparental hostility: developmental and emotion regulatory influences

Within-family covariation between interparental hostility and adolescent behavior across three interactions over a 2-year period was explored in a sample that included 37 typical adolescents and 35 adolescents recently hospitalized for psychiatric difficulties. More interparental hostility across the three interactions was associated with more adolescent hostility and more positive engagement (at a trend level) regardless of psychiatric background. Parent-to-child hostility in each interaction mediated the link for adolescent hostility but not for positive adolescent engagement. Emotion regulation capacities and age were linked to variability in adolescents' behavior in the presence of interparental conflict. In interactions with more interparental hostility, adolescents with greater capacity to tolerate negative affect were more likely to show increased positive engagement, and adolescents who were better able to modulate their emotional expression were less likely to show increased hostility. Covariation between interparental and adolescent hostility across the three family interactions decreased as the adolescent aged. These findings are consistent with the theory that exposure to interparental hostility is emotionally disequilibrating, and that adolescent responses may reflect differences in emotion regulation and other developmentally based capacities. Gender and variations across families in overall levels of hostile parenting were also linked with adolescent behavior in the presence of interparental hostility.     

PERCEIVED NEIGHBORHOOD VIOLENCE,PARENTING STYLES,AND DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES AMONG SPANISH ADOLESCENTS

This article analyzed perceptions of neighborhood violence of Spanish adolescents (N = 1,015) from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families, and its association with three sets of developmental outcomes (psychological, behavioral, and academic). Tests of main and interactive effects were conducted to answer research questions regarding the potential moderating role of perceived neighborhood violence on the relationship between parenting styles and developmental outcomes. Results yielded only main effects of parenting styles and perceived neighborhood violence on developmental outcomes, as well as an interaction between gender and perceived neighborhood violence. Parenting styles and perceived neighborhood violence made an independent contribution to adolescent outcomes. Adolescents from authoritative and indulgent families were those who performed better in all developmental domains examined, and adolescents who perceived their neighborhoods as violent performed worse in all outcomes. Results suggested, however, that irrespective of parental behavior, perceived neighborhood violence was a developmental risk in adolescence.     

Neuroticism and personality disorder in depression

Neuroticism and DSM-III personality disorder were studied in 39 depressed inpatients. Interrelationships between these variables and their relationship to depressive typology were compared. The relationship of neuroticism, DSM-III personality type and adequacy of personality to MAOI treatment are also examined. Neuroticism scores were unaffected by short-term treatment, and no differences in neuroticism were observed between melancholics and nonmelancholics, or between endogenous and nonendogenous depressives. Higher neuroticism scores were associated with DSM-III personality disorder. Personality disorder occurred significantly more often in nonmelancholia; borderline, antisocial and histrionic personality disorders occurred exclusively in nonmelancholia, while passive-aggressive, dependent and avoidant disorders occurred in both kinds of depression. Response to MAO inhibitor treatment was similar in patients with high and low neuroticism, adequate and inadequate personality, DSM-III personality disorder and no DSM-III personality disorder. Ambiguities of Eysenck's neuroticism scale are discussed in relationship to depression.