一例多发性骨髓瘤高球蛋白血症患者血浆置换的护理

多发性骨髓瘤是一种恶性浆细胞疾病,约占所有血液系统恶性肿瘤的10%。而血浆置换已成为临床上治疗多种疑难、重症疾病的有效手段。现报告一例多发性骨髓瘤高球蛋白血症患者进行血浆置换的护理。护理要点包括治疗前加强心理护理,治疗中密切观察患者生命体征,有无感染、过敏、出血、低血压等并发症,及早预防,严密监测操作仪器运转情况及体外循环血流情况,从而保证血浆置换顺利进行,达到治疗效果。     

血浆置换救治药物中毒患者的护理

目的观察血浆置换治疗药物中毒的疗效,总结护理要点。方法应用血浆置换联合药物治疗11例药物中毒患者,置换期间注意患者的心肺功能变化及不良反应等。结果置换结束后,3例患者血浆置换治疗结束时即神志清醒,最迟8h患者神志转清醒,11例患者治愈出院。结论在血浆置换治疗中,护士是主要的技术操作者,护士严格掌握血浆置换技术,医护密切配合,严密观察病情,是血浆置换术成功的保证。     

血浆置换救治药物中毒患者的护理

目的 观察血浆置换治疗药物中毒的疗效,总结护理要点.方法 应用血浆置换联合药物治疗11例药物中毒患者,置换期间注意患者的心肺功能变化及不良反应等.结果 置换结束后,3例患者血浆置换治疗结束时即神志清醒,最迟8 h患者神志转清醒,11例患者治愈出院.结论 在血浆置换治疗中,护士是主要的技术操作者,护士严格掌握血浆置换技术,医护密切配合,严密观察病情,是血浆置换术成功的保证.     

血浆置换在神经内科自身免疫性疾病临床治疗中的不良反应分析

目的 观察血浆置换在神经内科自身免疫性疾病临床治疗中的应用安全性.方法 回顾性分析我科2007年3月～2012年5月应用血浆置换治疗的神经内科89名患者(男性55例,女性34例),观察每次治疗期间患者的不良反应出现情况.结果 根据所患疾病类型与严重程度,置换次数在4～6次/人,共416人次,每次置换血浆量1500～3000ml.血浆置换治疗期间过敏反应最为常见,共69次;其次为心脑血管症状,共12次;输血后枸橼酸盐中毒反应6次,最早出现于置换2个循环后,最迟在置换结束后输注新鲜冰冻血浆过程中;另有低血压性休克的严重不良反应2次,均出现于急性格林-巴利综合征患者.结论 1)没有致死病例;2)出现临床不良反应症状较轻,经及时对症治疗后短时间内可恢复正常.血浆置换治疗神经内科的自身免疫性疾病是安全的.     

血浆置换在重症肌无力患者实施胸腺切除术前的应用与护理

目的探讨血浆置换在重症肌无力患者实施胸腺切除术中的应用。方法回顾性分析22例重症肌无力患者实施胸腺切除术前应用血浆置换的病例,总结护理要点。结果全部患者经血浆置换治疗后,肌无力症状明显好转,相关指标达到手术所需指征。结论重症肌无力患者实施胸腺切除术前应用血浆置换可及时改善患者的临床症状,使手术治疗更为安全有效,血浆置换过程中护理措施得当,可保证血浆置换治疗顺利进行。     

重型肝病血浆置换术的临床观察与护理

目的观察血浆置换治疗重型肝炎的临床疗效并总结护理体会。方法对42例重型肝炎患者进行血浆置换138次置换，比较置换前后患者临床症状、肝肾功能、凝血功能、内毒素等指标的变化，观察不良反应，总结护理体会。结果置换后患者症状明显缓解，总胆红素、转氨酶、总胆汁酸、内毒素均较治疗前显著下降；血浆白蛋白较置换前升高，凝血酶原时间缩短。结论血浆置换能显著改善重型肝炎患者临床症状及生化指标。全面的术前准备、针对性的心理护理以及严密细致的术后观察与护理，有助于保证血浆置换的顺利进行，从而提高疗效和减少并发症。     

血浆置换治疗血栓性血小板减少性紫癜的疗效及护理

目的:观察血浆置换治疗血栓性血小板减少性紫癜患者的临床疗效及其临床护理对治疗的影响。方法:对20例血栓性血小板减少性紫癜患者应用血浆置换治疗,观察患者在血浆置换前后血小板、血红蛋白、血尿素氮、肌酐及间接胆红素的变化情况。在治疗期间,对患者进行耐心细致的护理,评估其生命体征,观察护理对患者的影响。结果:血浆置换治疗后与血浆置换治疗前相比,患者的血清间接胆红素、血尿素氮及肌酐水平显著下降,血小板和血红蛋白显著升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。20例患者中,16例好转出院,4例死亡。结论:血浆置换是血栓性血小板减少性紫癜的首选治疗方法,在血浆置换中,加强护理对血浆置换的顺利进行,提高救治成功率和减少并发症等方面起着关键作用。     

血浆置换联合化疗治疗浆细胞病的护理

浆细胞病系指浆细胞或产生免疫球蛋白(Ig)的B淋巴细胞过度增殖所引起的一组疾病[1].由于血液中存在过量的Ig引起血浆粘度增高,血流粘滞及出血等血流变学改变,当累及心、肾、脑等重要脏器时,出现相应的严重症状,常可危及生命[2].血浆置换对降低血粘滞度,缓解症状疗效显著[3].1997年至2000年我院对11例浆细胞病患者进行治疗性血浆置换术(TPE)联合化疗,取得满意效果.现将护理体会报告如下.     

血液净化治疗砷化氢中毒患者的护理

目的总结血液净化技术在急性砷化氢中毒患者中的应用及临床护理要点。方法选择2010年12月—2015年5月在我科诊断为急性砷化氢中毒的21例患者,采取血液透析联合血浆置换治疗、糖皮质激素静滴、保肝、营养心肌、利尿、碱化尿液、对症支持等治疗。给予心理安慰、血液净化期间护理、密切观察尿量尿色及时记录各项生化指标。结果 19例患者临床症状缓解,肾功能、胆红素、血清酶学及血红蛋白恢复正常,痊愈出院。2例患者因多器官功能衰竭死亡。结论早期使用血液透析联合血浆置换治疗及治疗期间配合医生对患者采取专业护理、加强责任心,能明显改善患者预后。     

血浆置换联合淋巴细胞去除术在视神经炎急性期患者中的作用及护理

目的:观察血浆置换联合淋巴细胞去除术在治疗视神经炎急性期患者中的作用及护理效果。方法:对15例严重视功能下降或糖皮质激素冲击后视功能无明显改善的急性期视神经炎患者进行血浆置换联合淋巴细胞去除术,同时针对性地给予患者治疗前、中、后的观察护理,采取有效措施预防低钾、低钙、低血压、出血等并发症的发生。结果:血浆置换联合淋巴细胞去除术对部分难治性神经炎有很好的疗效,本组15例患者经血浆置换治疗时出现的低钾、低钙、过敏等症状均得到有效控制。结论:对患者进行综合全面的评估,精心地观察与护理,能有效防治并发症的发生,对治疗的顺利进行及疾病的康复有着重要的意义。     

Plasmapheresis in severe sepsis and septic shock: a prospective,randomised, controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: To determine the therapeutic efficacy and safety of plasmapheresis in the treatment of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. DESIGN: Prospective, randomised, clinical trial with a planned, midstudy, interim analysis. SETTING: Intensive care unit in a university hospital in Archangels, Russia. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. INTERVENTIONS: One hundred and six patients were randomised to receive either standard therapy or an add-on treatment with plasmapheresis. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The primary endpoint was 28-day survival. Septic shock was diagnosed in 57% of the plasmapheresis-treated patients and 54% of the control patients. Mean APACHE III score at entry was 56.4 in the plasmapheresis group and 53.5 in the control group. The 28-day, all-cause mortality rate was 33.3% (18/54) in the plasmapheresis group and 53.8% (28/52) in the control group. This represents a relative risk for fatal outcome in the plasmapheresis group of 0.61, an absolute risk reduction of 20.5% and a number of patients needed to treat of 4.9. Apart from six transient episodes of hypotension and one allergic reaction to fresh frozen plasma, no adverse reactions were attributable to the plasmapheresis treatment in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Plasmapheresis may be an important adjuvant to conventional treatment to reduce mortality in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Plasmapheresis is a safe procedure in the treatment of septic patients. A prospective randomised multicentre trial is warranted to confirm our results and to determine which subgroups of septic patients will benefit most from this treatment modality.     

Outcome of collagen vascular diseases by treatment with plasmapheresis.

The outcome of collagen vascular diseases after treatment with plasmapheresis was studied in 9 patients with polyarteritis nodosa (PN), in 2 patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), in 1 patient with allergic granulomatous angitis (AGA), and in 20 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Improvement after treatment with plasmapheresis was observed in 41.7% of the patients with PN, WG, and AGA. On the other hand, with the exception of 1 patient with thrombocytopenia and 1 patient with renal failure, all of the clinical manifestations, including thrombocytopenia, central nervous system (CNS) lupus, thrombophlebitis, lung infarction, and recurrent abortions in the SLE patients with APS, improved after plasmapheresis. Plasmapheresis is thought to be an influential strategy of treatment for patients with collagen vascular diseases.     

Plasmapheresis in the treatment of hyperthyroidism associated with agranulocytosis: A case report

Plasmapheresis, also known as therapeutic plasma exchange, is used in the treatment of several disorders. Temporary improvement after plasmapheresis in cases with thyrotoxicosis has been reported. A 55-year-old woman presented with agranulocytosis induced by propylthiouracil and clinical signs of heart failure. Three sessions of plasmapheresis were performed. We observed an improvement of thyroid hormone levels and clinical findings as well. Plasmapheresis can be an option when drug treatment of thyrotoxicosis fails.     

甲状旁腺功能减退症患者的护理

目的探讨甲状旁腺功能减退症患者的护理经验。方法回顾性分析和总结10例甲状旁腺功能减退症患者的护理经过。结果 10例患者经药物治疗及精心护理,症状控制出院。结论做好心理护理、安全护理和精神症状护理及低钙血症的治疗和预防对提高甲状旁腺功能减退症患者治疗效果具有积极的意义。     

Role of plasmapheresis in acute disseminated (postinfectious) encephalomyelitis

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a demyelinating central nervous system disease that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although the recognition of ADEM may be facilitated by newer imaging techniques, the optimal treatment of this disease remains uncertain. We describe 4 patients with severe ADEM who responded to treatment that included intensive plasmapheresis. Two of the patients were in coma at the time that plasmapheresis was instituted, and all 4 patients made an excellent recovery. Immunologic studies revealed increased serum IgA levels, increased circulating immune complex levels as measured by the Raji cell assay, and decreased numbers of T and B cells prior to treatment of ADEM. These abnormalities improved following plasma exchange. Plasmapheresis appears to be effective in reversing the neuropathologic process in ADEM. The role of this treatment modality in ADEM requires further evaluation in controlled clinical trials. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

血浆置换治疗在儿科危重患者抢救中的经验

目的探讨血浆置换治疗在儿科危重症患者的应用价值和治疗方案。方法应用GAMBR0-PRISMA床旁血滤机和TPE2000膜式血浆分离器对15例危重症患儿（1岁10月～15岁，平均6．8岁）进行39次血浆置换治疗；以新鲜冰冻血浆作置换液，置换量为40-70ml／（kg·次），血泵速度为50～120ml／min，治疗时间2～3h／次：结果39次血浆置换治疗均顺利成功实施，无明显并发症出现；14例在治疗后临床症状及生化指标好转，5例痊愈。结论血浆置换可以应用于多种危重症儿科疾病，治疗方案需根据病情制定。     

The treatment of ANCA-associated rapidly-progressive glomerulonephritis and Goodpasture syndrome with therapeutic apheresis

Therapeutic plasma aphresis (plasmapheresis) is one form of treatment that is frequently used in practice of Nephrology. Plasmapheresis is the most important part of the therapies for Goodpasture's syndrome and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis which are causes of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. The reason why the effectiveness of plasmapheresis therapy cannot be clearly demonstrated in renal involvement in these diseases is that it does not appear to be possible to recruit an adequate number of patients and plasmapheresis is not effective in advanced disease if early treatment is not initiated.     

血浆置换治疗高脂血症性急性胰腺炎临床效果观察

目的探讨血浆置换治疗高脂血症性急性胰腺炎的临床效果。方法回顾性分析24例高脂血症性急性胰腺炎患者的临床资料,使用常规治疗合并血浆置换治疗,比较分析血浆置换治疗前后患者临床症状、血脂（甘油三酯、胆固醇）浓度变化以及患者预后等。结果24例患者中1例手术后行血浆置换治疗,1例极重症血浆置换治疗后再行手术治疗,余22例未行手术治疗。24例患者经血浆置换治疗后症状均有减轻、血脂浓度明显下降,甘油三酯从治疗前（24．55±10．76）mmol／L降到治疗后（3．85±3．02）mmol／L,差异有统计学意义（t=7．099,P〈0．01）;胆固醇从治疗前（10．82±5．06）mmol／L降到治疗后（3．43±1．28）mmol／L,差异有统计学意义（t=5．826,P〈0．01）。24例均治愈出院。结论血浆置换治疗高脂血症性急性胰腺炎安全、有效。     

Plasma adsorption in critical care.

Plasmapheresis therapies such as plasma exchange (PE), double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), or immunoadsorption plasmapheresis (IAPP) have become therapeutic tools in critical care. PE or DFPP are limited by their non- or semiselective removal of all plasma components. Replacement fluids such as fresh frozen plasma and albumin are necessary during PE or DFPP. There is the risk of infection and allergic reactions whenever such fluids are used. On the other hand, IAPP is superior to PE and DFPP because it does not require any replacement fluid. There has been development of many adsorbent columns used for removing specific pathogenic substances, and patients with various kinds of critical illness have been treated with IAPP. However, IAPP can be applied only for certain diseases because of the limitations of the commercially available columns. It is concluded that the development of new adsorption therapy may improve the high mortality and morbidity rate in critically ill patients.