自身免疫性肝病143例临床分析

目的比较自身免疫性肝炎（AIH），原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC），以及AIH—PBC重叠综合征，与慢性丙型肝炎（chronic hepatitis C．CHC）的临床表现、生化、免疫特点、治疗等，以助于诊治自身免疫性肝病。方法对74例AIH患者、21例PBC—AIH重叠综合征患者、48例PBC患者的临床及实验室检查资料进行回顾性分析．并与47例CHC患者进行对比。结果各组患者均有不同程度纳差、乏力等不典型临床症状，肝脏生化指标异常．自身免疫性肝病中免疫学指标可见不同程度异常，丙型肝炎的免疫学指标也可见部分异常。AIH组ALT、AST升高较明显，ANA阳性为主。肝活体组织检查：界面性肝炎常见，无淤胆；PBC组ALP、GGT升高较明显．M2阳性为主．肝活体组织检查淤胆及肝硬化常见。AIH—PBC兼具有两者特点。使用糖皮质激素，UDCA等治疗．大多可获得住院期间缓解。结论生化、免疫、肝活体组织检查等检测对自身免疫性肝病具有重要诊断意义．糖皮质激素．熊去氧胆酸等药物治疗有效。     

自身免疫性肝炎/原发性胆汁性肝硬化重叠综合征10例

自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)和原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)均属于自身免疫性肝病,是一组具有自身免疫基础的炎症性肝病.临床有一部分患者可同时具有上述两种疾病的临床特征,即AIH/PBC重叠综合征.本文对资料完整的AIH/PBC 重叠综合征10例进行临床特点分析,现报告如下.     

自身免疫性肝炎/原发性胆汁性肝硬化重叠综合征10例

自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)和原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)均属于自身免疫性肝病,是一组具有自身免疫基础的炎症性肝病。临床有一部分患者可同时具有上述两种疾病的临床特征,即AIH/PBC重叠综合征。本文对资料完整的AIH/PBC重叠综合征10例进行临床特点分析,现     

自身免疫性肝炎和原发性胆汁性肝硬化及其重叠综合征临床分析

目的 了解自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)、原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)及其重叠综合征的临床特点及诊断.方法对自AIH、PBC及其重叠综合征的临床表现、生化指标及自身抗体检查进行了分析和比较.结果 AIH、PBC及其重叠综合征的患者以女性为主.3组在性别、年龄、黄疸和瘙痒等症状及抗核抗体的检查上差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05...     

自身免疫性肝病218例临床分析

目的:分析比较三种自身免疫性肝病(autoimmune liver disease,ALD)患者的临床表现、血清学、自身抗体特点及治疗方案和疗效,为临床诊断及治疗提供帮助.方法:对我院2004年1月～2009年8月收治的自身免疫性肝病218例,其中自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis,AIH)164例,原发性胆汁性胆硬化(primary biliary cirrhosis,PBC)31例,自身免疫性肝炎-原发性胆汁性肝硬化重叠综合征(autoimmune hepatitis-primary biliary cirrhosis overlap syndrome,AIH+PBC)23例的临床表现、相关实验室检查及治疗方案进行回顾性分析.结果:AIH肝功中ALT与PBC、AIH/PBC,及γ-GIb与PBC比较(t9<0.05)有统计学意义,PBC肝功中GGT、ALP明显升高,与AIH、AIH/PBC比较(P<0.05)有统计学意义.AIH以ANA阳性为主(87.80%),SMA阳性占7.93%,PBC AMA(90.32%)、AMA-M2(80.65%)阳性率较高而具有特异性,AIH/PBC兼ANA(95.65%)、AMA(82.61%)阳性,AMA-M2(65.22%)阳性.AIH激素组治疗在生化指标与非激素组比较,出院复查AST指标有统计学意义(P<0.05).PBC、AIH/PBC主要给予熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)等治疗.结论:ALD主要为绝经期女性患者,临床表现具有多样性,肝穿刺病理检查对其诊断较为准确,但需结合肝功生化指标、特异型自身抗体等协助诊断.AIH治疗在无禁忌证情况下选择免疫抑制剂,PBC、AIH/PBC主要为UDCA.     

自身免疫性肝病158例临床分析

目的分析比较自身免疫性肝病患者的临床表现、血清学等指标,以提高该病的诊断率以及对ALD的认识。方法回顾性分析笔者所在医院近3年来收治的自身免疫性肝病158例患者临床资料,其中自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)25例,原发性胆汁性胆硬化(PBC)110例,自身免疫性肝炎-原发性胆汁性肝硬化重叠综合征(AIH/PBC)23例患者的血清血指标的差异,并分析临床并发症及病理学特点。结果 AIH、AIH/PBC组中ALT、AST与PBC组比较差异有统计学意义,PBC、AIH/PBC组中GGT、ALP与AIH组比较,差异有统计学意义。AIH组中IgG与PBC组比较差异有统计学意义,PBC、AIH/PBC组中IgM与AIH组比较差异有统计学意义,上述指标比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。AIH组以ANA阳性为主,PBC组AMA、AMA-M2的阳性率较高而具有特异性,AIH/PBC兼有AIH及PBC的血清抗体特点。AIH、PBC、AIH/PBC最终均可进展为肝硬化失代偿期。结论 ALD临床表现多样化,起病隐匿,肝穿刺病理检查结合血清学指标阳性使诊断更为准确。     

自身免疫性肝病的临床和病理特征分析

目的 探讨自身免疫性肝病(AILD)病人生化免疫指标、临床和肝组织病理特征。方法 选取2018年7月至2020年9月于南京市第二医院肝病免疫科诊断的AILD病人100例(1例原发性硬化性胆管炎除外),其中自身免疫性肝炎(AIH组)37例、原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC组)43例、AIH-PBC重叠综合征(OS组)20例,分析三组病人特征。结果 三组性别、年龄、总胆红素(TBIL)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)和免疫学指标[免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和免疫球蛋白A(IgA)]比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。AIH组与PBC组相比,AIH组血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)异常升高,而PBC组血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)异常升高(P<0.05)。三组抗核抗体(ANA)、抗线粒体抗体(AMA)、AMA-M2、核包膜蛋白抗体(GP210)、核多点抗体(SP100)和平滑肌肌动蛋白抗体(SMA)阳性检出率比较,均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。53例行肝穿刺病理检查的病人中,AIH 29例,PBC 11例和OS 13例;AIH组...     

134例自身免疫性肝病患者自身抗体的分析

目的：探讨自身免疫性肝脏疾病的自身抗体特征，以提高对该病的认识。方法：在134例患者中,原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）73例，自身免疫性肝炎（AIH）43例，原发性硬化性胆管炎（PSC）4例，乙型病毒性肝炎（HBV）3例，丙型病毒性肝炎（HCV）6例，非甲-戊型病毒肝炎（Non A-E）5例。采用间接免疫荧光法、免疫印迹法等分别检测抗核抗体（ANA）、抗线粒体抗体（AMA）、抗肝肾微粒体抗体Ⅰ型（LKM-1）、抗可溶性肝抗原，肝胰抗原（SLA／LP）和AMA-M2亚型等。结果：6例LKM-1阳性，6例SLA／LP阳性，分别见于AIH、AIH／PBC重叠综合征和HCV患者。PBC患者AMA和AMA-M2阳性率为94．5％，ANA阳性率为90.4％，以胞浆型为主（32／66）。AIH患者的ANA阳性率为90．7％，以核膜型为主（19／39）。非甲～戊组，2例AMA和AMA—M2阳性，1例SMA阳性。结论：检测自身抗体有助于该病的诊断，临床不能忽视肝功能异常的患者，诊断时应考虑可能患有自身免疫性肝病。     

自身免疫性肝病中的自身抗体

自身免疫性肝病主要包括自身免疫性肝炎（AIH）、原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）、原发性硬化性胆管炎（PSC）以及这三种疾病中任意两者之间的重叠综合征。自身抗体检测已经成为自身免疫性肝病的诊断、鉴别诊断以研究致病机理的重要手段。[第一段]     

肝活检病理检查隐源性肝炎的诊断价值

目的 通过肝穿刺活检进行组织病理和免疫组化检查,提高不明原因性肝炎的诊断率.方法 对79例经病史、生化、病原学等检查后仍为"病因不明"的肝炎患者经B超引导作肝穿刺活检病理检查及HBsAg、HBcAg免疫组织化学检查.结果 79例隐源性肝炎确诊57例(72.2%),其中急性乙型肝炎2例,慢性乙型肝炎16例,慢性丙型肝炎1例;非酒精性脂肪性肝炎9例;自身免疫性肝病11例(自身免疫性肝炎6例.原发性胆汁性肝硬化3例,AIH与PBC重叠综合征1例、原发性硬化性胆管炎1例);其他遗传代谢性疾病15例.仍病因不明22例.结论 隐源性肝炎仍以肝活检病理和免疫组织化学检查对隐源性肝炎诊断价值很高,是提高临床及病原学诊断的重要方法.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.