美造出有造血干细胞功能的细胞

正英国《自然》杂志5月16日发表了两项干细胞研究重要进展,美国科学家成功将人体多能干细胞和小鼠内皮细胞转化为具有造血干细胞功能的细胞。最新成果距离在实验室内制造出造血干细胞(HSC)又近了一步,对细胞疗法、药物筛选和白血病的研究治疗具有重要意义。血细胞由造血干细胞产生,造血干细胞在胚胎发育期间出现,产生于血管壁上特化的内皮细胞。造血干细胞具有长期自我更新的能力和分化成各类成熟血细胞的潜     

造血微环境及调节因素异常引起的贫血

正要了解造血微环境,首先要了解什么是造血。造血是指从造血干细胞分化为早期祖细胞,经大量增殖又逐渐分化成为晚期祖细胞,随后分化为骨髓中不同系列的"前体细胞",最后分化成为各类具有生理功能的血细胞的过程。之所以称"始祖细胞"为造血干细胞,是因为医学工作者在脑海中将造血的过程比作了一棵大树,造血干细胞相当于"树干",是造血过程的根本;"早期祖细胞"就相当于"枝干","晚期祖细胞"相当于枝条,"前体细胞"相当于"开花",最后分化形成的各种生理功能的血细胞则是造血"这棵大树"结下的"形形色色的果实"。     

造血干细胞移植的临床应用

造血干细胞移植(HSCT)是指将各种来源的正常造血干细胞包括骨髓干细胞、外周血干细胞或脐带血干细胞在患者接受超剂量化疗或放疗后,通过静脉输注植入患者体内,重建患者由于各种原因被摧毁或已衰竭的造血及免疫功能.HSCT的理论基础是造血干细胞具有自我更新及分化成熟为各种血细胞和免疫活性细胞的能力.HSCT不仅重建了患者的造血功能,亦重建了患者的免疫功能[1].     

骨髓间充质干细胞在消化道疾病中的应用

干细胞具有持久的自我增殖和分化能力,在特定的条件下,可以分化成不同功能的细胞,形成多种组织和器官。干细胞按照细胞起源的阶段可分为胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞,按照其分化潜能分为全能干细胞、多能干细胞和单能干细胞3类。骨髓干细胞（BMDCs）包括骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）、造血干细胞和内皮祖细胞。     

骨髓象实验室检查

骨髓是一种海绵样、胶状的脂肪性组织,封闭在坚硬的骨髓腔内。骨髓分红髓(造血细胞)和黄髓(脂肪细胞)二部分。正常成人骨髓组织的重量大约占体重的3.4％～5.9％,约1600～3700克左右,其中红髓重量约1000克。红髓的造血功能可持续终身,但其活跃的程度随着年龄的增长而有所减低。一个健康成人每天约生成20×10~(10)红细胞,11.5×10~(10)中性粒细胞,12×10~(10)血小板。各种成熟的血细胞都由造血干细胞增殖分化而来。造血干细胞分化成熟为各系祖细胞,后者再增殖分化,成为显微镜下形态可辨认的各系前体细胞及各种成熟血细胞。血细胞从原始到成熟一般经历下列变化:①     

造血干细胞知识问答

1．什么是造血干细胞？ 造血干细胞意为“树”、“干”和“起源”。类似于一棵树干可以长出树权、树叶,并开花和结果等。通俗地讲,造血干细胞是指尚未发育成熟的细胞,是所有血细胞和免疫细胞的起源,它不仅可以分化为红细胞、白细胞和血小板,还可跨系统分化为各种组织细胞,因此是多功能干细胞,医学上称其为“万用细胞”,也是人体的始祖细胞。     

造血干细胞知识问答

1.什么是造血干细胞? 造血干细胞意为"树"、"干"和"起源".类似于一棵树干可以长出树杈、树叶,并开花和结果等.通俗地讲,造血干细胞是指尚未发育成熟的细胞,是所有血细胞和免疫细胞的起源,它不仅可以分化为红细胞、白细胞和血小板,还可跨系统分化为各种组织细胞,因此是多功能干细胞,医学上称其为"万用细胞",也是人体的始祖细胞.     

中国造血干细胞捐献者资料库问答五十题

1　什么是骨髓 ?人体大部分骨头的中央部分有空腔也叫骨腔 ,骨腔内所含的物质叫骨髓。骨髓分红骨髓和黄骨髓 ,红骨髓中的造血干细胞具有造血功能 ,人体血液中的红细胞、血小板、淋巴细胞、粒细胞等 ,都是由它经过多次分化发育而成的。2　人体中有多少骨髓 ?人体骨髓量与体重等因素相关 ,成年人骨髓量一般为3千克左右。3　什么是造血干细胞 ?它能再生吗 ?造血干细胞是能自我更新、有较强分化发育和再生能力 ,可以产生各种类型血细胞的一类细胞 ,来源于红骨髓 ,可以经血流迁移到外周血液循环中。造血干细胞生长是保持平衡的 ,不会因为献血或捐…     

牛膝精对辐照小鼠造血干细胞和红系造血祖细胞的影响

目的探讨牛膝精（ABE）对辐照小鼠造血干细胞（以CFU-S表示）和早期红系造血祖细胞[以红系爆式集落形成单位（BFU-E）表示]和晚期红系造血祖细胞[以晚期红系集落形成单位（CFU-E）表示]的影响。方法采用脾集落形成和造血祖细胞培养技术,观察了牛膝精对辐照小鼠脾重、造血干细胞、早期红系造血祖细胞和晚期红系造血祖细胞的影响。结果该药能使受照鼠脾重及脾集落数明显提高,但不能刺激早、晚期红系造血祖细胞的活性。结论牛膝精能刺激造血干细胞的增殖,但对其向红系分化无明显影响。     

细胞因子临床应用的新进展

正常人外周血成熟细胞生理数量的恒定 ,有赖于体内造血干细胞的自我增殖和分化来维持。这种增殖和分化 ,除受细胞和细胞间相互作用外 ,主要受体内许多体液因子的调节。这些因子目前统称为细胞因子。自 80年代以来 ,细胞因子的研究日益受到重视 ,越来越多的细胞因子被发现、分离提纯和重组克隆化 ,制成商品 ,为临床治疗多种疾病提供新的手段。目前临床应用较多的重组人 (ｒｅｃｏｍｂｉｎａｎｔｈｕｍａｎ ,ｒｈ)细胞因子有粒 -巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 (ＧＭ -ＣＳＦ)、粒细胞(ＣＳＦ(Ｇ -ＣＳＦ)、巨噬细胞ＣＳＦ(Ｍ -ＣＳＦ)、白细胞介素- 2 …     

Transfer Factor and Cellular Immunity

It has been shown that delayed hypersensitivity can be transferred both in vivo and in vitro by a cell-free substance elaborated by immune lymphocytes. This demonstration opens up the possibility that disease states associated with derangements in cellular immunity—perhaps including cancer—might be treated without the necessity of bypassing or surmounting the host defense mechanisms against whole cells.     

细胞因子在造血干细胞移植中的临床应用

造血干细胞移植已成为根治血液与其他系统恶性肿瘤、遗传性与获得性严重血液病及某些免疫性疾患等的重要手段。随着移植技术的不断进展 ,细胞因子在造血干细胞移植中的临床应用也日趋广泛。在克服移植后的某些合并症 ,提高移植的成功率及扩大移植适应症等方面细胞因子无疑起到重要的有时甚至是关键的作用。现已成为造血干细胞移植必不可少的组成部分。目前细胞因子在造血干细胞移植中的临床应用主要包括外周血干细胞动员 ,促进移植后造血功能的恢复 ,造血干细胞的体外培养与扩增及防治移植后的某些合并症等方面。1　外周血干细胞的动员外周…     

Anemia and Hematopoietic Factor Deficiencies in Patients after Endoscopic Gastrostomy: A Nine-Year and 472-Patient Study

Introduction and aims: Patients undergoing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) may present protein-energy malnutrition, anemia and deficiencies of hematopoietic factors, e.g., iron, folate and vitamin B12. There are no comprehensive studies on anemia or other hematological changes in PEG-patients. Our aim was to evaluate the hematological status of dysphagic patients that had undergone PEG and its association with clinical outcome. Methods: This research comprises a retrospective study of patients followed by our Artificial Feeding Team, submitted to PEG from 2010 to 2018. Patients were divided into two etiological groups: neurological dysphagia (ND) and head/neck or esophageal disorders (HNE). Laboratory data included serum albumin, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, ferritin, transferrin, iron, vitamin B12 and folate. Survival after PEG was recorded in months, until death or December 2018. Results: We evaluated 472 patients; 250 (53%) presented anemia at the moment of gastrostomy, mostly normocytic (n = 219), with laboratory data suggestive of anemia of chronic disease (ACD). Six patients (1.3%) presented vitamin B12 deficiency and 57 (12.1%) presented folate deficit. No statistically significant difference in hemoglobin was found between the etiological groups (p = 0.230). Folate and vitamin B12 levels were lower in the HNE group (p < 0.01). A positive correlation between hemoglobin and survival was present (p < 0.01, r = 0.289), and hemoglobin levels were lower in the deceased population (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Anemia is frequent in PEG-patients, mostly with the features of ACD or multifactorial. It is associated with significant decrease in survival and may be viewed as a marker of severe metabolic distress, signaling poor outcome.     

Hematopoietic cytokines as tumor markers

Serum tumour markers may be helpful in early diagnosis of cancer, in the initial assessment of the extent of the disease, and in monitoring of the tumour growth or tumour volume reduction, once cancer has been diagnosed and treatment started. Recent studies have focused on a new family of markers--hematopoietic cytokines.     

Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in aplastic anemia

Severe aplastic anemia is a rare syndrome characterized by bone marrow failure with cytopenias and hypocellular bone marrow biopsy (usually 10-15%), without blasts or myelodysplasia. The first choice treatment for these patients is allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from a sibling matched for HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DR. Unfortunately only 30% of patients have an HLA-matched sibling (a 25% chance per sibling). The alternative treatment for severe aplastic anemia for the rest of the patients (70%) is immunosuppression with antithymocyte globuline and cyclosporine. The evolution of bone marrow transplantation since 1970's has been positive in terms of survival and transplant success (initial overall survival 43% vs. 90% lately, and graft rejection of 29% vs. 4%). The favorable outcome of bone marrow transplantation for severe or very severe aplastic anemia is due to: the use of conditioning with antithymocyte globuline and cyclophosphamide, the use of graft-vs.-host disease prophylaxis with short curse methotrexate and cyclosporine and the use of filtrated and irradiated blood products. For those patients without an HLA-matched related donor the first treatment to use is the immunosuppression with antithymocyte globuline and cyclosporine. Another option emerged in the late 80's is the unrelated bone marrow transplantation, with survival hardly half of the HLA-identical related bone marrow transplants. In our country, the first allogeneic bone marrow transplant was done in the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, in a patient with aplastic anemia, making possible to perform this procedure safely in our country.