Previous pulmonary disease and family cancer history increase the risk of lung cancer among Hong Kong women

Chinese women in Hong Kong have among the highest incidence and mortality of lung cancer in the world, in spite of a low prevalence of smoking. We carried out this population-based case–control study to evaluate the associations of previous lung disease and family cancer history with the occurrence of lung cancer among them. We selected 212 cases that were newly diagnosed with primary lung cancer, and randomly sampled 292 controls from the community, frequency matched by age group. All the cases and controls were lifetime nonsmokers. We estimated the main effects of preexisting asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, and family lung/all cancer history, using unconditional logistic regression, accounting for various potential risk factors and confounders. All of the previous lung diseases, except chronic bronchitis, were related to an elevated risk for lung cancer, and the association with asthma was significant. Those who had more than one previous lung disease tended to be at higher risk than those with only one of them. Positive family history of any cancer was associated with over 2-fold risk than negative family history. The joint effect of positive history of previous pulmonary diseases and positive family cancer history appeared to be additive, indicating the two factors acted independently. The results support an etiological link of preexisting lung disease and family cancer history to the risk of lung cancer.     

Obesity and the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma (United Kingdom)

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and obesity. Methods A population-based case–control study recruited incident cases of lymphoma in England during 1998–2003. Information on height and weight was collected from 216 cases with a histologically confirmed incident diagnosis of HL and their age- and sex-matched controls. Results Obesity, defined as a body mass index of 30 kg m⁻² or above at 5 years prior to diagnosis, increased the risk of HL more than 2-fold compared to those in the normal range of 18.5–<25 kg m⁻² (odds ratio (OR) = 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 4.3). The association was more prominent among men (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.2, 6.5) than women (OR = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.3, 3.8). Elevated risks tended to be among older (aged 36–50 and 51–69) rather than younger persons (aged ≤35 years), and for EBV−ve, rather than EBV+ve, HL. Conclusions This study suggests that obesity may increase the risk of HL, particularly among men. Further investigations are needed to confirm these findings.     

Obesity and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (United States)

OBJECTIVE: Few studies have explored the potential association between body mass index (BMI) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) according to histologic subtypes, or have evaluated BMI at different periods in the subject's life, and the results of these studies have been inconsistent. SUBJECTS: A population-based, case-control study of 387 patients with NHL and 535 controls conducted in Nebraska between 1999 and 2002. METHODS: Information on usual adult weight, weight at the ages 20-29, 40-49, and 60-69 years, height, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors was collected by telephone interview. A self-administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to collect dietary intake. Risk was estimated by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for age, total energy intake, physical activity, and other confounding factors. RESULTS: Higher adult BMI was associated with risk of NHL (OR=1.4; 95% CI=0.9-2.0) comparing the obese group (BMI >or= 30.0 kg/m(2)) with the normal weight group (BMI=18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)). The risk was higher for those who were class 2 obese (BMI >or= 35.0 kg/m(2), OR=1.7; 95% CI=1.0-2.9). The positive association was similar among men and women. An excess risk of NHL was associated with high BMI at ages 40-49 years (OR=1.6; 95% CI=1.0-2.5), and to a lesser extent, at ages 20-29 years (OR=1.4; 95% CI=0.8-2.5). Obesity at ages 40-49 years was also associated with a higher risk of small lymphocytic lymphoma (OR=4.5; 95% CI=1.5-13.3), diffuse large B-cell NHL (OR=1.8; 95% CI=0.9-3.9) and follicular NHL (OR=1.8; 95% CI=0.9-3.5). CONCLUSION: Obesity is associated with risk of NHL overall. Obesity at ages 40-49 years is also associated with a higher risk of NHL overall, and particularly small lymphocytic, follicular, and diffuse large B-cell NHL.     

Clinical characteristics of familial vs. sporadic non-Hodgkin lymphoma in patients diagnosed at the Mayo Clinic (1986-2000)

There are few data on the clinical characteristics of familial vs. sporadic non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Using the NHL registry at the Mayo Clinic, we compared age of diagnosis, gender, tumor site and histologic subtype between patients with sporadic and familial NHL. In 2001, we identified all new cases of adult NHL diagnosed between 1986 and 2000 in the Mayo Clinic NHL database (n = 2,289) and mailed out a family history questionnaire to all living patients with a current address (n = 1,043). Each NHL patient was categorized according to their self-report of leukemia or lymphoma in first-degree (1°) relatives. We received complete FH information on 740 patients (71%). Age at diagnosis of NHL ranged from 18 - 88 years (mean = 59 years) and 53% of our cases were male. First-degree FH of lymphoma was reported by 43 patients (6%), 1° FH of leukemia by 27 patients (4%) and 1° FH of both in 4 (1%). There was a nonstatistically significant later age at diagnosis for cases with any family history of lymphoma or leukemia (mean age = 61.3 and 61.7 years, respectively) vs. no family history (59.0 years) (P = 0.58). The male to female ratio for those with a FH of leukemia (ratio = 2.9) was higher compared to those with FH lymphoma (0.95) or no FH (1.1) (P = 0.08). No differences were apparent between 1° FH and site of NHL (nodal vs. extranodal) (P = 0.53). Among recently diagnosed cases (since 1995), there was some suggestion of a greater proportion of aggressive tumors for those with any family history (69% and 55%) vs. none (50%) (P = 0.20). We found little evidence of large differences between familial and sporadic NHL with regard to age, gender, site or histologic subtype.     

XRCC1 and XRCC3 variants and risk of glioma and meningioma

Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affecting DNA repair capacity and modifying cancer susceptibility have been described. We evaluated the association of SNPs Arg194Trp, Arg280His, and Arg399Gln in the X-ray cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) and Thr241Met in the X-ray cross-complementing group 3 (XRCC3) DNA repair genes with the risk of brain tumors. The Caucasian study population consisted of 701 glioma (including 320 glioblastoma) cases, 524 meningioma cases, and 1,560 controls in a prospective population-based case–control study conducted in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and the UK. The studied SNPs were not significantly associated with the risk of brain tumors. The highest odds ratios (ORs) for the associations were observed between the homozygous variant genotype XRCC1 Gln399Gln and the risk of glioma (OR = 1.32; 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.97–1.81), glioblastoma (OR = 1.48; 95% CI, 0.98–2.24), and meningioma (OR = 1.34; 95% CI, 0.96–1.86). However, in pair-wise comparisons a few SNP combinations were associated with the risk of brain tumors: Among others, carriers of both homozygous variant genotypes, i.e., XRCC1 Gln399Gln and XRCC3 Met241Met, were associated with a three-fold increased risk of glioma (OR = 3.18; 95% CI, 1.26–8.04) and meningioma (OR = 2.99; 95% CI, 1.16–7.72). In conclusion, no significant association with brain tumors was found for any of the polymorphisms, when examined one by one. Our results indicated possible associations between combinations of XRCC1 and XRCC3 SNPs and the risk of brain tumors.     

Temporal patterns of association between cigarette smoking and leukemia risk

Objectives To evaluate variation in smoking-related leukemia risk with time-since-exposure. Methods We analyzed data from a population-based case–control study conducted in Germany. Odds ratios were estimated by applying conditional logistic regression methods to 470 incident leukemia cases and 1,009 controls. Cases were classified as acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Temporal variation in the impact of smoking on leukemia risk was assessed via exposure time-windows and a spline latency function. Results Current smokers were at greater risk of ANLL than those who never smoked (OR = 1.65 95% CI: 0.95, 2.87) and a positive trend was observed in ANLL risk with cumulative pack-decades smoked, under a 2-year exposure lag assumption (OR/pack-decade = 1.11 95% CI: 0.96, 1.30). This was primarily due to the association between ANLL and smoking in the period 2 to <10 years prior (OR/pack-decade = 2.72 95% CI: 0.93, 7.99). There was minimal evidence of association between ANLL risk and packs smoked 10 or more years prior. CML and ALL exhibited minimal evidence of association with smoking status. CLL exhibited a positive association with smoking in the periods 2 to <10 years and 10 to <20 years prior to diagnosis although estimates of association were highly imprecise. Conclusions The temporal pattern of smoking-induced ANLL risk appears to follow a prompt peak in excess incidence that diminishes with time since exposure. Institute in which the work was performed: Institute for Community Medicine, Section Health Care Epidemiology and Community Health, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.     

Dietary factors and risk of t(14;18)-defined subgroups of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Objective  To evaluate the associations between diet and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) according to t(14;18) status, one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities in NHL, as t(14;18)-positive NHL represents a genetically more homogeneous group than NHL overall. Methods  We determined the presence of the t(14;18)(q32;q21) by fluorescence in situ hybridization in 172 of 175 tumor blocks from a population-based, case–control study conducted in Nebraska during 1983–1986. Information on the frequency of consumption as an adult of 30 food items was derived from the parent case–control study. Dietary factors in 60 t(14;18)-positive and 87 t(14;18)-negative cases were compared with 1,075 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using polytomous logistic regression. Results  The risk of t(14;18)-positive NHL for the highest versus the lowest approximate tertile of intake was elevated for milk (OR = 2.2; 1.0–5.0) and dietary nitrite (OR = 2.8; 1.3–6.1), whereas coffee consumption was inversely associated with risk (OR = 0.4; 0.2–0.7). We also found inverse associations between the intake of fish (OR = 0.5; 0.3–1.0) and carotene (OR = 0.5; 0.2–0.9) and risk of t(14;18)-negative NHL. There was no association between the intake of meats, vegetables, protein, or vitamin C and risk of either t(14;18)-positive or t(14;18)-negative NHL. Conclusion  We observed differences in associations between diet and t(14;18)-defined subgroups of NHL. These findings should be interpreted cautiously because of the small sample. Specific contributions of all authors to published work  B. C. Chiu helped to obtain funding for the project, provided input into the statistical analyses, and drafted and revised this report. B. J. Dave was responsible for molecular cytogenetic data collection and interpretation. S. Jain helped in molecular cytogenetic data analyses. A. Blair, S. H. Zahm, and D. D. Weisenburger designed and conducted the epidemiologic case–control study. M. H. Ward, S. M. Gapstur, A. Blair, A. J. Fought, L. Hou, A. M. Evens, and S. H. Zahm provided input into the data analyses and interpretation. D. D. Weisenburger was responsible for sample collection, and preparation and review of the cases. All authors contributed to the final version of this report.     

Reproductive factors and hormone use and risk of adult gliomas

Previous research suggests there may be a hormonal influence on glioma risk as evidenced by lower rates in females, change in incidence rates around ages at menarche and menopause, and presence of hormone receptors in glial tumors. Using the large San Francisco Bay Area Adult Glioma Study, we investigated whether reported reproductive factors and hormone use were associated with gliomas overall or with histologic subtypes among female cases (n = 619) and controls (n = 650). We found that reproductive factors were generally not associated with gliomas. Weak to moderately elevated odds ratios were observed for self-reported later age at menarche (14+ vs. 12–13 years old: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–1.89), particularly for non-glioblastoma histologies (AOR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.11–2.43). Inverse associations were observed for ever self-reported use of exogenous hormones (oral contraceptive use: AOR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.53–0.99; postmenopausal hormone use: AOR = 0.56, CI: 0.37–0.84). However, cumulative hormone exposure defined multiple ways demonstrated no clear pattern of association. The results of this study suggest that any protective effect of hormones on gliomas may be limited to exogenous hormones, but a more detailed history of exogenous hormone use is needed to confirm findings.     

Hobbies with solvent exposure and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Occupational exposure to solvents has been reported to increase non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) risk in some, but not all, studies. In a population-based case–control study, we examined whether participation in selected hobbies involving solvent exposure increases NHL risk. We identified NHL cases diagnosed at ages 20–74 years between 1998 and 2000 in Iowa or metropolitan Los Angeles, Detroit, and Seattle. Controls were selected using random digit dialing or Medicare files. Computer-assisted personal interviews (551 cases, 462 controls) elicited data on model building, painting/silkscreening/artwork, furniture refinishing, and woodworking/home carpentry. Hobby participation (68% of cases, 69% of controls) was not associated with NHL risk (OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.7–1.2). Compared to people with none of the hobbies evaluated, those who built models had significantly lower risk (OR = 0.7, CI = 0.5–1.0), but risk did not vary with the number of years or lifetime hours. Risk estimates for the other hobbies were generally less than one, but the associations were not significant and there were no notable patterns with duration of exposure. Use of oil-based, acrylic, or water-based paints; paint strippers; polyurethane; or varnishes was not associated with NHL risk. We conclude that participation in hobbies involving exposure to organic solvents is unlikely to increase NHL risk.     

Dietary isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk in case-control studies in Japanese, Japanese Brazilians, and non-Japanese Brazilians

Although epidemiologic studies have shown an inverse association between isoflavones and breast cancer risk, little evidence for a dose-response relation is available. We conducted hospital-based case-control studies of patients aged 20-74 years with primary, incident, histologically confirmed invasive breast cancer, and matched controls from medical checkup examinees in Nagano, Japan and from cancer-free patients in S?o Paulo, Brazil. A total of 850 pairs (390 Japanese, 81 Japanese Brazilians and 379 non-Japanese Brazilians) completed validated food frequency questionnaires. The odds ratio of breast cancer according to isoflavone intake was estimated using a conditional logistic regression model. We found a statistically significant inverse association between isoflavone intake and the risk of breast cancer for Japanese Brazilians and non-Japanese Brazilians. For Japanese, a non-significant inverse association was limited to postmenopausal women. In the three populations combined, breast cancer risk linearly decreased from 'no' to 'moderate' isoflavone intake and thereafter leveled off. Compared to non-consumers, adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for consumers in increasing quintile intake categories (median intake in each category: 8.7, 23.1, 33.8, 45.7, and 71.3 mg/day) were 0.69 (0.44-1.09), 0.54 (0.31-0.94), 0.45 (0.26-0.77), 0.34 (0.19-0.62), and 0.43 (0.24-0.76), respectively. Overall, we found an inverse association between dietary isoflavone intake and risk of breast cancer. Our finding suggests a risk-reducing rather than risk-enhancing effect of isoflavones on breast cancer within the range achievable from dietary intake alone. In addition, women may benefit from risk reduction if they consume at least moderate amounts of isoflavones.     

Organochlorines and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Organochlorine chemicals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been suspected as possible risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We investigated PCBs and organochlorine pesticides and risk of NHL in a population-based case-control study in British Columbia, Canada. Congeners of PCBs (including dioxinlike congeners) and pesticides or pesticide metabolites were measured in plasma of 422 pretreatment cases and 460 control subjects. This is so far the largest study to examine organochlorines in plasma to date. Several dioxin-like PCB congeners were associated with increased risk of NHL, including dioxin-like PCB nos. 118 and 156 with odds ratios (OR) for the highest versus lowest quartile between 1.6 and 1.8. Several non-dioxin-like congeners also showed significant associations. The PCB congener with the strongest association was no. 180 with an OR for the highest versus the lowest quartile of 1.83 (95% confidence interval = 1.18-2.84). Six pesticide analytes also showed a significant association with NHL; beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, p,p'-DDE, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, oxychlordane and trans-nonachlor. The strongest association was found for oxychlordane, a metabolite of the pesticide chlordane (highest vs. lowest quartile OR = 2.68, 95% confidence interval = 1.69-4.24). Our results provide further evidence that organochlorines contribute to NHL risk.     

Lifestyle, dietary, and medical history factors associated with pancreatic cancer risk in Ontario, Canada

Objectives  Pancreatic adenocarcinoma has one of the worst survival rates of all the cancers. Established risk factors for this malignancy are smoking, body mass index (BMI) and family history of pancreatic cancer. Findings are inconsistent regarding pancreatitis, diabetes, allergies, intake of fruit, vegetables, red meat, alcohol, caffeine, vitamin C, calcium, and folate supplements. Possible pancreatic cancer risk factors were evaluated within the population-based Ontario Pancreas Cancer Study. Methods  Pathologically confirmed pancreatic cancer cases (n = 422) were identified from the Ontario Cancer Registry between 2003 and 2007. Controls (n = 312) were recruited through random digit dialing. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Multivariate logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios. Results  Smoking, BMI, family history of pancreatic cancer, and caffeine were significantly associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk, while fruit intake and allergies significantly decreased risk. No other significant associations were observed in the multivariate model. Effect modification by smoking status was suggested for caffeine, family history of pancreatic cancer, BMI, and fruit. Conclusions  This study further clarifies the association between several lifestyle, dietary and medical history factors, and pancreatic cancer risk, many of which are potentially modifiable. Possible effect modification by smoking status should be further explored in future etiologic studies.     

Recreational amphetamine use and risk of HIV-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma

The results of many laboratory studies suggest that amphetamine use may lead to altered immune function and cytokine expression, both of which are implicated in HIV-related lymphomagenesis. We examined the hypothesis that use of amphetamines modifies risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in HIV-infected men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Data on amphetamine use were collected every six months during the follow-up period between 1984 and 2002. A total of 171 NHL cases were diagnosed from the 19,250 person-years accrued. Multivariable Cox models were used to estimate the effects of baseline exposures, time-varying recent exposures, and three years lagged exposures on risk of NHL adjusting for potential confounders such as demographics, use of other substances, and risky sexual behaviors. We found that weekly or more frequent use of amphetamines was associated with an increased risk of NHL, with hazard ratios of 1.75 (95% CI = 0.81–3.77) for use at baseline, 4.73 (1.41–15.81) for recent use, and 3.05 (1.19–7.82) for three years prior use. Similar associations were observed when we separately examined systemic NHL and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Given these observations, the impact of amphetamines on lymphomagenesis among HIV-infected populations should be assessed more thoroughly.     

UV radiation exposure, skin type and lymphoid malignancies: results of a French case–control study

Objectives Investigating the relationship between skin type, UV exposure, and lymphoid malignancies (LM). Methods We conducted a hospital-based case–control study in France, including 813 incident cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), lymphoproliferative syndrome (LPS) or multiple myeloma and 748 controls. Results Positive associations between HL and blond/red hair (OR = 1.8 [0.8–3.8]), very fair/fair skin (OR = 1.6 [1.0–2.5]) were observed. High propensity to burn was associated with HL (OR = 1.5 [1.0–2.2]) and LPS (OR = 1.4 [1.0–2.1]). Poor ability to tan was significantly associated with HL (OR = 1.7 [1.0–2.8]). Having light hair with high propensity to burn was associated with NHL (OR = 1.5 [0.9–2.5]) and significantly with HL (OR = 3.4 [1.4–8.4]). Having dark hair with high propensity to burn was significantly associated with LPS (OR = 1.5 [1.0–2.2]). The associations with HL and NHL were significant for men only, with significant interactions. Outdoors activities since leaving school or in the last decade were not related to LM. Only an almost negative trend was observed. Prior exposure to artificial UV was not associated with LM. Conclusion These results suggest a positive association between the most reactive and palest skin types and NHL or HL in men and do not rule out a slight negative relationship between UV exposure and LM.     

Family cancer history and risk of childhood acute leukemia (France)

OBJECTIVE: A case-control study was carried out to investigate the role of a family history of solid tumor or hematologic neoplasm in the etiology of childhood acute leukemia. METHODS: Family cancer history in first- and second-degree relatives was compared in 279 incident cases (242 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and 37 of acute myeloid leukemia) and 285 controls. Recruitment was stratified by age, gender, hospital, area of residence, and ethnic origin. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated using an unconditional regression model taking into account the stratification variables, socioeconomic status, and familial structure. RESULTS: A significant association between childhood acute leukemia and a family history of hematologic neoplasm (OR = 2.7, confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-6.9) was found. This association was particularly clear-cut when the cases were restricted to acute myeloid leukemia (OR = 13.3, CI = 2.5-70.9). Childhood acute leukemia was associated with a family history of solid tumor (OR = 1.5, CI = 1.0-2.2), and elevated odds ratios were observed for family history of gastrointestinal cancer and melanoma. Those results are most unlikely to be explained by socioeconomic status and familial structure, which were very similar for the cases and controls. Differential misclassification is also unlikely for the first-degree relatives, even though it is difficult to rule it out for the second-degree relatives' history. CONCLUSION: The present study supports the hypothesis that a family history of cancer may be a risk factor for childhood acute leukemia.     

Vitamin and mineral use and risk of prostate cancer: the case–control surveillance study

Background  Many studies have evaluated the association between vitamin and mineral supplement use and the risk of prostate cancer, with inconclusive results. Methods  The authors examined the relation of use of multivitamins as well as several single vitamin and mineral supplements to the risk of prostate cancer risk among 1,706 prostate cancer cases and 2,404 matched controls using data from the hospital-based case–control surveillance study conducted in the United States. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for risk of prostate cancer were estimated using conditional logistic regression model. Results  For use of multivitamins that did not contain zinc, the multivariable odds ratios of prostate cancer were 0.6 for 1–4 years, 0.8 for 5–9 years, and 1.2 for 10 years or more, respectively (p for trend = 0.70). Men who used zinc for ten years or more, either in a multivitamin or as a supplement, had an approximately two-fold (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.0, 3.6) increased risk of prostate cancer. Vitamin E, beta-carotene, folate, and selenium use were not significantly associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. Conclusion  The finding that long-term zinc intake from multivitamins or single supplements was associated with a doubling in risk of prostate cancer adds to the growing evidence for an unfavorable effect of zinc on prostate cancer carcinogenesis.     

Family history and the risk of colorectal cancer: The importance of patients' history of colonoscopy

Registry‐based studies on the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) for persons with a family history (FH) typically did not control for important covariates, such as history of colonoscopy. We aimed to quantify the association between FH and CRC risk, carefully accounting for potential confounders. We conducted a population‐based case–control study in Germany. A total of 4,313 patients with a first diagnosis of CRC (cases) and 3,153 controls recruited from 2003 to 2014 were included. We used multiple logistic regression analyses to assess the association between FH and risk of CRC with odds ratios (OR) and the resulting 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A total of 582 cases (13.5%) and 321 (10.2%) controls reported a history of CRC in a first‐degree relative, which was associated with a 41% increase in risk of CRC (OR: 1.41, 95% CI 1.22–1.63) after adjustment for sex and age. The OR substantially increased to 1.73 (95% CI, 1.48–2.03) after comprehensive adjustment including previous colonoscopies. Irrespective of their FH status, persons with history of colonoscopies had a lower CRC risk compared with persons without previous colonoscopies and without family history (OR: 0.25, 95% CI, 0.22–0.28 for persons without FH and OR 0.45, 95% CI, 0.36–0.56 for persons with FH). In an era of widespread use of colonoscopy, adjusting for previous colonoscopy is therefore crucial for deriving valid estimates of FH‐related CRC risk. Colonoscopy reduces the risk of CRC among those with FH far below levels of people with no FH and no colonoscopy.     

Diet and risk of multiple myeloma in Connecticut women

Multiple myeloma accounts for an estimated 19,900 incident cancer cases per year in the United States. A population-based case–control study, consisting of 179 incident cases and 691 controls, was conducted to examine the impact of diet on multiple myeloma risk. Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and P-trends were calculated across quartiles of consumption. After controlling for potential confounders, we observed inverse associations for cooked tomatoes (P-trend = 0.002), cruciferous vegetables (P-trend = 0.01), fresh fish (P-trend < 0.001), alcohol (P-trend < 0.001), and vitamin A (P-trend < 0.001) with multiple myeloma risk. In contrast, consumption of cream soups (P-trend = 0.01), jello (P-trend = 0.01), ice cream (P-trend = 0.01), and pudding (P-trend < 0.001) were positively associated with multiple myeloma. Furthermore, there was a suggestion that carbohydrate intake may be positively associated, whereas vitamin D and calcium intake may be inversely associated, with multiple myeloma risk. Despite very limited data on dietary factors in relation to multiple myeloma, the findings from this study concur with previously published studies, suggesting an inverse association for consumption of fish, cruciferous vegetables and green vegetables, and a positive association for some dairy products.