常规超声在乳腺病灶良恶性鉴别中的临床应用价值

目的 探讨常规超声在乳腺病灶良恶性鉴别中的临床应用价值.方法 对94例乳腺肿块患者进行超声检查,将所得的二维及彩色多普勒声像图特征与手术病理检查结果进行对比分析.结果 对超声检查方法与病理诊断符合情况分析发现,超声检查发现良性肿块61例,诊断符合率为88.41％（61/69）;超声检查发现恶性肿块23例,诊断符合率为92.00％（23/25）;对良性组和恶性组的诊断符合率进行统计学分析发现两组的诊断符合率无统计学差异（x2=0.39,P＞0.05）.良性组和恶性组在二维超声声像图方面有明显不同,其中良性组的二维超声声像图多以界限清楚,有包膜,形态规则,内部回声较均匀,后方无衰减,而恶性组的二维超声声像图则多以边界欠清楚或不清楚,无包膜,形态不规则,内部回声不均匀,后方存在衰减.结论 彩色多普勒超声对乳腺良、恶性病变的形态学检查有重要鉴别诊断价值,二维灰阶声像图的特征是乳腺肿块的首要诊断依据.     

彩色多普勒超声血流参数测定在乳腺良、恶性肿块鉴别诊断中的价值

目的:评价彩色多普勒超声血流参数(RI、PI、Vmax)在乳腺良、恶性肿块鉴别诊断中的价值.材料和方法:运用高频彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对408个乳腺肿块进行血流检测,对其中超声检出血流的340个乳腺肿块进行多普勒血流参数测定,比较多普勒血流参数在乳腺良、恶性肿块中的差异并对其诊断敏感性、特异性加以分析.结果:乳腺恶性肿块的RI、PI、Vmax值明显高于良性肿块(P<0.001),以RI≥0.72或PI≥1.3或Vmax≥13cm/s诊断乳腺癌,其敏感性和特异性最高,分别为85.5%和82.9%、80%和83.6%、70.1%和82.7%,其中以RI≥0.72的恶性似然比最高为5.0.彩色多普勒超声与灰阶超声征象相结合可使乳腺恶性肿块的超声诊断敏感性和特异性分别达97.6%和93.9%.结论:彩色多普勒超声血流参数测定对乳腺良、恶肿块的鉴别诊断具有重要的参考价值,与肿块的灰阶声像图征象相结合可明显提高乳腺肿块的超声诊断准确率.     

超声弹性成像联合彩色多普勒超声检查对乳腺肿块良恶性的诊断价值

目的 探讨超声弹性成像联合彩色多普勒对乳腺肿块良恶性的鉴别诊断价值。方法 选取我院收治的140例乳腺肿块患者,分别行术前超声弹性成像和彩色多普勒超声检查,以术后病理学检查为金标准,计算超声弹性成像、彩色多普勒单独及联合鉴别乳腺肿块良恶性的效能。结果 140例患者中共计161枚乳腺肿块,恶性55枚,良性106枚。恶性肿块彩色多普勒超声血流分级高于良性肿块,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。恶性肿块超声弹性成像评分高于良性肿块,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。彩色多普勒超声联合超声弹性成像鉴别诊断乳腺肿块良恶性的灵敏度、特异性、准确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值均高于单独诊断。结论 超声弹性成像联合彩色多普勒超声能够为乳腺肿块良恶性的鉴别诊断提供可靠的参考依据。     

高频彩色多普勒超声在乳腺肿瘤诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨高频彩色多普勒超声对鉴别乳腺良恶性肿块的应用价值。方法对86例经手术病理确诊的乳腺疾病患者（56例良性,30例恶性）进行术前彩超检查,对比性分析了两组间高频声像图、彩色多普勒血流成像（CDFI）、病灶内血流Adler分级、阻力指数（RI）、峰值流速（PSV）的差异。结果乳腺良恶性肿块声像图鉴别以肿块边界及形态特征最重要,彩色多普勒显示乳腺癌内的血流较良性肿块明显丰富（P〈0．05）,乳腺癌的血管分布异常、频谱多普勒示肿块内动脉血流PSV、RI也是显著高于良性肿块且有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论综合分析和评价血流Adler分级及频谱多普勒各项血流动力学参数（PSV,RI）指标,有助于对乳腺良恶性肿块的鉴别。     

多普勒超声在乳腺小肿块诊断及鉴别中的应用

目的:评价多普勒超声在乳腺小肿块诊断与鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法:应用彩色多普勒、能量多普勒及脉冲多普勒超声对123例直径小于2cm的乳腺肿块进行检查。结果:72例良性肿块有57例检出血流信号,51例乳腺癌有45例检出血流信号,二者无显著差异。以0~Ⅰ级为少血流信号,Ⅱ~Ⅲ级为多血流信号,对乳腺癌与良性肿块的血流信号多少进行对比分析,二者有显著差异(P<0.01),良性肿块以0~Ⅰ级为主,乳腺癌以Ⅱ~Ⅲ级为主。良性肿块Vmax为9.14±3.25cm/s(-x±SD),乳腺癌Vmax为14.33±3.31cm/s(-x±SD)(P<0.01),良性肿块阻力指数为0.60±0.21(-x±SD),乳腺癌阻力指数为0.71±0.24(-x±SD)(P<0.05),两组数值均有显著性差异。结论:乳腺良性小肿块与乳腺癌在血流丰富程度及血流动力学指标方面有明显差异,多普勒超声在乳腺小肿块诊断及鉴别中有重要作用。     

高频超声对乳腺小肿块鉴别诊断的价值

目的:评价高频超声二维征象及彩色多普勒血流指标在乳腺小肿块鉴别诊断中的价值。方法:使用高频超声诊断仪观察196个长径小于2 cm的乳腺肿块的二维超声特征(包括病灶形态,病灶内部,病灶后方有无衰减及有无微小钙化灶),然后使用彩色多普勒对病变进行多普勒血流参数测定(包括血流丰富度、PSV、RI、PI)。比较二维超声征象及彩色多普勒血流参数在乳腺良、恶性肿块中的差异并对其诊断敏感性、特异性加以分析。结果:病灶形态、病灶内部、病灶后方及有无微小钙化灶良、恶性病变间均有显著性差异。恶性肿块PSV、RI、PI值均明显高于良性肿块。结论:彩色多普勒超声血流参数测定对乳腺良、恶肿块的鉴别诊断具有重要的参考价值,与肿块的二维声像图征象相结合可提高乳腺肿块的超声诊断准确率。     

乳腺肿块的高频彩超诊断与病理对照分析

 目的 探讨高频彩超在鉴别乳腺良、恶性肿块中的价值.方法 对经病理证实的乳腺良、恶性肿块86例的高频彩超进行回顾性分析.结果 高频彩超检查乳腺肿块86例,良性61例,超声检出57例,恶性肿块25例,超声检出23例.以RI =0.7为标准,诊断乳腺癌的敏感性0.92,特异性0.966,准确性0.930.彩色多普勒的阻力指数(RI)、脉动指数(PI)在良、恶性肿块中均有统计学差异(P＜0.01).彩超根据肿块彩色血流丰富程度分4级,良性肿块0、Ⅰ级为主,恶性肿块Ⅱ、Ⅲ级为主,二者有统计学差异(P＜0.01).结论 高频彩超对乳腺性肿块的检出率高,应用二维声像图特点与彩色多普勒分析,综合判断,可明显提高对乳腺良、恶性肿块的诊断水平.     

彩色多普勒超声对乳腺良恶性肿块的鉴别诊断价值

目的应用彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）观察乳腺肿块的血流特点，评价血流参数（PSV、R0对乳腺良、恶性肿块的鉴别诊断价值。方法运用CDFI检测73例的77个乳腺肿块，并与术后病理对照。对其中超声检测出血流的60个乳腺肿块观察血流特点并进行血流参数测定，比较乳腺良、恶性肿块的差异，同时对RI诊断的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值加以分析。结果乳腺恶性肿块的CDFI血流信号较良性肿块明显丰富。恶性肿块的PSV、RI值明显高于良性肿块CP〈O．05），以RI≥0．70诊断乳腺癌敏感性和特异性较高，分别为82．6％和80．95％。结论彩色多普勒血流显像及血流参数测定对乳腺良、恶肿块的鉴别诊断具有重要的参考价值。     

彩色多普勒密度量化值在诊断乳腺肿块中的价值

目的:通过与半定量分析方法的比较,评价计算机辅助定量分析彩色多普勒信号密度在乳腺癌诊断中的应用价值.材料和方法:50例乳腺肿块患者(恶性37例,良性13例),分别用半定量和计算机辅助定量分析方法检测,比较这两种方法对良、恶性乳腺肿块鉴别诊断的灵敏度、特异度和准确性.结果:良、恶性乳腺肿块CDFI等级间的差异无显著性.而良、恶性乳腺肿块CDFI密度量化值间的差异存在显著性,P＜0.01.以CDFI密度量化值大于3.62(良性乳腺肿块的CDFI密度量化平均值)作为乳腺恶性肿块的诊断标准:准确性76.0%,特异度83.8%,灵敏度53.8%,均高于CDFI等级法.结论:信号密度量化分析方法由于在对彩色血流信号的识别上,并没受到主观因素的影响,因此较半定量分析方法能更客观和可靠地反映肿块内的血供情况.     

三种超声方法鉴别乳腺良恶性肿块的对比分析

目的：探讨三种不同超声方法对乳腺良恶性肿块的诊断价值。方法：对30个乳腺肿块患者行二维超声常规检查和多普勒检查,并进行超声征象评分和多普勒分析,用设定的三种方法进行良恶性判断,并与病理和手术结果相对照。结果：三种方法进行乳腺肿块的良恶性判断,符合率明显不同（46．7％,60％,83．7％）,其中以二维超声征象评分结合彩色多普勒超声的定量分析,符合率最高。结论：综合二维超声征象评分和彩色血流的定量分析,大大提高了乳腺肿块良恶性判断的准确率,减少了诊断中的主观性。     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.