Effects of amygdala-hippocampal stimulation on interictal epileptic discharges

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of different nuclei is being evaluated as a treatment for epilepsy. While encouraging results have been reported, the effects of changes in stimulation parameters have been poorly studied. Here the effects of changes of pulse waveform in high frequency DBS (130 Hz) of the amygdala-hippocampal complex (AH) are presented. These effects were studied on interictal epileptic discharge rates (IEDRs). AH-DBS was implemented with biphasic versus pseudo monophasic charge balanced pulses, in two groups of patients: six with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and six with non lesional (NLES) temporal epilepsy. In patients with HS, IEDRs were significantly reduced with AH-DBS applied with biphasic pulses in comparison with monophasic pulse. IEDRs were significantly reduced in only two patients with NLES independently to stimulus waveform. Comparison to long-term seizure outcome suggests that IEDRs could be used as a neurophysiological marker of chronic AH-DBS and they suggest that the waveform of the electrical stimuli can play a major role in DBS. We concluded that biphasic stimuli are more efficient than pseudo monophasic pulses in AH-DBS in patients with HS. In patients with NLES epilepsy, other parameters relevant for efficacy of DBS remain to be determined.     

Androgen increases the number of cells in fetal mouse spinal cord cultures: implications for motoneuron survival

Androgen effects were studied in organotypic cultures of the E12 fetal mouse lumbosacral spinal cord labeled in utero with [3H]thymidine on E10. Following continuous exposure to androgens for one month in vitro, the number of labeled cells was significantly increased in whole explants, and in hemisected segments in the presence or absence of co-cultured fetal thigh muscle. Because lumbosacral motoneurons undergo their final mitosis predominantly on E10 and thus remain permanently labeled, the results suggest that androgens increase neuronal numbers by directly modulating motoneuron survival rather than stimulating mitosis. These findings demonstrate for the first time that in addition to the well documented role of the muscle target in motoneuron survival, the direct neuronotrophic effects of androgen at the level of the spinal cord must also be considered.     

Clinical management and survival outcomes of gliosarcomas in the era of multimodality therapy

Gliosarcoma (GSM) is a rare primary malignant brain tumour accounting for less than 0.5% of all intracranial tumours. It has a biphasic histological composition, demonstrating both gliomatous and sarcomatous elements. In clinical practice GSM are generally managed similarly to glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). However, unique features including its clinical propensity for extra-cranial metastasis, distinct radiological features and possible worse prognosis than GBM suggest that GSM may be a distinct clinico-pathological entity. Hence we reviewed patterns of care and outcomes for a series of Australian patients diagnosed with GSM in the era of combined chemo-radiotherapy. Patients were identified by searching the Australian Genomics and Clinical Outcomes of Glioma (AGOG) database and the Western Australian Interhospital Neurosurgical database. Nineteen patients with GSM were identified. Of these, 15 patients were diagnosed with primary GSM and four patients developed secondary GSM after radiation therapy for primary GBM. For comparative purposes, 408 primary GBM patients were identified from the AGOG database during the same study period. The overall median survival for all primary GSM patients was 9.7 months. In comparison the overall median survival for GBM patients recruited to the AGOG database over the same period was 12.2 months. The median survival for secondary GSM patients from the time of diagnosis was 5 months. Primary and secondary GSM pose a great clinical challenge due to their rarity. Our study adds further evidence to support GSM as a unique clinical entity with a likely worse prognosis than GBM.     

Prognosis and disability of stroke patients after 5 years in Akita, Japan

The system of registering stroke patients was begun in 1963 in Ikawa Town, Akita Prefecture, Japan. The town is located in the northeastern part of the country and in 1975 had a population of 6,427. From 1975 to 1981, 109 patients who suffered their first stroke were registered and were monitored for 5 years. The average annual incidence rates of stroke were 2.8 and 2.0 per 1,000 population in males and females, respectively. Mean age at stroke onset was 63.3 and 71.4 years in males and females, respectively (p less than 0.01). According to the clinical classification of stroke, 76 patients suffered cerebral infarction, 21 cerebral bleeding, and six subarachnoid hemorrhage; six strokes were unclassified. The survival rates were compared by sex, age, and clinical stroke type using Cox's proportional hazards model. The survival rate of female stroke patients was lower than that of males, but not significantly so. The survival rate of stroke patients greater than or equal to 65 years old was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) than that of younger patients. Moreover, the survival rate of patients with cerebral bleeding was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) than that of patients with cerebral infarction. In the analysis of self-care among the survivors, performance of the activities of daily living in older patients indicated significantly less independence (p less than 0.01) in younger patients. Follow-up of new stroke cases showed that age and clinical stroke type were significantly associated with survival and that age was also related to disability of the survivors.     

Prothrombinase enhancement through quantitative and qualitative changes affecting very low density lipoprotein in complex with C-reactive protein

The biphasic waveform that can predict for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is due to the formation of a calcium-dependent complex between C reactive protein (CRP) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). As thrombin generation is pivotal to DIC, this aspect has been specifically investigated and the VLDL component has been found to increase prothrombinase activity via both quantitative and qualitative changes. The specific prothrombinase activity of VLDL from patients manifesting the biphasic waveform was 2.5 times that of normal individuals or critically ill patients without the biphasic waveform. This activity was due to an increase in anionic phospholipid surfaces that could be inhibited with excess annexin V and which was dependent on structurally intact apolipoprotein B. The qualitative change appeared to be due to a deficiency of phosphatidylethanolamine in VLDL from patients with the biphasic waveform. The functional consequence of this enhanced prothrombinase activity was an increased procoagulant effect in plasma. Using a modified activated partial thromboplastin time assay, the mean normal clot time decreased significantly when VLDL from patients with biphasic waveforms was substituted. These results indicate that VLDL derived from patients with the biphasic waveform can enhance thrombin procoagulant activity. As the CRP-VLDL complex exists in vivo, it could have a pathogenic role in disseminating the process of intravascular coagulation.     

Auditory brainstem of the ferret: Long survival following cochlear removal progressively changes projections from the cochlear nucleus to the inferior colliculus

Some effects on auditory brainstem connections of long (1–2.3 years) survival following unilateral cochlear removal in infant and adolescent ferrets were examined by making multiple injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in either the left or the right inferior colliculus (IC). Previous studies have shown that, in normal adult ferrets, about 50 times as many cochlear nucleus (CN) neurons project to the contralateral as to the ipsilateral IC. Right cochlear removal at P25 increased, within 30 days, the number of retrogradely labeled left CN neurons projecting to the left ipsilateral IC by 17% (from n = 235 to n = 275), relative to normals. In this study, longer survival (3 months to 1 year) after right cochlear removal at P25 resulted in larger increases (38–47%; n ≈ 100) in the number of neurons labeled in the left CN after injections of WGA-HRP in the left IC. No change occurred in the number of neurons labeled in the right CN. Taken together, the results of these experiments show that the ratio of the number of labeled neurons in the left CN to that in the right CN increases progressively with survival time out to the maximum time tested (1 year). In contrast to these results, we have previously reported that right cochlear removal at P90 did not change the number of neurons projecting from the left CN to the left IC after 90 days of survival. However, in this study, very long survival (2–3 years) following right cochlear removal at P90 resulted in an increased (51%, from n = 235 to n = 355) number of left CN neurons labeled by WGA-HRP injections into the left IC, relative to normals. The increased number of labeled neurons included neurons throughout each division of the CN and all of the principal morphological types. In a separate series of experiments involving long survival (1-2 years), right cochlear removal at P25 or P40 did not significantly change the number of neurons in either CN retrogradely labeled by injections of WGA-HRP in the right IC, or the ratio between the number of neurons labeled in each CN. Long survival following cochlear removal at P25–P90 did not result in any loss of neurons in the ipsilateral CN or in any shrinkage of CN neurons further than the 10–20% seen at a shorter survival time (90 days). These results show that at least one pathway within the auditory brainstem continues to be changed in later life following either early or late cochlear removal. They provide a possible anatomical basis for long-term changes seen in sensory systems following lesions of the sense organs of mature animals. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Anodic and symmetric biphasic pulses enlarge the therapeutic window in deep brain stimulation for essential tremor

BackgroundSince the inception of DBS, cathodic pulses have been used.ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of anodic and symmetric biphasic pulses on the therapeutic window (TW) in essential tremor (ET) patients.MethodsA randomized, doubled-blinded, cross-over design was used to test the effect of cathodic, anodic and symmetric biphasic pulses (cathode-first and anode-first) on the TW in an acute clinical setting. TW was defined as the difference between the minimal stimulation amplitude provoking side effects and minimal stimulation amplitude inducing tremor arrest.Results9 ET patients (10 hemispheres) were included. Anodic stimulation induced a significantly larger TW compared to cathodic stimulation (p = 0.008). Symmetric biphasic stimulation also widened the TW compared to cathodic stimulation for both cathode- (p = 0.047) and anode-first (p = 0.008) biphasic pulses. For both anodic and biphasic pulses, the effect on TW was mainly driven by the change in side effect threshold. The order of the phases in the biphasic pulse had a significant effect on the side effect threshold (p = 0.039), with biphasic-anode first having the highest value. All pulse shapes were safe in the acute setting.ConclusionAnodic and symmetric biphasic pulses increase TW in ET patients.     

Carnosine in primary afferents of the olfactory system: an autoradiographic and biochemical study

Previous in vivo studies have shown that beta-alanine is incorporated specifically into the dipeptide L-carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine). In the present study, we administered beta-[3H]alanine to the nasal cavity of hamsters and used biochemical analyses to identify the radioactively labeled compounds in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb and autoradiography to demonstrate the localization and transport of the label in the primary afferents of the olfactory system. The olfactory epithelium and lamina propria were labeled intensely 6 hr after intranasal beta-[3H]alanine administration. At this survival time, 61% of the radioactivity in the olfactory epithelium was present in the carnosine fraction, while 37% of the label remained in the beta-alanine fraction. After 24-hr and 4-day survival periods, greater than 82% of the radioactivity was present in the carnosine fraction, and the olfactory receptors and bundles of axons were labeled preferentially. The olfactory nerve and glomerular layers of the main olfactory bulb were labeled intensely at 6 and 24 hr after beta-[3H]alanine administration; much less label was present in these layers at 4 days survival. At all three of these survival times, greater than 84% of the radioactivity in the olfactory bulb was present in the carnosine fraction. No label was present in the olfactory epithelium or bulb 18 days after beta-[3H]alanine administration. While the autoradiographic labeling over the structures of the accessory olfactory system was consistently less intense than that over the main olfactory system structures, the patterns of labeling were similar over the four survival times. Intranasal alpha-[3H]alanine administration resulted in some labeling in the primary afferent fibers, but the labeling did not have the specificity nor the same time course over the four survival times that was observed after beta-[3H]alanine administration. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that carnosine is a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the olfactory neurons. The results also suggest that carnosine may play a similar role in the vomeronasal neurons.     

Polarity sequence, depression, and chronicity in bipolar I disorder

Five independent studies show that polarity sequence is associated with prognosis in bipolar I disorder. Episodes in which major depression precedes mania (DMI) lead to higher morbidity than biphasic episodes which begin with mania (MDI). However, little is known about the prognostic significance of polarity sequence for long-term outcome. This study examined polarity sequence across multiple episodes among 165 bipolar I patients followed prospectively for up to 15 years as part of the NIMH Collaborative Study of Depression. Episodes beginning with major depression were significantly longer than those beginning with mania for the first three prospectively observed episodes when pooling all episode types-monophasic, biphasic, and polyphasic. Furthermore, affective polarity at onset for the first prospectively observed episode was associated with polarity at onset for the remaining three episodes. Patients whose first prospectively observed episode began with depression had higher overall morbidity during the entire follow-up period.     

Retrograde tracing techniques influence reported death rates of adult rat nigrostriatal neurons

Injury often causes loss of neuronal markers and prior retrograde labeling can circumvent this problem of identification. We have previously used a time-consuming protocol for labeling all dopaminergic substantia nigra pars compacta neurons in adult rats by injecting the fluorescent tracer DiI into six sites throughout each neostriatum. Here, 2 weeks after injection of DiI into two central locations, only half of these nigrostriatal neurons were labeled. With six sites, more medial and lateral neurons were labeled, and also more in the midportion along the medial-lateral extent of the pars compacta. Less than 0.5% of the contralateral neurons were labeled. Two injections of Fluorogold also labeled fewer neurons, but their morphology was clearer. Two to 4 weeks after injection of the neurotoxin 6-OHDA into the two neostriatal sites, the total number of surviving neurons appeared greater with six sites of DiI than with two. However, within the middle region of the nigra, survival was lower with the six sites. This suggests that neurons that project outside the two central striatal tracer and 6-OHDA injection regions may be spared initially, but that those in the midportion that project to the central region are more vulnerable with the six-site protocol. Some reports suggest that Fluorogold prelabeling increases neuronal death. Here, survival after 6-OHDA or axotomy was similar with DiI or Fluorogold. These results suggest that because of a complex projection pattern of the nigrostriatal neurons, detailed quantification of neuronal survival should rely on extensive labeling. However, for drug screening purposes, faster labeling with Fluorogold using two sites is more suitable and should provide reliable data.     

SPIO标记神经干细胞治疗小脑萎缩大鼠的实验研究

目的探讨超顺磁性氧化铁（SPIO）标记胎鼠神经干细胞（NSC）的脑内MRI示踪效果及NSC对小脑萎缩大鼠共济运动的影响。方法将24只小脑萎缩大鼠模型随机等分为对照组、标记组、未标记组及灭活标记组,每组6只,用生理盐水、SPIO标记NSC、未标记NSC及灭活的NSC悬液分别注射于各组大鼠的小脑齿状核;进行步距行为学检测、活体MRI示踪扫描、脑组织切片普鲁士蓝染色,观察移植NSC的分布。结果与对照组、灭活标记组比较,标记组、未标记组大鼠移植后步距行为学明显改善（P〈0.05）;与灭活标记组比较,标记组MRI显示移植4周后移植区低信号影响范围较广,普鲁士蓝染色阳性细胞向周围迁移距离较远。结论MRI可显示SPIO标记的NSC在移植大鼠脑内的分布和存活情况;移植NSC能改善小脑萎缩大鼠的共济运动功能。     

Multi-determinate regulation of neuronal survival: Neuropeptides, excitatory amino acids and bioelectric activity

Neuronal survival of dorsal root ganglion-spinal cord cultures was determined after treatment with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and an antagonist to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA). Blockade of NMDA receptors with 2-amino 5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5) produced a biphasic response on neuronal survival: low concentrations (0.1 microM) resulting in greater survival and higher concentrations (100 microM) causing cell death. VIP, a substance with demonstrated neurotrophic properties in vitro, prevented the neuronal cell death associated with high concentrations of AP5, while having no additive effect on the survival-promoting action of low levels of AP5. Electrophysiological studies indicated that AP5, although reducing high frequency bursting activity, did not significantly reduce the abundant on-going asynchronous activity present in these cultures of high density neuronal networks. These data indicate that excitatory amino acids have more than one action that can influence neuronal survival during development and that VIP can increase neuronal survival in bioelectrically active cultures when NMDA channels are blocked. Together with previous studies, these data suggest that multiple neurochemical inputs serve to determine the survival of spinal cord neurons during development, perhaps through one final common pathway: intracellular calcium regulation.     

Gracilo-diencephalic relay cells: A quantitative study in the cat using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase

In a quantitative study in the cat, gracilo-diencephalic relay cells were labeled by the use of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase injected into the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. An initial series comprising 22 animals with survival periods varying between 2 h and 4 days showed maximal labeling in the gracile nucleus after 24–48 h. The earliest appearing peroxidase-positive neurons were found after only 6 h, implying a transport rate in the medial lemniscus of at least 100 mm/day. In a second series of five cats, which were killed 24 h after injection, serial sections from the gracile nucleus were embedded in Epon following peroxidase processing, and cut at 2 μm. By stratified random sampling, about 2,000 cells were selected for light microscopic examination. The total number of nerve cells in a single gracile nucleus was calculated to be about 50,000, out of which about 15,000 were retrogradely labeled. In agreement with previous reports, rostrocaudal differences were observed. Thus, less than a third of the neurons in the rostral part of the nucleus were peroxidase-positive, whereas about half of those in the middle and caudal regions were retrogradely labeled. The total number of labeled neurons was, however, about the same in the rostral as in the middle-caudal part of the nucleus. The size of the nerve cell bodies, measured as the cross-sectional area in the nucleolar plane, differed significantly between labeled and unlabeled neurons. The estimated average diameter of the former was 22 μm and of the latter 17 μm. There was a considerable overlap between the two groups, however, and labeled cells as small as 12 μm in diameter were found. Mainly because of the uneven distribution of labeled neurons, cells in the rostral region were, on the average, significantly smaller than those in the middle and caudal regions; these mean diameters were calculated to be 18, 23, and 21 μm, respectively. The results of this study support the idea of a heterogeneous organization of the gracile nucleus. However, a much larger proportion of the gracilo-diencephalic relay cells is situated in the rostral part of the gracile nucleus than has previously been thought. The concept that only medium-sized neurons project to the diencephalon also seems to need revision. It is concluded that although gracilo-diencephalic relay cells are, on the average, larger than the nonlabeled neurons, single nerve cells cannot be identified on the basis of size alone. The function of the unlabeled neurons is discussed. Although many of these might relay to various extra-diencephalic sites, it is suggested that a large number are internuncial neurons.     

Indium-111 labeled platelets: Studies on preparation and evaluation of in vitro and in vivo functions

Platelets have been labeled with a lipid soluble complex of the radionuclide indium-111. The complex is formed with 8-hydroxyquinoline and extracted in chloroform which is then evaporated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in 50 μl of ethanol and diluted to 200 μl with normal saline. Platelets are separated by differential centrifugation, washed and suspended either in Tyrodes-albumin solution or in normal saline. The solution of ¹¹¹In-complex is added to separated platelets and more than 95% of the radioactivity is incorporated with the platelets. The function of the labeled platelets has been studied by their aggregability using adenosine diphosphate and collagen as the stimulating agents. No adverse effects have been observed. The survival of the indium-labeled platelets was similar to that observed with chromium-51 labeled platelets. Labeled canine platelets have been administered to dogs in whom venous thrombi had been induced by alteration of the intima by an electric current. The thrombi were detected by imaging 50 minutes after administration of the labeled platelets. Twenty-four hours later the thrombi were removed and had 20–50 times the radioactivity of an equal weight of blood. Accumulation of large amounts of radioactivity in surgical wounds has also been observed. Damage of the intima of carotid arteries in animals by a balloon catheter demonstrated 8 to 20 times more activity in the damaged artery than in the normal artery. Results indicate that In-111 labeled platelets have potential both for platelet survival studies and for evaluation of vascular damage.     

TERT启动子突变、ATRX表达水平在人脑胶质瘤病人预后评估中的作用

目的 探讨端粒酶逆转录酶(TERT)启动子突变、α-地中海贫血伴智力低下综合征基因(ATRX)表达水平在人脑胶质瘤病人预后评估中的价值.方法 回顾性分析2016年6月～2018年6月手术治疗的102例人脑胶质瘤的临床资料.术后检测脑胶质瘤组织TERT启动子突变及ATRX表达情况.所有病人术后随访2年.结果 102例中,...     

Neuroprotective effects of pramipexole in young and aged MPTP-treated mice

This study examined the effect of pramipexole (PPX), a selective dopamine (DA) D(3)/D(2) agonist, on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced damage to the nigrostriatal dopamine system in young (8-week-old) and aged (12-month-old) mice. Co-administration of PPX and MPTP to young or aged mice, followed by 2 or 14 days of additional PPX treatment, significantly attenuated MPTP-induced striatal DA loss. Pramipexole treatment also significantly attenuated the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons (TH-IR) within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in both young and aged animals. Effects of PPX administration on dopaminergic cell survival were confirmed in Nissl-stained sections and by quantitation of retrogradely labeled Fluorogold-positive SNc neurons. Protective effects of PPX on striatal DA levels and SNc DA neuron survival were similar in young and aged animals, although the magnitude of these effects was significantly less in aged animals. These findings support the early initiation of PPX therapy in Parkinson's disease patients.     

Is Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) a useful marker for labeling neural grafts?

The lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) has come into wide use as an anterograde neuroanatomical tracer. The ability of this lectin to fill entire neurons and remain in place over long periods suggested it might be an ideal marker for donor cells to be grafted into hosts for long survival periods. We have used the lectin PHA-L to mark fetal rat olfactory bulb (OB) cells prior to grafting into host rat OBs. Hosts were sacrificed at various times up to 9 weeks after grafting, and tissue was immunohistochemically processed for PHA reactivity. After 2 and 4 weeks survival, sparse patterns of labeled cells were observed within the host OBs. However, after 9 weeks survival, few if any labeled cells were visible within host tissue. We conclude that PHA-L may be a less than satisfactory marker for fetal rat cells (other than astrocytes) which are to be identified in host tissue after a period of several weeks.     

TM4SF1与脑胶质瘤病理分级及预后的相关性

目的 探讨跨膜四蛋白超家族成员1(TM4SF1)与脑胶质瘤病理分级及预后的相关性。方法 应用生信分析方法,计算机检索TCGA数据库,采用GEPIA分析TM4SF1表达胶质瘤病理分级及生存预后的关系。收集2014年3月至2017年4月手术切除的脑胶质瘤83例[低级别胶质瘤（LGG）35例和高级别胶质瘤（HGG）48例]和23例颅脑损伤内减压术切除的非肿瘤脑组织为对照,采用免疫组化染色法检测组织TM4SF1表达情况,术后随访4年,记录无进展生存期（PFS）和总生存期（OS）。结果 生信分析显示：胶质瘤组织TM4SF1 mRNA表达量明显高于正常脑组织（P<0.05）;而且,HGG组织TM4SF1 m RNA表达量明显高于LGG组织（P<0.05）。TM4SF1高表达HGG病人OS较低表达病人明显缩短（P<0.05）;TM4SF1高表达LGG病人PFS、OS较低表达病人均明显缩短（P<0.05）。临床病例分析显示：胶质瘤TM4SF1高表达率[50.60%(42/83)]明显高于非肿瘤脑组织[13.04%(3/23);P<0.01];HGG组织TM4SF1高表达率...     

Ultrastructural identification of labeled neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the vagus nerve and brainstem

The efferent connections of two types of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) were studied in the cat by light and electron microscopy following horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections into the cervical vagus nerve or brainstem. After injections of HRP into the vagus nerve, up to 80% of medium-sized neruons averaging 26 × 20 μm in 1-μm-thick sections were retrogradely labeled while no small neurons were labeled in the DMV. Incubation with either diaminobenzidene (DAB) or p-phenylenediamine-pyrocatechol (PPD-PC) chromogens yielded electron-dense reaction products localized mainly in lysosomes. Identification of label at the ultrastructural level was facilitated by omitting lead citrate staining and by counting numbers of lysosomes, which were higher in labeled neurons. Quantitative comparisons of the dimensions of labeled and unlabeled somata demonstrated that retrograde transport and incorporation of HRP had no effect on cell size within the 2–3-day survival times used in this study. In order to determine whether neurons in the DMV project to higher levels of the brain stem, large injections of HRP (1–3 μl) were made into the pons, mesencephalon, hypothalamus, and amygdala. After injections of HRP into the brainstem, only small neurons, measuring 17 × 10 μm, were retrogradely labeled. Approximately 90% of the small neurons remained unlabeled following the HRP injections. The ultrastructrual features of the labeled small neurons included an invaginated nucleus, low cytoplasmic/nuclear ratio, and relatively fewer organelles than the medium-sized neurons. A quantitative analysis of labeled and unlabeled small neurons demonstrated that the labeled neurons were significantly larger than the unlabeled small neurons. Thus, two populations of small neurons may exist in the DMV. One population appears to have ascending projections to higher levels of the brainstem while the other more numerous population may be interneurons or project for only short distances.     

RSF-1在胶质瘤组织中的表达及其与病人预后的关系

目的 探讨染色质重塑因子1（RSF-1）在人脑胶质瘤中的表达及其与病人预后的关系。方法 采用免疫组织化学染色法和免疫印迹法检测2010年1月~2013年4月手术切除的121例胶质瘤组织和2017年6月~2018年9月颅脑损伤内减压术中切取的50例正常脑组织RSF-1的表达水平。胶质瘤病人随访时间截止至2019年4月。多因素Cox比例回归风险模型分析影响胶质瘤病人生存预后的因素。结果 免疫组化染色结果显示胶质瘤组织RSF-1高表达率（66.12%,80/121）明显高于正常脑组织（0%;P<0.001）。免疫印迹法检测结果显示,胶质瘤组织RSF-1蛋白表达水平明显高于正常脑组织（P<0.05）,而且,随胶质瘤级别增高,RSF-1蛋白表达水平明显增高（P<0.05）。多因素Cox比例回归风险模型分析结果显示,术前KPS评分<80分、WHO分级为Ⅲ~Ⅳ级、术后未化疗和RSF-1高表达是胶质瘤病人总生存期和无进展生存期缩短的独立影响因素（P<0.05）。RSF-1高表达病人总体生存期[中位数（M）:13个月;四分位间距（IQR）:11~26个月]较低表达者（M:26个月;IQR:20~36个月）明显缩短（P<0.05）。 RSF-1高表达病人无进展生存期（M:11个月;IQR:7~23个月）较低表达者（M:21个月;IQR:16~28个月）明显缩短（P<0.05）。结论 RSF-1高表达可能预示着胶质瘤病人的不良生存预后