无创正压通气技术

无创正压通气 (NPPV)技术的临床应用日趋广泛 ,应用指征逐渐扩展 ,在急、慢性呼吸衰竭的治疗中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文对NPPV技术应用的基本条件、NPPV技术的基本原理、NPPV技术应用的常见问题与处理和NPPV技术发展前景等问题进行综述     

无创正压通气技术

无创正压通气(NPPV)技术的临床应用日趋广泛，应用指征逐渐扩展，在急、慢性呼吸衰竭的治疗中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文对NPPV技术应用的基本条件、NPPV技术的基本原理、NPPV技术应用的常见问题与处理和NPPV技术发展前景等问题进行综述。     

无创正压通气治疗急性呼吸衰竭患者

目的本文研究无创正压通气（NIPPV）对多种原因所致的急性呼吸衰竭的治疗效果。方法入选患者40例,包括慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重期22例,急性左心功能衰竭4例,社区获得性肺炎（CAP）7例,其中4例并发急性呼吸窘迫综合症（ARDS）。支气管哮喘1例,肺癌术后2例,胸部外伤2例,胸腹复合伤2例。采用PSV（压力支持通气）＋PEEP（呼气末正压）模式。结果COPD患者16例有效,有效率72．7％;外科患者5例有效,有效率83．3％;急性左心衰竭患者4例及支气管哮喘1例均有效,有效率100％。1例肺炎及1例肺炎合并ARDS患者有效,有效率28．6％。结论NIPPV对COPD急性加重期、急性左心功能衰竭、胸部外伤及手术后急性呼吸衰竭的治疗有一定的效果,在无禁忌症时可首选;对于肺炎所致的ARDS疗效较差,应首先考虑人工气道机械通气（ETMV）。     

无创正压通气在呼吸衰竭治疗中的应用

人工机械通气已成为现今临床抢救及治疗严重呼吸衰竭的重要手段。依据呼吸机与患者连接方式的不同，可分为：有创机械通气与无创机械通气。所谓有创机械通气是指通过建立人工气道，将患者与呼吸机相连接的机械通气方式，无创机械通气则无需建立人工气道。广义上讲无创机械通气应包括：无创正压通气（non-invasive positive pressure ventilation，NIPPV）、负压通气、高频通气等多种通气方式。现临床上常说的无创机械通气是指经鼻或口鼻面罩正压机械通气，即NIPPV，这是近十几年来发展起来的一项有效而实用的呼吸治疗技术。     

无创正压通气治疗急性呼吸衰竭的疗效观察

目的探讨无创正压通气（NPPV）在治疗急性呼吸衰竭（ARF）中的临床疗效。方法 216例各种原因引起ARF的患者在常规治疗的基础上进行NPPV,采用压力支持通气（PSV）加呼气末正压通气（PEEP）。比较治疗前后动脉血气变化、观察NPPV治疗成功率及病死率。结果 NPPV治疗后2 h、24 h PaCO2和pH与治疗前比较明显改善（P〈0.01）,PaO2变化无显著性差异。NPPV对慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重（AECOPD）及急性心源性肺水肿疗效显著,成功率高。而对肺炎及肺间质纤维化疗效较差。结论 NPPV治疗ARF疗效肯定,正确选择患者及上机时机,密切监测,动态决策,可提高呼吸衰竭的救治成功率。     

无创正压通气在COPD急性呼吸衰竭中的实践与操作

COPD急性加重时常合并呼吸衰竭，严重时需行机械通气治疗，在有创通气治疗过程中，存在着上机时间长，易发生呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)，呼吸机依赖等问题。随着无创正压通气(NPPV)应用的日趋广泛，尤其在COPD急性发作期患者治疗中已得到肯定。如何能够及时恰当地应用该技术，从而达到较早地控制病情发展，降低COPD气管插管率的目的，普及和规范操作，提高医护人员对NPPV的认识，是成功使用NPPV的关键。     

无创正压通气治疗AECOPD的临床分析

目的探讨无创正压通气﹝NIPPV﹞治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法选择60例AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,随机分为对照组和治疗组,在常规治疗的基础上,对照组予持续低流量吸氧（2ml/min）,试验组予无创正压通气治疗,于治疗前,治疗24 h和5 d后分别记录动脉血气分析指标（PH,PaO2,PaCO2,BE,）呼吸频率,心率变化。.结果治疗组PH,PaO2,PaCO2,呼吸频率,心率变化优于对照组（P〈0.05）,BE变化高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论无创正压通气治疗AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效显著。     

无创正压通气治疗呼吸衰竭患者的护理

目的 评价护理干预对无创正压通气(NPPV)疗效的影响.方法 回顾我院重症监护室2010年5月-2011年5月收治的150例呼吸衰竭患者,对其进行NPPV治疗,治疗前后实施护理干预措施.结果 150例患者未发生拒绝治疗现象,112例病情稳定脱机,患者对无创通气治疗有了很好的认知.结论 上机前后有效的沟通、规范NPPV操作、严密的床旁监护和不良反应的预防是NPPV治疗的有效保证.     

无创正压通气的临床应用

无创正压通气（NPPV）是指相对于有创机械通气不需要气管插管或气管切开而通过口、鼻面罩与呼吸机连接的通气方式,是近年来机械通气临床应用的新进展。随着临床研究的不断深入,其应用范畴不断扩展,已经成为临床上常用的辅助通气技术,亦是近年来机械通气技术发展的一个重要方向。     

无创正压通气治疗在急救医学中的应用

无创正压通气是指一种不需要建立人工气道进行的机械通气。由于其特有的优点 ,在急救医学中得到了广泛地应用。其中在急性加重期COPD、急性肺水肿、重症哮喘、农药中毒、不适合插管患者、肺炎等疾病的研究较多 ,疗效较好。本文将对其在上述疾病中的应用情况作一回顾。     

Acute applications of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation

Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV) has been used increasingly to treat acute respiratory failure (ARF). The best indications for its use are ARF in patients with COPD exacerbations, acute pulmonary edema, and immunocompromised states. For these indications, multiple controlled trials have demonstrated that therapy with NPPV avoids intubation and, in the case of COPD and immunocompromised patients, reduces mortality as well. NPPV is used to treat patients with numerous other forms of ARF, but the evidence is not as strong for its use in those cases, and patients must be selected carefully. The best candidates for NPPV are able to protect their airway, are cooperative, and are otherwise medically stable. Success is optimized when a skilled team applies a well-fitted, comfortable interface. Ventilator settings should be adjusted to reduce respiratory distress while avoiding excessive discomfort, patient-ventilator synchrony should be optimized, and adequate oxygenation should be assured. The appropriate application of NPPV in the acute care setting should lead to improved patient outcomes and more efficient resource utilization.     

Patient-ventilator interaction during noninvasive positive pressure ventilation

The interaction between the patient and the ventilator is complex,especially in a "semi-open" system as for noninvasive ventilation(NIV). Air leaks around the mask are likely to occur, and they affect patient-ventilator synchrony. Several variables may be responsible for the mismatch between the start of the neural output and that of ventilatory aid during NIV. The most common mode of ventilation is pressure support ventilation (PSV), which may result in a number of inspiratory efforts not being followed by ventilator aid. New modes of ventilation, such as proportional assist ventilation, maybe useful in improving patient tolerance to ventilation without affecting clinical outcome. The ventilatory settings are important during PSV to determine the synchrony. The inspiratory trigger function may be influenced by the amount of leaks, whereas a better synchrony may be achieved if the termination of the inspiratory phase is time cycled instead of flow cycled. A high pressurization rate results in poor compliance. Care should be paid in the choice of the interfaces because leaks in the system are associated with a substantial breath-to-breath inspiratory variation independent from the patient effort. Last, NIV should be delivered with turbine- or piston-based ventilators that are able to compensate for air leaks. With respect to the problem of sedation, we point out the importance of optimizing the environmental conditions, avoiding excessive light and noise, assuring patient comfort, and providing reassurance. When sedation is needed, we suggest the use of low doses of analgesics and neuroleptic agents in selected cases.     

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无创通气是指无须气管插管或切开的辅助通气方法。广义来讲,无创通气包括无创正压通气、胸外负压通气和其他无创的辅助通气方法(腹压带、摇动床、膈肌起搏等)。近年来,无创正压通气(NPPV)已成为主要的无创通气形式。下面重点介绍NPPV在呼吸衰竭治疗方面的进展。1对NPPV临床地位     

Influence of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on inspiratory muscles

Intermittent positive pressure ventilation reduces inspiratory muscle electromyographic activity among patients with restrictive ventilatory failure. It has therefore been suggested that the reduction of energy expenditure at night could result in improved inspiratory muscle function during the day. Reported successes with nocturnal ventilation have not included measurements of inspiratory muscle endurance. We therefore electively ventilated six (five female, one male) patients (mean +/- SD) aged 36 +/- 13 years in whom respiratory failure (room air PaCO2, 60 +/- 13 mm Hg; PaO2, 44 +/- 11 mm Hg; SaO2, 75 +/- 12 percent) was consequent on restrictive ventilatory disease (vital capacity, 25 +/- 7 percent predicted; FEV1/FVC, 81 +/- 12 percent; total lung capacity, 40 +/- 5 percent predicted; MIPRV -42 +/- 10 cm H2O; MEP, 81 +/- 28 cm H2O). Positive pressure ventilation was administered with a customized closely fitting nasal mask attached to a volume-cycled pressure-limited ventilator. Full respiratory polysomnographic measurements as well as arterial blood gases, pulmonary function, distance walked in six minutes, and inspiratory muscle endurance were measured at baseline and after 3 and 14 months of ventilation. Ventilation improved saturation (baseline on O2; SWS 87 +/- 10, REM 79 +/- 14, ventilator on R/A; SWS 90 +/- 6, REM 89 +/- 5 percent) and transcutaneous Pco2 (baseline on O2; SWS 85 +/- 26, REM 94 +/- 39, ventilator on R/A; SWS 53 +/- 9, REM 58 +/- 9 mm Hg). During ventilation, the quantity and distribution of sleep was similar to that observed prior to ventilation. Daytime gas exchange improved as did the six-minute walking test (initial test = 429 +/- 120 m, three months after ventilation = 567 +/- 121 m), both of these improvements being sustained at 14 months. Inspiratory muscle endurance measured using a pressure threshold load (mean mouth pressure = 45 percent MIPRV) improved from 7.1 +/- 3.4 minutes at baseline to 14.8 +/- 7.6 minutes at 3 months, an improvement sustained at 14 months. There was no change in measured lung volumes or respiratory muscle strength. We conclude that the improvement in nocturnal gas exchange, daytime functioning, and arterial blood gases resulting from nocturnal positive pressure ventilation is associated with an increase in inspiratory muscle endurance sustained at 14 months.     

无创正压通气的原理与特点

无创正压机械通气(NPPV)是指患者通过鼻罩、口鼻面罩或全面罩(full lace mask)等无创性方式将患者与正压呼吸机相连进行辅助通气,与气管插管和气管切开等有创的连接方式存在显著区别.因NPPV具有避免有创正压通气(IPPV)所带来的一系列并发症、提高患者存活率、并随之降低治疗成本等优点[1-3],受到了人们的青睐.近十多年来,NPPV的各种仪器和应用技术也在不断完善,使NPPV应用的范围越来越广,熟悉NPPV的特点和基本原理有助于提高NPPV的应用水平.     

无创正压通气中人机连接装置的技术特点

人机连接装置是连接呼吸机管路与患者面部,为无创正压通气(NPPV)提供气流通路的一类装置。此类装置具备一些独有的技术特点,如装置所致死腔较其内部容积明显缩小;漏气过大等因素导致人机不同步;人机不同步、装置的设计及材质欠佳等导致耐受性降低等,认识及处理不当会严重影响 NPPV 的顺利进行及通气效果,容易导致 NPPV 失败。因此,本文就装置相关技术特点作一综述。     

加强对无创正压机械通气技术的推广应用

从20世纪80年代初,无创正压机械通气(noninvasive positive pressure ventilation,NPPV)开始应用于具有睡眠呼吸障碍的患者,到1989年Medufi等[1],1992年国内陈荣昌等[2]首先将NPPV成功应用于慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作(AECOPD)所致严重急性呼吸衰竭,直至2000年前后国内外先后推出NPPV操作指南[3-5],NPPV已广泛应用于临床各科室及家庭,病种涉及慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)、心源性肺水肿、免疫抑制、胸腹部手术后、睡眠呼吸障碍、神经-肌肉疾病等多种原因所致的急、慢性呼吸功能不全.但国内外的调查表明.临床人员对NPPV认识及其应用的普及程度远远不及传统有创正压通气(IPPV).     

无创正压通气辅助有创通气撤离中切换点把握

有创正压通气(IPPV)的治疗作用分为两个方面:人工气道的治疗作用(引流气道分泌物、防止误吸)和呼吸机的正压通气作用.无创正压通气(NPPV)与IPPV的主要区别在于是否建立有创人工气道.     

无创正压通气治疗重症急性心源性肺水肿临床研究

目的评价无创通气模式持续气道正压（cPAP）和双水平气道正压（BiPAP）通气在急性心源性肺水肿治疗中的作用。方法我院急诊科收治的60例严重急性心源性肺水肿，均合并酸中毒（pH〈7．35），随机分为3组，即常规吸氧组，CPAP组（10cmH2O）和BiPAP组（IPAP=15cmH2O，EPAP=5H2O）。后两者采用伟康医疗公司的S／T30型呼吸机通气。以院内2小时抢救成功率和幸存出院率评价治疗效果。结果抢救成功率（2小时治疗结束时呼吸频率〈23次／min，SaO2〉90％，动脉血pH〉7．35，酸中毒恢复）：对照组3例（15％），CPAP组7例（35％），BiPAP组9例（45％），P=0．116；幸存出院：对照组14例（70％），CPAP组20例（100％），BiPAP组15例（75％），P=0．029（采用Fisher＇s检验）。结论研究结果显示：急性心源性肺水肿合并酸中毒者，采用CPAP治疗幸存出院率更高，而不是BiPAP和常规吸氧组。院内生存率与早期生理变化间无相关。早期实施无创通气，使插管率降低。