中期因子在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨中期因子 (midkine,MK)的蛋白表达水平与胰腺癌血管生成、生物学特性和预后的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学方法检测 5 2例胰腺癌组织中MK的蛋白表达和微血管密度(MVD) ,并与临床病理及预后指标作对照分析。结果胰腺癌的MVD平均为 6 4± 18,MK表达阳性率为 73%。有淋巴结转移、Ⅲ～Ⅳ期和MVD高的患者 ,MK阳性表达率明显高于无淋巴结转移、Ⅰ～Ⅱ期和MVD低的患者 (P <0 0 1)。MK高表达患者术后生存时间比MK低表达患者明显缩短 (P <0 0 1)。结论MK的蛋白表达水平能反映胰腺癌细胞的恶性程度 ,可作为胰腺癌转移和预后分析的指标。     

中期因子和微血管密度在乳腺癌中的表达

目的　探讨中期因子 (MK)与微血管密度 (MVD)的表达与乳腺癌生物学行为的关系及对预后的意义。方法　采用免疫组织化学方法检测 67例乳腺浸润性导管癌组织MK、MVD表达水平 ,并对其与乳腺癌临床病理特征的关系进行统计学分析。结果　本组 67例中 ,MK阳性表达者 3 7例 ,占 5 5 .2 %。MK表达水平及MVD值均与肿块大小 ,腋淋巴结状态及复发和转移有关。MK表达阳性者的MVD均值 (90 .75± 3 3 .0 5 )明显高于MK表达阴性组 (70 .48± 3 1.3 3 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论　MK在乳腺癌血管生成中发挥重要作用 ,MK的阳性表达与乳腺癌的发生、发展和预后密切相关 ,可作为一种有价值的肿瘤标志和预后指标。     

胆管癌微血管计数和VEGF及MMP2的表达及其意义

目的：探讨胆管癌组织中微血管密度（MVD）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、基质金属蛋白酶2（MMP2）与胆管癌转移、预后的关系。方法：应用免疫组化的方法检测45例胆管癌及8例正常肝外胆管组织的MVD，VEGF和MMP2表达。结果：（1）胆管癌组织MVD值，VEGF，MMP2阳性表达率显著高于正常胆管组织（P＜0．05）；（2）胆管癌组织MVD，VEGF，MMP2的表达强度与胆管癌的病理分期、淋巴结转移有显著相关性（P＜0．05）；结论：MVD增高提示胆管癌转移侵袭潜能增加，VEGF，MMP2可能作为预测胆管癌转移的指标。     

血管生成在肝门部胆管癌发生发展中作用的研究

目的　探讨血管内皮细胞生长因子 (vascularendothelialgrowthfactor,VEGF)和血管生成与肝门部胆管癌发生发展的关系。方法　应用逆转录多聚酶链反应 (RT PCR)和免疫组化技术对2 6例肝门部胆管癌、癌周组织及 12例正常组织中VEGFmRNA和蛋白及微血管密度 (MVD)进行检测。结果　 2 6例肝门部胆管癌组织中VEGFmRNA阳性表达率为 77% (2 0 / 2 6 ) ;癌周组织阳性表达率为2 7% (7/ 2 6 ) ;正常组织表达率为 8% (1/ 12 ) ,三者差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。VEGFmRNA阳性表达与VEGF蛋白表达具有一致性 ;VEGFmRNA阳性者MVD值显著高于阴性者 (P <0 0 1) ;VEGFmRNA表达和MVD与肝门部胆管癌的分化程度、浸润转移密切相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而与肿瘤发生部位、病理类型、大小、临床分型无关 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　VEGF在肝门部胆管癌的发生和浸润转移过程中发挥重要作用 ,肿瘤血管生成与肝门部胆管癌浸润转移密切相关。     

血管内皮生长因子在胰腺癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达与人胰腺癌的血管生成及其生物学特性的关系.方法应用免疫组织化学方法测定了55例人胰腺癌组织中VEGF的蛋白表达和微血管密度(MVD),与临床病理学特征对照分析.结果胰腺癌的微血管密度平均为54.8±18.6;VEGF表达阳性率70.9%,在低分化、有淋巴结转移和Ⅱ-Ⅳ期的病人,VEGF阳性表达率显著高于中、高分化,无淋巴结转移和Ⅰ期的病人(P＜0.05).随访结果证明,VEGF高表达病人术后生存时间比VEGF低表达病人明显缩短(P＜0.01).结论VEGF表达水平能反映胰腺癌细胞的恶性程度,可作为胰腺癌分化、转移与预后分析的指标.     

结直肠癌微血管密度与生物学行为及预后相关性研究

目的：探讨微血管密度（MVD）与结直肠癌淋巴结转移及预后的相关性及其临床意义。方法：应用免疫组化S－P法,以Ⅷ因子相关抗原作为血管内皮细胞标记物测定其微血管密度。结果：59例结直肠癌中,淋巴结转移组MVD高表达,无淋巴结转移组MVD低表达（P＜0．05）。MVD低表达组5年生存率明显高于MVD高表达组（P＜0．05）。33例患术中施行门脉插管术后接受5－Fu治疗,5年生存率MVD低表达组与MVD高表达组无统计学差异（P＞0．05）。术后未加辅助治疗26例,5年生存率MVD低表达组明显高于MVD高表达组（P＜0．05）。结论：MVD表达与结直肠癌的生物学行为及预后密切相关,检测MVD在判断结直肠癌患的预后方面有重要意义。     

前列腺癌PTEN蛋白表达和微血管密度的相关性研究

目的　研究前列腺癌组织中PTEN蛋白的表达和微血管密度(MVD)的相关性及其意义。方法　应用免疫组化SP法检测3 2例前列腺癌及5例良性前列腺增生组织中PTEN蛋白表达及微血管计数,分析其意义和相关性。结果　3 2例前列腺癌中8例PTEN蛋白表达阳性(2 5 % ,8/3 2 ) ,并随病理分级升高阳性表达率下降,高分化组同中分化组间差异无显著性(P >0 .0 5 ) ,但高分化、中分化组同低分化组之间差异有显著性(P <0 .0 5 ) ,且在浸润型肿瘤(C D)期与局限性肿瘤(A B)期的差异有显著性(P <0 .0 1)。前列腺癌组织中MVD(5 2 .86±17.87) ,MVD随病理分级和临床分期的升高而升高,并同PTEN蛋白的表达成负相关(r =-0 .65 3 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论　PTEN蛋白低表达和微血管的形成在前列腺癌的发生、发展中起重要作用。检测PTEN蛋白的表达和MVD有助于判断病情及预后。PTEN蛋白的低表达与肿瘤微血管的形成相关。     

骨巨细胞瘤微血管生成及转化生长因子β1和β3的表达与预后关系

目的 :研究骨巨细胞瘤微血管生成能力及意义 ,并探讨各种细胞的不同来源和功能。方法 :用LSAB法检测骨巨细胞瘤病理标本微血管密度 (MVD)和特征及TGFβ1和TGFβ3 表达。结果 :病理分级之间MVD :Ⅲ级 >Ⅱ级 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,Ⅲ级 >Ⅰ级 (P <0 .0 1) ,瘤组织分化越差 ,微血管异质性越强。TGFβ1表达与MVD增加显著相关 (P <0 .0 1) ,与术后复发等不良预后相关 (P <0 .0 5 )。TGFβ3 表达与病理分级相关 ,而与微血管密度无关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与外科分期有关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与术后复发等不良预后有关 (P <0 .0 5 )。TGFβ1与TGFβ3 阳性表达相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,其表达率之间有显著差异 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :MVD、TGFβ1和TGFβ3 阳性表达可作为骨巨细胞瘤不良预后的指标。FC可能是真正瘤细胞 ,MGC和MC可能是瘤细胞分泌细胞因子趋化而来的破骨细胞和前体破骨细胞。     

Survivin蛋白在肝外胆管癌组织中的表达及其与预后的关系

目的 观察Survivin蛋白在肝外胆管癌组织中的表达,探讨Survivin蛋白表达水平与肝外胆管癌临床病理特征的相关性,研究Survivin蛋白表达与肝外胆管癌预后的关系.方法 采用免疫组化法检测59例肝外胆管癌组织和相应的20例癌旁组织中Survivin蛋白的表达,分析肝外胆管癌组织中Survivin蛋白的表达水平与患者临床病理特征、淋巴结转移的关系及其与预后的关系.结果 肝外胆管癌组织Survivin蛋白表达阳性率为67.8%(40/59),而癌旁组织为20.O%(4/20),二者有明显差别(P<0.01).Survivin蛋白表达水平与分化程度呈负相关(P<0.01),与TNM分期、淋巴管浸润、神经浸润和淋巴结转移旱正相关(P<0.05).Survivin蛋白表达阳性组血清CA19-9的水平为(290 300±55 500)U/L,阴性组为(113 300±31 400)U/L,Survivin蛋白阳性表达组高于阴性表达组(P<0.05).Survivin蛋白表达阴性组和阳性组平均生存期分别为43.5个月和21.1个月,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).多因素生存分析结果显示,Survivin蛋白、癌残留及淋巴结转移是肝外胆管癌独立的预后因素(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01).结论 Survivin蛋白表达水平与分化程度呈负相关,与淋巴浸润和血清CA19-9浓度呈正相关.Survivin蛋白表达水平为肝外胆管癌根治术后独立的预后因素.     

青年乳腺癌微血管密度与其侵袭性关系

目的　探讨青年乳腺癌微血管密度与其侵袭性关系。方法　SABC免疫组化法检测 40例青年乳腺癌 (年龄≤ 3 5岁 )和 3 0例绝经期乳腺癌组织中微血管密度 (MVD )值 ,探讨其与腋窝淋巴结转移、临床病理特征之间的相互关系 ,比较两组之间的差异。结果　青年组腋窝淋巴结阳性率和MVD值 ( 70 %和 65 .2 8± 15 .0 6)均明显高于绝经组 ( 4 0 %和 5 1.91± 15 .0 6) ( P <0 .0 5和 P <0 .0 1)。MVD值与腋窝淋巴结转移和TNM临床分期有关 (P <0 .0 5和P <0 .0 1)。结论　青年乳腺癌侵袭性强与肿瘤血管生成有关。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.