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1.
Distribution and Potential Human Risk of Organochlorine Pesticides in Market Mollusks from Dalian, China 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Hongliang Jia Yaqing Chang Yeqing Sun Degao Wang Xianjie Liu Meng Yang Diandou Xu Bo Meng Yi-Fan Li 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2010,84(3):278-284
Levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in mollusk samples collected from markets in Dalian, China. Among
14 OCPs screened, chlordane (Chls), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were
dominant compounds with the medians of 30.2, 5.31 and 2.03 ng/g wet weight (ww), respectively. Source analysis showed that,
much higher concentrations of Chls in mollusk samples were the result of usage of the chemical in the city, HCH in samples
were mainly due to historical technical HCH usage, and a small amount of fresh use of DDT might exist, causing high portion
of p,p′-DDT in samples. Cumulative distribution functions for the concentrations of the selected OCPs were compared to several threshold
criteria, indicating that concentrations in most mollusk samples were lower than the safe lines. The concentration data of
selected OCPs were used for risk assessment, and human exposure levels were compared to noncancer and cancer benchmarks. 相似文献
2.
Levels of 16 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in 39 composite samples of agricultural crops, related by-products,
and foodstuffs collected in Vojvodina, Serbia, in 2002 through 2004. After extraction and cleanup, OCPs were determined by
capillary gas chromatography using electron-capture detection. The highest mean level of 0.971 ng/g whole weight (ww) was
found for α-HCH in wheat flour samples. OCPs levels were well lower than the respective maximum residue limits set by current
European and Serbian regulations. Mean OCP levels were low (<1 ng/g ww) for all sample types. The most frequently determined
residue was 4,4′-DDT (identified in 76.9% of all samples analyzed), followed by γ-HCH (66.7%), β-HCH (48.7%), and endosulfan
II (41.0%). OCP levels were compared with data from other international surveys. Calculated daily intakes of OCPs by way of
consumption of the crop products included in this study according to data of the Serbian National Institute for Statistics
were compared with the acceptable daily intakes established by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization.
The average level of contamination of the Vojvodina diet was believed to be harmless regarding the studied food commodities. 相似文献
3.
Fang T Aronson KJ Campbell LM 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2012,62(2):323-332
Wild fish from Qiandao Hu, a reservoir in the Zhejiang Province in eastern China, have increased mercury (Hg) concentrations
exceeding the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended guidelines. Due to the importance of freshwater biota in the local
cuisine, dietary exposure to increased neurotoxic Hg is a concern in this region. An environmental hair-marker study was undertaken
coincident with a cross-sectional epidemiologic study with 50 women age 17–46 years living in a Qiandao Hu fishing village.
Diet, occupation, and other possible sources of Hg were recorded by way of questionnaires. Total mercury (THg) and selenium
(Se) concentrations were measured in human hair samples and in important market fish species. Fish THg and Se concentrations
were increased, with some fish concentrations >200 ng/g THg and 500 ng/g Se (wet weight [ww]). However, the average hair THg
was low at 0.76 ± 0.51 μg/g dry weight, lower than the WHO’s no observable–adverse effect level (50 μg/g), whereas the average
hair Se was 1.0 μg/g. Hair THg concentration was positively associated with the average mass of fish consumed weekly, indicating
that fish consumption is the main contributor to hair THg in this geographic area. The age-related hair THg trend was not
linear but instead demonstrated a rapid increase in THg before age 25 years, followed by consistent concentrations in all
ages after age 25 years. There was a positive correlation (p < 0.001) between molar Se and Hg in the hair samples, suggesting a possible antagonistic relation. This is the first study
examining the relation between dietary Hg exposure and hair THg in an eastern China community where freshwater fish, as opposed
to marine fish, dominates the cuisine. 相似文献
4.
This study reports the levels and distribution patterns of some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in fish samples of the Gomti
river, India, collected from three sites. In the fish muscles ∑OCPs ranged between 2.58–22.56 ng g−1 (mean value: 9.66 ± 5.60 ng g−1). Neither spatial nor temporal trends could be observed in distribution of the OCPs. Aldrin was the predominant OCP, whereas,
HCB and methoxychlor could not be detected. α-HCH and β-HCH among the isomers of HCH and pp-DDE among the metabolites of DDT
were the most frequently detected OCPs. The results revealed that the fish of the Gomti river are contaminated with various
OCPs. 相似文献
5.
Concentrations and Accumulation Features of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Baiyangdian Lake Freshwater Food Web of North China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Guocheng Hu Jiayin Dai Bixian Mai Xiaojun Luo Hong Cao Jianshe Wang Fengchao Li Muqi Xu 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2010,58(3):700-710
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), are ubiquitous
anthropogenic environmental contaminants. They are persistent, broad-spectrum toxicants that accumulate in the food web with
potential risks to the ecosystem and human health. HCHs were the predominant contaminants in Baiyangdian Lake, North China.
Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs ranged from 58 to 563 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and 21 to 401 ng/g lw, respectively, for aquatic
biota samples. The highest levels of HCHs and DDTs were observed in muscles of yellow catfish. The mean concentrations of
OCPs were 4.6 ng/L for water, 95 ng/g dry weight (dw) for aquatic plants, and 14 ng/g dw for sediments. Among the isomers
and metabolites, α-HCH and p,p′-1,1-di(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE) were the predominant congeners in biota samples. Correlations between log lipid-normalized concentrations of HCHs and
DDTs and trophic levels (TLs) based on analysis of stable isotopes of nitrogen confirmed that persistent organic pollutants
were magnified in the Baiyangdian Lake food web. Significant positive relationships were found for α-HCH and p,p′-DDT and their trophic magnification factors, which were 1.6 and 1.7, respectively. These results provide evidence of biomagnification
of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in freshwater food webs. 相似文献
6.
Esfahani AN Hassani AH Farshchi P Morowati M Moatar F Karbassi A 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2012,88(6):850-857
A total of 48 water samples and 24 sediment samples were collected at four sampling stations along the wetland during four
seasons from 2009 to 2010 and analyzed by gas chromatograph–electron capture detector (GC–ECD). In water the total concentration
of OCPs was 0.33, 0.01, 0.1 and 0.07 mg/L in summer, autumn, winter and spring, respectively. The most frequent OCP compounds
detected were endrin and chlordane (0.08 and 0.07 mg/L), heaxachlorobenzene and chlordane (0.06, 0.02 mg/L), and chlordane
(0.07 mg/L) in summer, winter and spring, respectively. The maximum concentration of ΣOCPs was found in samples collected
from station 1 in summer (0.26 mg/L). In sediments the total concentrations of OCPs were 15.84 and 2.62 mg/g-dry weight (dw)
in summer and winter, respectively. Chlordane was the most frequently found OCP compound, followed by lindane, 9.92 and 2.47 mg/g-dry
weight (dw), respectively, in summer. While, lindane (2.52 mg/g-dw) and endosulfan I (0.1 mg/g-dw) were the highest OCP compounds
detected in winter. The results obtained in this study show that there still exist a variety of organochlorine pesticide residues
in the water and sediments from the Amir-kalaye wetland in Iran. 相似文献
7.
Dhananjayan V Muralidharan S 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2010,85(6):619-623
As part of a larger study assessing contamination status of inland wetlands of India, we evaluated the organochlorine pesticide
(OCP) residues in fishes collected from different inland wetlands in Karnataka, India and their suitability for human consumption.
Among the OCPs tested, isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were the most frequently detected with β- and γ-HCH as the main pollutants. Average concentration of ∑HCH and ∑DDT ranged from 2.1 to 51.7 μg/kg and below detection level
to 12.3 μg/kg respectively. Other organochlorine pesticides such as heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin and endosulphan were found
at lower levels. Among various fish species tested, the higher pesticide burden was recorded in Anguilla bicolor bicolour (77.9 μg/kg) and the lower was in Heteropneustes fossilis (2.1 μg/kg). OCPs detected in the present study were well below the tolerance limits recommended for fishes. The calculated
daily dietary intake of OCPs in all the species examined was lower than the maximum acceptable dietary intake (ADI) limits
prescribed for human consumption. However, continuous monitoring is recommended to facilitate the early identification of
risks. 相似文献
8.
Blanes MA Serrano R López FJ 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2009,57(1):133-144
Seasonal trends and tissue distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in gilthead
sea bream (Sparus aurata) samples from the Western Mediterranean were investigated. Hexane extracts of white and red muscle, liver, and gills from
wild and cultured specimens were purified by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and selected OCPs and PCBs
were determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry as indicators of contamination. The limits of detection
for the analytical methodology allowed was 0.25 ng/g. Data obtained showed the presence of DDTs and PCBs in the different
tissues, with the highest concentration of pollutants being in tissues of higher lipid content. Concentrations of organochlorine
compounds in sea bream tissues strongly correlated with seasonal changes and the biological cycle of the species. In general,
cultured fish had lower concentrations of contaminants and smaller season variability than wild fish. Trace levels of contaminants
were found in fish muscle throughout the year, but always below the guidelines recommended for human consumption. 相似文献
9.
Kelly BC Ikonomou MG Higgs DA Oakes J Dubetz C 《Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC》2011,30(11):2456-2464
The present study reports measured levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in commercial salmon feed (n?=?8) and farmed Atlantic, coho, and chinook salmon (n?=?110), as well as wild coho, chinook, chum, sockeye, and pink salmon (n?=?91). Flesh residue concentrations (ng/g wet weight) of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), chlordanes, chlorobenzenes (CBz) and cyclodiene pesticides (e.g., dieldrin, mirex) were 2 to 11 times higher (p?0.05) in farmed salmon compared with wild salmon. Concentrations were positively correlated with flesh lipid levels. Farmed Atlantic salmon (12-15% lipid) typically exhibited the greatest OCP burdens compared with other salmon species. However, when expressed on a lipid weight basis, concentrations of OCPs (ng/g lipid weight) in wild salmon, in many cases, exceeded those levels in farmed salmon. Observed interspecies and site-specific variations of OCP concentrations in farmed and wild salmon may be attributed to divergent life history, prey/feed characteristics and composition, bioenergetics, or ambient environmental concentrations. Calculated biomagnification factors (BMF =?C(F)/C(D), lipid wt) of OCPs in farmed salmon typically ranged between two and five. Biomagnification of chemicals such as DDTs, chlordanes, and mirex was anticipated, because those compounds tend to exhibit high dietary uptake and slow depuration rates in fish because of relatively high octanol-water partition coefficients (K(OW)s?>?10?). Surprisingly, less hydrophobic pesticides such as hexachlorocyclohexanes and endosulfans (K(OW) s?10?) consistently exhibited a high degree of biomagnification in farmed salmon species (BMFs?>?5). This is contrary to previous laboratory and field observations demonstrating fish BMFs less than 1 for low K(OW) chemicals, because of efficient respiratory elimination of those compounds via gills. The results suggest that ambient seawater concentrations and bioconcentration-driven accumulation may play a key role in the bioaccumulation of these relatively more water-soluble contaminants in farmed salmon. Finally, OCP exposure through consumption of British Columbian salmon is found to be low relative to United States national average per capita total exposure levels and provisional tolerable daily intakes. 相似文献
10.
Jie Chi 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2009,82(4):510-515
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) concentrations in sediments and sediment trap fluxes of particulate organic carbon and OCPs
were measured from October 2006 to May 2008 in the urban reach of Haihe River, Tianjin, China, in order to investigate vertical
fluxes and accumulation of OCPs in sediments. The concentrations of OCPs in sediments (dry weight basis) were in the range
of 2.08–10.07 ng/g (mean 4.70 ng/g) for HCHs (α-, β-, γ-, δ-HCH), 5.82–43.39 ng/g (mean 17.43 ng/g) for DDTs (p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD,
o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT). Compared with data reported in Haihe River 2003, the levels of OCPs showed a significant decrease between
2003 and 2008. This is mainly attributed to significant decrease of production and usage of HCHs and DDTs and biodegradation
of HCHs and DDTs in sediment. Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in sediments were well correlated with sediment organic carbon
contents. Concentrations of OCPs in settling particles (dry weight basis) ranged from 21.2 to 138.4 ng/g (mean 52.6 ng/g)
for HCHs, 30.0–245.7 ng/g (mean 87.1 ng/g) for DDTs, which were 2.2–48.2-fold higher than those associated with sediments.
β-HCH was the dominant HCH isomer in both sediments and settling particles. Among DDTs, p,p′-DDE was found to be dominant
in sediments, while p,p′-DDT was the predominant form in settling particles. This suggests that further biodegradation of
OCPs occurred during the course of sedimentation and burial. The annual sediment trap flux of OCPs in Haihe River in the urban
area of Tianjin was 177–211 μg/m2 yr for HCHs and 213–341 μg/m2 yr for DDTs, respectively. 相似文献
11.
Kenneth S. Sajwan Kurunthachalam Senthil Kumar Sarah Kelley Bommanna G. Loganathan 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2009,82(4):444-449
Deposition of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
were measured in Loblolly pine needles (Pinus taeda) collected in and around a Linden Chemicals and Plastics (LCP) Superfund Site at Brunswick, Georgia, USA. For the comparison,
foliage of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) was also collected to monitor contaminant levels. This study revealed that concentrations of OCPs, PCBs and PBDEs ranged
from 0.75–10, 3.4–15 to 0.05–3, ng/g wet wt, respectively in both plant species. Total OCPs concentrations in pine needles
decreased from 10 to 2.3 ng/g; and total PCBs decreased from 28 to 9.3 ng/g between 1997 and 2006. To our knowledge, this
is the first report on PBDEs concentrations in pine needles and red cedar foliage samples from the Superfund Site at Brunswick,
Georgia, USA. 相似文献
12.
Ke R Xu Y Huang S Wang Z Huckins JN 《Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC》2007,26(6):1258-1264
Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) by triolein-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and by crucian carp (Carassius carassius) was studied in Taihu Lake, a shallow, freshwater lake in China. Crucian carp and SPMDs were deployed side by side for 32 d. The first-order uptake rate constants of individual PAHs and OCPs for the two matrices were calculated and compared to relate the amounts of chemicals accumulated by the matrices to dissolved water concentrations. On a wet-weight basis, total concentrations of PAHs and OCPs in crucian carp fillets averaged 49.5 and 13.6 ng/g, respectively, after the 32-d exposure, whereas concentrations in whole SPMDs averaged 716.9 and 62.3 ng/g, respectively. The uptake rate constants of PAHs and OCPs by SPMDs averaged seven- and fivefold higher, respectively, than those for crucian carp; however, the patterns of uptake rate constants derived from test chemical concentrations in the crucian carp and SPMDs were similar. Although equilibrium was not reached for some PAHs and OCPs during the 32-d exposure period, a reasonably good correlation between the concentration factors (CFs) and octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) values of PAHs and OCPs in SPMDs (r = 0.86, p < 0.001) was observed when potential sorption to dissolved organic carbon was taken into account. Similar efforts to correlate the CFs and Kow values of PAHs and OCPs in crucian carp (r = 0.75, p < 0.001) were less successful, likely because of PAH metabolism by finfish. Overall, the present results suggest that SPMDs may serve as a surrogate for contaminant monitoring with fish in freshwater lake environments. 相似文献
13.
Jofré MB Antón RI Caviedes-Vidal E 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2008,55(3):471-480
Artificial water reservoirs are important for fauna in arid-semiarid regions, because they provide suitable habitats for species
that depend on water, such as amphibians. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are toxic, persistent compounds that tend to bioaccumulate
and bioconcentrate. We evaluated contaminant levels in anurans from an artificial lake (Embalse La Florida) in a semiarid
region of the Midwest Argentina. This lake is one of the few sources of permanent water in the area. OCPs were detected in
all individuals. Levels ranged from 2.34 ± 0.62 ng/g wet mass of heptachlors to 9.76 ± 1.76 ng/g wet mass of hexachlorocyclohexanes.
The distribution pattern of OCP was ∑HCH > ∑DDT > endosulfan > ∑chlordane > metoxichlor > ∑aldrin > ∑heptachlor. Contaminant
levels in individuals were positively correlated with contaminant levels in the water. Burden differed between species, but
not among sites differing in water contaminant levels. Results suggest that anurans may concentrate OCPs and thus provide
an important source of exposure for amphibian predators. This study provides important information for potential risk assessment
of amphibians in the region and contributes to our understanding of the extent of OCP contamination. 相似文献
14.
Dhananjayan V Muralidharan S Ranapratap S 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2011,87(6):684-688
This study provides information on the current status of contamination by organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in eggs and tissues
of House Sparrow, Passer domesticus, in Tamil Nadu, India. The mean concentration of total hexachlorocyclohexane (∑HCH) and total dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane
(∑DDT) in eggs ranged from 0.01 to 1.81 μg/g and 0.02 to 1.29 μg/g, respectively. Concentration of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene
(p,p′-DDE) ranged from below detectable limit (BDL) to 0.64 μg/g, representing more than 60% of the ∑DDTs. About 28% of samples
had p,p′-DDE levels above the critical concentration associated with reproductive impairment. However, the mean concentrations of
cyclodiene insecticides were less than 0.5 μg/g. Although OCPs levels detected in tissues are not indicative of toxicity, continuous monitoring is recommended. 相似文献
15.
The aim of the present study was to assess infant safety associated with the occurrence of endocrine-disrupting organochlorine pesticides (OCP) in breast milk. Moreover, the association between pregnant mothers’ dietary habits and these compounds levels in breast milk was investigated. Breast milk was collected at various stages of lactation. The samples were analyzed by the GC-MS method. The OCP concentrations ranged from < limit of detection (LOD) to 6.81 ng/g lipids. The highest OCP concentrations in breast milk occurred primarily within the first month of lactation, and decreased over the lactation period. It was found that the maternal consumption of certain food products—in particular pork, beef, poultry, eggs, and dairy products—could have affected the content of 1,1’-(2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene), called DDT and its metabolites in the breast milk. The levels of beta-endosulfan were positively correlated with fish and poultry consumption. The redundancy analysis indicated that the diets of the pregnant women had an important impact on pesticide residues in the breast milk. There is a potential possibility of lowering the content of organochlorine compounds in breast milk by adhering to nutritional recommendations, e.g., avoiding the excessive consumption of fish and other raw food materials of unknown origin. 相似文献
16.
Venugopal Dhananjayan Subramanian Muralidharan 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2010,85(2):129-136
Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in blood plasma of 13 species of birds collected from Ahmedabad,
India. Among the various OCPs determined, HCHs and its isomers had higher contribution to the total OCPs. Concentration of
∑HCHs varied from 11.4 ng/mL in White ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus to 286 ng/mL in Sarus Crane Grus antigone, while ∑DDT ranged between 19 ng/mL in Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa and 147 ng/mL in Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala. p,p′-DDE was accounted for more than 50% of total DDT in many of the samples analysed. However, a p,p′-DDT to p,p′-DDE ratio higher than one obtained for many species of birds indicates the recent use of DDT in this study region. The concentrations
of cyclodiene insecticides, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin and total endosulfan ranged from 15.8 to 296.2 ng/mL, below detectable
level to 15 and 41.1–153.2 ng/mL, respectively. The pattern of total OCP load generally occurred in the following order: granivores < insectivores < omnivores < piscivores < carnivores.
Although, the organochlorine residues detected in blood plasma of birds are not indicative of toxicity, the presence of residues
in birds over the years (2005–2007) indicates continued exposure to organochlorine compounds. However, continuous monitoring
is recommended to facilitate the early identification of risks to the survival of a species. 相似文献
17.
18.
Occurrence and Distribution of Persistent Trace Organics in Rainwater in an Urban Region (India) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Malik A Singh VK Singh KP 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2007,79(6):639-645
The rainwater samples collected from the Lucknow city (India) were analyzed for selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). HCH-isomers contributed most to the ΣOCPs with the highest levels of β-HCH isomer.
The OCPs, which are currently banned in the country, were also observed. The residue levels of ΣOCPs in rainwater samples
ranged between BDL and 447.17 ng L−1. Endrin, β-endosulfan, heptachlor epoxide B and methoxychlor could not be detected in any of the sample. The levels of ΣPAHs
in rainwater samples ranged between 19.32 and 11,112.09 ng L−1 and the most abundant hydrocarbon was acenaphthylene. Further, the lower molecular weight PAHs dominated over the high molecular
weight compounds. 相似文献
19.
Rajaei F Sari AE Bahramifar N Savabieasfahani M Ghasempouri M 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2011,87(6):678-683
Feather and muscle of 10 avian species (n = 46), were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides
(OCPs). Muscle contained significantly higher PCB and OCP than liver and feather. Mean muscle and feather PCB was 408.5 ± 134.5
and 32 ± 4.5 ng/g wet weight. Highly chlorinated PCBs were found in muscle and liver while feather had PCBs with less chlorination.
Gulls had highest levels of both pollutants. Gull feather PCB and OCP were strongly correlated with their levels in the liver
and muscle tissues (0.6 < r < 0.9, p < 0.01). Analysis of gull feather can be used as a non-invasive method for monitoring organic pollutants. 相似文献
20.
Organochlorine pesticides in seafood products from southern China and health risk assessment 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Guo JY Zeng EY Wu FC Meng XZ Mai BX Luo XJ 《Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC》2007,26(6):1109-1115
Seafood consumption is an important route of human exposure to organic contaminants. Residual levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including DDTs, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), heptachlor, aldrin, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, dieldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, endrin ketone, methoxychlor, endosulfan sulfate, and heptachlor epoxide, were determined in a wide variety of seafood products collected from 11 coastal cities in southern China in June and October 2005. The results indicated that OCPs were predominated by DDTs and HCHs. The concentrations of other OCP components generally were low and were detectable in a small number of seafood samples only, probably reflective of the generally low levels of these OCPs in the study region and low bioaccumulation potentials in the species under investigation. Risk assessment against various standards clearly showed that seafood products were highly contaminated by DDTs and may pose health threat to local residents and the consumers all over the world. Furthermore, other OCP components, such as dieldrin and heptachlor, also impose lifetime cancer risk, especially to residents of coastal regions who often consume more seafood than those living inland. Therefore, continual monitoring of OCPs in various environment compartments, including biota and abiota, urgently is needed to mitigate effectively the impact of OCPs, particularly DDTs, on human health and the ecological environment. 相似文献