阴茎勃起功能障碍治疗方法探讨

目的 :探讨阴茎勃起功能障碍 (ED)的治疗方法 ,提高该病的治疗水平。　方法 :对 2 2 7例ED病人分别采取心理治疗 (31例 )、雄激素补充 (30例 )、万艾可口服 (12 1例 )、心理治疗 +万艾可口服 (16例 )、比法尔尿道滴注 (8例 )和海绵体血管活性药物注射 (2 1例 )等治疗。　结果 :治疗后 ,14 2例 (6 2 .6 % )病人勃起功能改善。其中心理治疗 12例 (38 7% ) ,雄激素补充治疗 9例 (30 0 % ) ,万艾可治疗 91例 (75 2 % ) ,心理治疗 +万艾可 13例 (81 3% ) ,比法尔 2例 (2 5 0 % ) ,海绵体注射治疗 15例 (71 4 % )。　结论 :ED是一个高度个性化的疾病 ,针对不同病人情况采取相应的治疗方法 ,有利于其接受高效、经济、安全的治疗方法     

前列腺素E1与西地那非治疗ED的比较

目的 :比较口服西地那非与阴茎海绵体内注射前列腺素E1(PGE1)治疗勃起功能障碍 (ED)的疗效。　方法 :5 4例ED病人随机分为两组 ,A组口服西地那非 ,B组行海绵体内注射PGE1,均治疗 4～ 9个月 ,平均 6个月。结果 :A、B两组的有效率分别为 80 0 %和 83 3% ,两者差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。A组 6例无效病人经海绵体内注射PGE1治疗 ,2例获得满意勃起 ;而B组 4例无效病人经口服西地那非治疗 ,无 1例勃起。　结论 :口服西地那非与海绵体内注射PGE1对各种病因所致的ED均有良好的治疗作用 ,对西地那非治疗无效者 ,可试用海绵体内注射PGE1,有时也能获得满意的效果     

小剂量前列腺素E1乳膏治疗勃起功能障碍的疗效观察

目的 :探讨小剂量前列腺素E1(PGE1)乳膏尿道口给药治疗勃起功能障碍 (ED)的疗效。　方法 :按入选标准及国际勃起功能问卷 (IIEF) 5评分录取 4 3例ED病人 ,经签知情同意书后 ,进入为期 4周的开放性临床研究。采用尿道口内挤入乳膏的方法 ,以手持阴茎保持向上位以手指关闭尿道口 30s ,每次尿道口给药量为 30 0mcgPGE1(75mg乳膏 ) ,每例最少用药 2次以上。　结果 :对主要疗效指标 (IIEFQ3+Q4 )的分析结果显示 ,受试者在使用本研究药物后进行性活动时 ,其阴茎勃起程度达到显效和有效者占 70 .73%。若按性交次数计算 ,性交成功率达 86 .4 1%。总体疗效评估的分析结果为 73.17%。同时 ,所有次要疗效评估 (IIEFQ1、Q2、Q5～Q15 )的分析结果 ,均一致支持主要疗效评估的分析结果。因各种原因中止试验的有 2例 ,发生尿道疼痛或阴茎红肿共 6例 ,占14 .6 3% ,多数为轻度、一过性的。　结论 :可将乳膏的PGE1给药剂量降至 30 0mcg时 ,采用尿道口挤入方法给药 ,仍可取得良好的疗效     

Erectile dysfunction after kidney transplantation: our 22 years of experience

AIM: To evaluate the results of treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) in kidney transplant recipients before and after the advent of sildenafil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1981 through 2002, 971 male patients of mean age 53.4 years received a renal graft. Erectile dysfunction (ED) was investigated in all patients at the first urologic visit posttransplantation. Psycho-sexual support was offered to all patients. Before sildenafil use (1998), our diagnostic approach was complex. From 1998 we tested: serum levels of testosterone, prolactin, and glucose with penile duplex ultrasonography and NPT reserved for selected cases. RESULTS: From 1981 through 1998, 365 male kidney transplant recipients (45%) reported ED. Only 169 patients chose to be treated: 27 responded to psycho-sexual therapy; 3 received testosterone with benefit; 133 had a good results from intracavernosal injection of vasoactive drugs; and 6 received a penile prosthesis. Since 1998, 126 patients reported ED (78.3%). Only 78 chose treatment: 24 patients had a satisfactory response to sildenafil (65% with 50 mg and 35% with 100 mg). PGE1 alone or in combination with papaverine and phentolamine produced a good response in 37 patients; 17 patients did not respond to pharmacotherapy; and 5 received a tricomponent penile prosthesis without complications. The side effects of sildenafil and PGE1 therapy were similar to those reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: ED is an important problem in male renal transplant recipients. Cultural resistance to treatment is common. However, treatment with sildenafil citrate and intracavernosal self-injection of PGE1 are well accepted, and prosthetic devices may help in resistant cases.     

前列腺素E1乳膏治疗勃起功能障碍的疗效和安全性

目的 :评估前列腺素E1(PGE1)乳膏治疗男性勃起功能障碍 (ED)的有效性和安全性。　方法 :按 1∶1(安慰剂∶乳膏 )双盲、随机、安慰剂对照的临床研究 ,共有 4 2例符合标准的各种病因的ED病人入选。研究结束时 ,根据受试者对勃起功能国际指数 (IIEF) 2次回答的得分差值、临床疗效评估 (记事表 )及总体疗效评估 (总评题 )、不良事件登记和实验室检查等 ,对受试者用药的有效性和安全性进行综合分析。　结果 :主要疗效评估显示 :使用本研究药物后病人阴茎勃起程度达到显效和有效改善的 ,在乳膏组与安慰剂组分别为 6 3.16 %和 9.5 2 % (P <0 .0 1) ;同时总体疗效评估 (乳膏组与安慰剂组分别为 73.6 8%和 19.0 5 % ,P <0 .0 1)的分析结果 ,也支持主要疗效评估。 2例中止试验 (4 .76 % ) ,不良事件发生乳膏组 6例 (30 .0 0 % )、安慰剂组 1例 (4 .76 % ) ,均为轻度、一过性的 ,以泌尿生殖道刺激症状为主。结论 :PGE1乳膏是一种可治疗各种病因导致ED的安全有效的药物 ,按需使用时能很好耐受     

神经性勃起功能障碍诊断探讨

目的 :探讨神经性勃起功能障碍 (ED)的诊断方法 ,提高该病的诊断水平。　方法 :对 2 0 1例ED病人分别采取全面采集病史、有针对性的体格检查、国际勃起功能评分表 (IIEF 5 )评分、阴茎海绵体注射 (ICI)试验、阴茎彩色双功能超声、球海绵体肌反射潜伏时间等诊断方法。　结果 :有 173、2 0 1、10 6、5 7、2 7例次ED病人分别接受了上述检查 ,诊断神经性ED 13例 (6 .4 6 % ) ,其他原因和原因不明ED 188例。　结论 :神经性ED较常见 ,采取综合诊断方法 ,能提高其诊断水平     

Preference for oral sildenafil or intracavernosal injection in patients with erectile dysfunction already using intracavernosal injection for > 1 year

Authors from Seoul describe their experience with patients already on triple therapy by intracavernosal injection who changed to oral sildenafil. Rather surprisingly, they found that patients had had a greater preference than expected for triple therapy, feeling that they had a better quality of erection on intracavernosal injection. The subject of the effect of renal transplantation on sperm quality and sex hormone levels is discussed by authors from Teheran. They found that sperm morphology and density remained unchanged, but there were significant improvements in sperm mobility. There was also an improvement in hormone levels and sexual function. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy and preference for oral sildenafil or intracavernosal injection (ICI) therapy in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) already using ICI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 69 patients with ED (mean age 55.1 years, sd 12.3) on ICI therapy with triple solution (papaverine/phentolamine/prostaglandin-E1) for > 1 year were recruited for the study. Their erection quality, adverse reactions and selection rate of oral sildenafil or ICI as treatment, after using sildenafil for 3 months, and the reasons for their preferences, were compared between the regimens, RESULTS: Overall, 52 men (75%) responded to sildenafil; of these men, the erection quality with ICI was better than that with sildenafil in 46 (89%) and 16 (31%) preferred ICI as their treatment. Eighteen patients (35%) used each treatment alternately and 18 (35%) used sildenafil exclusively. The main reason given by patients for choosing ICI was a better quality of erection (74%). CONCLUSION: More patients with ED and using ICI preferred it as their main treatment than was expected, even though they had a good response to oral sildenafil. A better quality of erection with ICI was the reason why experienced patients chose this method, differing from the choice of patients starting treatment for ED.     

多普勒超声技术动态观察血管性勃起功能障碍患者阴茎血流动力学的变化

目的动态观察多普勒超声技术配合阴茎海绵体注射在血管性勃起功能障碍患者诊断中的价值。方法120例疑血管性ED患者在阴茎注射PGE1后5min、10min和20min应用多普勒超声技术测量阴茎血流动力学变化,指标包括:收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张末期峰值流速(EDV)、血流阻力指数(RI)。另100例心因性ED设为对照组。第一次注射后勃起不佳的患者3d后增加PGE1剂量重新检测。结果120例患者可以观察到明显的血流动力学变化,其中有动脉性ED者34例,静脉性ED 55例,混合血管性31例。ICI后不同时间的多普勒测量其血流动力学变化有一定差异。结论多普勒超声技术诊断血管性勃起功能障碍有一定意义。阴茎海绵体注射药物后须动态观察阴茎血流动力学的变化。     

Usefulness of electromyography of the cavernous corpora (CC EMG) in the diagnosis of arterial erectile dysfunction

Electromyography (EMG) of the corpora cavernosa (CC-EMG) is able to record the activity of the erectile tissue during erection, and thus has been used as a diagnostic technique in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). The present study examines the usefulness of the technique in the diagnosis of arterial ED. A cross-sectional study was made of 35 males with a mean age of 48.5 years (s.d. 11.34), referred to our center with ED for >1 year. The patients were subjected to CC-EMG and a penile Doppler ultrasound study following the injection of 20 μg of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). The patients were divided into three groups according to their response to the intracavernous injection of PGE1: Group 1 (adequate erection and reduction/suppression of EMG activity); Group 2 (insufficient erection and persistence of EMG activity); and Group 3 (insufficient erection and reduction/suppression of EMG activity). Patient classification according to response to the intracavernous injection of PGE1 was as follows: Group 1: six patients (17%), Group 2: 18 patients (51%), and Group 3: 11 patients (31%). Patients diagnosed with arterial insufficiency according to Doppler ultrasound (systolic arterial peak velocity <30 mm s(-1) in both arteries) were significantly older than those without such damage (54.5 versus 41.8 years, respectively; s.d. 11.12). The patients in Group 3 showed a significantly lower maximum systolic velocity in both arteries than the subjects belonging to Group 2. Likewise, a statistically significant relationship was observed between the diagnosis of arterial insufficiency and patient classification in Group 3. The confirmation of insufficient erection associated with reduction/suppression of EMG activity showed a sensitivity of 66.7% (confidence interval between 50 and 84%) and a specificity of 92.9% (confidence interval between 84 and 100%) in the diagnosis of arterial ED. Owing to the high specificity of CC-EMG response to the injection of PGE1, this test is considered useful as a screening technique in the diagnosis of arterial ED.     

他达拉非治疗勃起功能障碍的疗效和安全性临床观察(附80例报告)

目的:观察他达拉非对勃起功能障碍(ED)患者临床有效性和安全性。方法:采用自身对照研究方法。80例ED患者服药前后分别接受性视频刺激加实时阴茎硬度测试仪(R igiscan)监测,比较服药前后阴茎头、根部胀大周径,勃起硬度,持续时间的变化。结果:患者服药前后阴茎勃起头、根部硬度,持续时间比较差异有显著性(P<0.05);心理性ED患者比器质性、混合性ED患者提高更加显著(P<0.01)。他达拉非对ED患者的总有效率为82.5%,对心理性、器质性、混合性的ED有效率分别为92.3%、68.7%、58.3%。心理性ED患者的显效率与器质性、混合性ED患者相比差异显著(P<0.05);药物相关的不良事件(头痛头晕11例,消化道不适8例,面色潮红5例,肌肉疼痛2例)多为轻度,且可以自行缓解,不需处理。结论:他达拉非明显改善大多数ED患者勃起功能,不良反应较少,耐受性好。     

Prostaglandin E1 long-term self-injection programme for treatment of erectile dysfunction--a follow-up of at least 5 years

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is currently the vasoactive drug of choice for intracavernous self-injection therapy in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. PGE1 is often said to have a low incidence of side-effects. However, real long-term follow-up reports are rare. Here, a report is presented on 32 patients who joined a long-term self-injection programme in which they used PGE1 for a minimum of 5 years under standardized protocol conditions. All these patients had an organic aetiology of erectile dysfunction, and their mean age was 58.7 +/- 8.6 years. The period of observation was on average 75.4 +/- 16.9 months, and the PGE1 dosage 13.5 +/- 5.9 micrograms. A total of 6799 injections were registered. The average number of injections was 213 +/- 127 per patient, which is 2.8 injections per month and patient. As regards side-effects, haematomas were registered in 1.9% of the patients and five cases of prolonged erection (0.07%) caused by unauthorized redosing were noted. Three patients developed reversible penile nodules. In 10 patients, the initial dosage had to be increased. Five patients dropped out after 5 years, none of them due to treatment complications. It is concluded that PGE1 self-injection therapy is a simple and reliable method for long-term use with hardly any side-effects. The patients do not stop treatment because of complications.     

Intracavernous self-injection of prostaglandin E1 in the treatment of erectile dysfunction

In a three-year follow-up study of 69 patients found that erectile dysfunction (ED) impairs many elderly men's life: up to 25% of the men aged 65 y and 80% of those aged 75 y suffer from erectile dysfunction. The most effective non-surgical treatment of ED is intracavernosal pharmacotherapy, and the most common vasoactive agent currently used is prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term outcome of PGE1 treatment and the patients' overall satisfaction with their sexual life. Sixty-nine patients who had started ICI therapy three years earlier were invited to a control examination. The mean age of the patients was 60.5 y. The patients filled in a questionnaire, which included questions about the use of PGE1 treatment at home. All the patients evaluated their own satisfaction with their erection, ejaculation, orgasm and libido on a visual analytical scale (VAS, 0-100%). A clinical examination was made, and the penile shaft was examined by ultrasonography. Erection with the home dose of PGE1 was estimated by Rigiscan, and the degree of erection was also estimated clinically (grades 0-5) by a doctor. The most common doses of PGE1 used at home were between 10 and 20 m (58%), 46.4% of the patients had discontinued PGE1 therapy, the mean time of using PGE1 was 23.3 months. The mean coital frequency with PGE1 was 2.8 times per month. 34.8% of the patients (24 out of 69) reported that their own spontaneous erections had improved after the beginning of PGE1 therapy. The most common problem was hematomas in 10.1% of the patients (7 out of 69), which, however, were small and did not cause discontinuation of the therapy. There were three instances of priapism (4.3%), and four patients (5.8%) had fibrosis in ultrasonography. The patients' satisfaction with their erection at home was 67.3% with PGE1. The mean coital frequency with PGE1 therapy was quite low, 2.8 times per month, even though the patients' mean age was only 60.5 y, one reason may be the high price of PGE1 injections. The rate of improvement of spontaneous erections while using PGE1 was quite high, accounting for 34.8% of the patients. Most of the patients who discontinued the PGE1 therapy had a psychogenic etiology. There were no systemic side-effects with PGE1. Only 7.2% of the patients had prolonged pain after the injection, leading to drug discontinuation. It can be concluded that treatment with intracavernous injections of PGE1 is well tolerated and involves only minor problems. The patients' satisfaction with their erections at home with PGE1 therapy was good. Precise determination of the home dose of PGE1 and the teaching of the technique of injection are important at the beginning of this treatment modality.     

勃起功能障碍与血管内皮功能关系的研究进展

血管内皮功能在阴茎勃起过程中扮演了十分重要的角色,血管内皮功能障碍是ED的病理基础之一。测量肱动脉血流介导的血管扩张功能是目前血管内皮功能主要的评估方法。改善血管内皮功能的治疗能改善阴茎勃起功能。ED是心血管疾病的先兆,及早发现ED并给予适当治疗,在改善生活质量的同时有助于降低未来心血管疾病的风险。     

微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的远期效果

目的：探讨微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛1年以上的远期疗效。方法：对1987年7月至1999年6月间329例患者的临床资料及随访结果进行回顾性分析。结果：本组患者随访1－3年97例，痉挛完全缓解92．7％，明显缓解3．1％，部分缓解2．1％，无改变2．1％；3－5年77例，完全缓解92．2％，明显缓解3．9％，部分缓解1．3％，无改变占2．6％；5－10年121例，完全缓解90．9％，明显缓解4．1％，部分缓解2．5％，无改变2．5％；10年以上34例，痉挛综合缓解91．2％，明显缓解5．9％，无改变2．95。329例中主观满意度≥80％者占82．1％，痉挛复发率5．2％，并发症发生率5．5％，。结论：采用微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛，尽量减少对脑神经及血管损伤，不遗漏面神经根附近的责任血管，是提高远期疗效养活并发症的重要环节。     

西地那非治疗合并勃起功能障碍的早泄病人的临床观察

目的 :评价枸橼酸西地那非对合并勃起功能障碍 (ED)的早泄病人的临床疗效和安全性。　方法 :45例诊断为合并ED早泄病人 ,以西地那非片可调整用药方案治疗 1～ 3个月。以阴道内射精潜伏期及配偶性交满意度来评价早泄治疗效果 ,并评估ED的总体疗效和治疗满意度 ,比较治疗前后的国际勃起功能指数评分 5 (IIEF 5 )。　结果 :早泄改善者共 2 7例 ,有效率为 6 0 %。勃起功能改善者共 40例 ,改善率为 88.88%。 2 7例早泄有效者均为 5 0mg西地那非改善了勃起功能的病人 ,且满意率为81.48%;18例早泄无效者中ED治疗满意率仅为 5 .5 6 %。在早泄有效者和无效者间比较其治疗前、后IIEF 5评分及增加值 ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 0 1)。不良反应共 9例(2 0 %) ,均为轻度或中度 ,未经特殊处理即自行缓解。　结论 :对合并ED的早泄病人 ,枸橼酸西地那非片能安全有效地改善其勃起功能 ,如获得满意疗效多能使病人早泄得到改善。     

780例海绵体内注射在排除血管性阳萎的应用体会

对780例阳萎患者进行了阴茎海绵体注射以排除血管性阳萎。97％的非血管性阳萎患者在应用罂粟碱30mg加酚妥拉明1mg后可获充分勃起,还有1.7％在罂粟碱加至60mg时可充分勃起。而对罂粟碱注射反应不佳的行PGE_1 20～25μg注射后有1.1％可充分勃起,加至50μg时又有0.2％获得勃起,提示不应以某种单一剂量或药物来排除血管性阳萎。应用罂粟碱的患者6.7％出现异常勃起,而应用PGE_1的42.1％出现阴茎疼痛,讨论了上述并发症的原因,解决对策。     

彩色多普勒超声检查在血管性勃起功能障碍诊断中的应用

目的:评估彩色多普勒超声在诊断血管性勃起功能障碍中的临床价值。方法:应用彩色多普勒超声技术,检测527例疑似血管性勃起功能障碍患者,海绵体注射血管活性药物前、后阴茎海绵体动脉血流动力学。结果:动脉性勃起功能障碍207例(49.88%),静脉性勃起功能障碍144例(34.70%),动静脉性勃起功能障碍64例(15.42%),非血管性勃起功障碍112例(26.99%)。结论:彩色多普勒超声技术是目前诊断血管性勃起功能障碍的一种微创而可靠的检查方法,其能够定量反映阴茎的血流动力学状态,为合理的治疗勃起功能障碍提供有价值的依据。     

Serum testosterone levels in diabetic men with and without erectile dysfunction

Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease, affecting 0.5–2% worldwide. The Massachusetts Male Aging Study reported that up to 75% of men with diabetes have a lifetime risk of developing ED. Type 2 diabetes is associated with low total serum testosterone (TT) identified in several cross‐sectional studies and systemic analyses. There is a lack of consensus regarding what constitutes the lowest level of testosterone within the boundaries of normality. In this retrospective study, we sought to evaluate the effect of associated co‐morbidities on serum total testosterone (TT) level in men with type 2 diabetes DM, either with or without erectile dysfunction (ED). Three hundred and ninety‐one patients were evaluated for erectile function using an abridged, five‐item version of the International Index of Erectile Function‐5. Measurements of TT, fasting lipid profile, blood sugar and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were conducted. Penile hemodynamics was assessed using intracavernosal injection and penile duplex study. Hypogonadism was found in 126 cases (33.2%), and normal TT was observed in 254 (66.8%). ED was detected in 119 cases in the hypogonadal group (94.4%) as compared to 155/254 (61.0%) in eugonadal group, P = 0.0001. TT was lower in diabetic men with ED as compared to those with normal erectile function (EF), 392.4 ± 314.9 versus 524.3 ± 140.2 ng dl^?1, respectively, P < 0.0001. After exclusion of patients with hypertension and dyslipidaemia, 185 men were evaluated, and there was no difference in the mean TT level among men with ED 490.6 ± 498.2 ng dl^?1 versus normal EF 540.6 ± 133.4 ng dl^?1 although, HbA1c remained lower in men with normal erectile function. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of TT in men without associated co‐morbidities showed that EF was compromised at TT = 403.5 ng dl^?1 or less. Sensitivity of 63.3% and a specificity of 94.0% were detected. At this level, ED was found in 33/38 (86.8%) men with TT 403.5 ng dl^?1, whereas ED was observed in 57/147 (38.8%) men with TT ≥ 403.5 ng dl^?1 (P < 0.0001). We propose a cut‐off value of 403.5 ng dl^?1 of TT blood levels as an indicator for initiation of testosterone replacement therapy in diabetic men with ED. Further prospective controlled trials are recommended.     

前列腺素E_1乳膏治疗勃起功能障碍

目的 :探讨前列腺素E1(PGE1)乳膏尿道口给药治疗勃起功能障碍的疗效。　方法 :采用随机、双盲 /开放、多中心的方法观察其安全性、有效性。在双盲组中 6 4例病人 ,每位随机给予PGE1乳膏和安慰剂乳膏各 1支 ,尿道口给药。在开放试验组中 ,79例病人各 1支PGE1乳膏尿道口给药。　结果 :双盲试验PGE1乳膏组有效 5 6例(87.5 % ) ,安慰剂乳膏组有效 3例 (4 .7% ) ,两者有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ;开放试验组有效 5 1例 (6 4.6 % )。结论 :PGE1乳膏尿道口给药治疗勃起功能障碍是安全、有效的。     

Urethral injection for stress urinary incontinence: long-term results with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer

Urethral injection is a convenient, minimally invasive means of treating stress urinary incontinence (SUI). We present long-term follow-up data from 20 patients originally recruited in 1994–95 (mean age 67 years) to receive urethral injection with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid (Dx/HA) copolymer. The majority of patients had failed previous therapy for SUI. If the first injection was unsuccessful, up to two further injections were offered. Only 3 patients (15%) failed to show a response to treatment. Sixteen women were reassessed during 2001 (4 had died of causes unrelated to the study treatment). A sustained response throughout the follow-up period was reported in 9/16 patients (57%), with incontinence recurring in just 4 (25%). None of the 7 patients with persistent or recurrent incontinence were cured by subsequent treatments, including surgery. In conclusion, urethral injection with Dx/HA copolymer offers promising long-term efficacy in the treatment of SUI, regardless of old age or failure to respond to previous therapy.Abbreviations SUI Stress urinary incontinence - VUR Vesicoureteral refluxEditorial Comment: These investigators present long-term follow-up on a newer periurethral injectable material, dextranomer/hyaluronic copolymer, for stress incontinence. The limited sample size of 20 patients with only 13 patients evaluable at 5 years, is one major disadvantage of this study; however, 69% of patients had a sustained response to urethral injection on post-operative subjective and objective testing which represents an improvement over existing injectable materials. Advantages of this material over some of the presently available agents include improved durability, lack of need for skin-testing and no reported autoimmune or migratory complications. Certainly, long-term data on more patients would be appropriate.