2015-2016年无锡地区儿童肺炎支原体流行基因特征分析

目的 探讨无锡地区儿童肺炎支原体(MP)流行基因型特征及临床特点。方法 采用Real-time PCR法对无锡地区呼吸道感染患儿咽拭子标本进行检测;阳性标本进行P1基因分型、MLVA基因分型和大环内酯类相关耐药基因检测,并结合临床资料综合分析。结果 2015—2016年,无锡地区MP-DNA阳性率为8.68%(98/1 129),其中2015年、2016年MP阳性率分别为8.07%(44/545)和9.25%(54/584)。P1-RELP基因分型显示无锡地区P1-1型73.5%(25/34),P1-2型26.5%(9/34);MLVA分型显示无锡地区主要的基因型是M4-5-7-2(33/44)和M3-5-6-2(8/44),23S rRNA耐药基因检测显示大环内酯类耐药基因突变率为65.9%(29/44)。结论 2015—2016年无锡地区肺炎支原体感染率呈升高趋势,其中肺炎支原体P1-2型有增长趋势,提示该地区MP感染可能出现 P1-1型向P1-2型的型别转换,进而出现新的流行亚型。MLVA基因分型与肺炎支原体感染患儿临床表现之间暂未发现相关性。大环内酯类相关耐药基因的突变与患儿临床指标间暂未发现联系。     

662例急性下呼吸道感染患儿病原菌检测及药敏分析

目的 分析本地区7岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染病原学及耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗生素提供参考.方法 随机选择7岁以下急性下呼吸道感染患儿662例,采集患儿鼻咽分泌物做细菌培养.采用法国ATBExpression自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪进行药敏试验,ELISA法检测血清支原体抗体IgM.结果 662例送检标本中,阳性标本478例,阳性率72.20％,单纯细菌感染364例(54.98％),单纯支原体感染66例(9.97％),二者混合感染48例(7.25％).细菌感染中前4位病原菌为:金黄色葡萄球菌188例(28.40％),肺炎克雷伯杆菌82例(12.39％)、大肠埃希杆菌36例(5.43％)、铜绿假单胞菌32例(4.83％).细菌耐药情况:金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素、头孢哌酮舒巴坦耐药率分别高达100％、98.4％、90.5％.结论 7岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染最常见的致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌,金黄色葡萄球菌耐药明显.支原体感染多见于6个月～3岁婴幼儿.治疗儿童急性下呼吸道感染应根据药敏试验结果合理选择抗生素.     

儿童耐药肺炎支原体DNA拷贝量与临床预后相关性分析

目的探究儿童耐药肺炎支原体(MP)DNA拷贝量及其与临床预后的相关性。方法选取1年内反复MP感染且不规律应用大环内酯类抗菌药物≥2次的110例患儿为研究组,采集咽拭子标本进行MP培养及药敏试验,根据MP耐药情况将患儿分为耐药组(27例)和敏感组(15例),MP检测阳性患儿实施阿奇霉素序贯治疗,观察患儿的临床特点及预后情况,荧光定量PCR检测MP-DNA拷贝量,测定血清白介素-6(IL-6)、降钙素(PCT)、急性期应激反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平及白细胞总数、血沉。结果MP培养显示,110例患儿中MP阳性感染患儿42例,阳性率38.18%,42例MP阳性中27例阿奇霉素敏感,15例耐药;耐药组治疗2周后治愈率为59.26%(17/27);4周后治愈率为77.78%(21/27);敏感组治疗2周后治愈率为100%(15/15);耐药组发热时间、住院时间均高于敏感组(P<0.05);耐药组患儿MP-DNA拷贝量、血清hs-CRP、IL-6水平显著高于敏感组(P<0.05),白细胞总数、PCT、血沉与敏感组无显著差异(P>0.05);多因素分析发现,MP-DNA拷贝量、血清hs-CRP水平是影响耐药MP感染患者预后的独立危险因素。结论儿童耐药肺炎支原体DNA拷贝量异常增加,与临床预后相关。     

儿童肺炎支原体感染的流行病学特征分析

目的分析儿童肺炎支原体感染的流行病学特征,为临床感染防控提供指导。方法收集儿童患者资料1 043例,采集外周静脉血,经肺炎支原体抗体检测试剂盒监测肺炎支原体感染情况。采用PCR扩增肺炎支原体23S rRNA,并进行测序。结果 1 043例患者中,肺炎支原体感染数为410例,患儿总感染率为39.31%。2016-2018年,患儿感染阳性率分别为29.47%、39.14%和46.62%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=15.3706,P=0.0001)。春、夏、秋、冬不同季节的患儿感染率分别为40.79%、33.51%、35.93%和43.70%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.0840,P=0.0433)。男性患儿和女性患儿肺炎支原体感染率分别为30.73%和48.88%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=35.9252,P=0.0000)。1岁、1～岁、3～岁、5～岁、≥7岁患者感染率分别为32.48%、31.61%、39.30%、42.15%和45.49%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=6.3619,P=0.0000)。179例患者感染病原菌耐药基因检测阳性,耐药率为43.66%。突变基因检出阳性患者中,肺阻塞、支气管狭窄、肺实变、胸腔积液并发症的发生率分别为40.22%、29.61%、17.32%和12.85%。结论肺炎支原体感染情况逐年增多,且冬季为高发季节。学龄前女性儿童易感染。肺阻塞是耐药肺炎支原体感染患儿主要并发症,应注意预防。     

急性呼吸道感染患儿248例病原体的检测结果及流行病学特点分析

目的分析急性呼吸道感染(ARI)患儿病原体检测结果及流行病学特点。方法通过间接免疫荧光法(IFA)测定248例ARI患儿9项血清病原体,统计病原体检出率,并比较不同感染类型、患儿性别、年龄、季节等病原体检出情况。结果共检出112例病原体,阳性率35.89%(89/248),其中肺炎支原体(MP)检出率最高,占20.97%,其次是乙型流感病毒(INFB),占15.32%;病原体单一感染65例,混合感染24例;女性患儿阳性检出率显著高于男性患儿(P0.05);阳性检出率随患儿年龄增长而上升(P0.05);急性支气管炎MP、INFB检出率均显著高于急性上呼吸道感染、肺炎患儿(P0.05);不同季节发病阳性检出率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ARI患儿病原体以MP、INFB比较常见,混合感染率较高,且ARI发病呈现季节性、年龄及性别差异特点。     

小儿非细菌性肺炎病原学研究

采集住院肺炎患儿鼻咽部分泌物,≥2岁患儿采集痰标本,应用直接免疫荧光法检测呼吸道病毒,应用荧光定量PCR检测呼吸道标本中的肺炎支原体(MP)和沙眼衣原体(CT);应用ELISA测定血清中的肺炎衣原体(CP)特异性IgM。结果 574例住院肺炎患儿中呼吸道病毒感染185例(32.2%),呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染151例(26.3%),副流感病毒(PIV)感染24例(4.1%),腺病毒(ADV)感染6例(1.0%),流感病毒(IFV)感染4例(0.7%)。呼吸道病毒感染多发生于2岁的患儿,共148例(40.9%)。非典型病原体感染108例(18.8%),其中MP感染76例(13.2%),CT感染21例(3.6%),CP感染11例(1.9%);≥2岁患儿MP感染率30.5%,2岁患儿MP感染率为3.0%。结果表明,儿童呼吸道病毒与非典型病原体感染以RSV和MP多见,不同年龄段患儿各种病原体感染率有很大差异。     

支气管肺泡灌洗液肺炎支原体核酸联合血清特异性IgM检测对儿童肺炎支原体感染的诊断价值

目的探讨肺泡灌洗液(BALF)肺炎支原体核酸(MP-DNA)联合血清特异性IgM检测在儿童MP感染诊断中的价值。方法对82例难治性呼吸道感染符合做纤维支气管镜检查患儿留取BALF进行MP-DNA检测,并检测同期患儿血清MP-IgM抗体,对所得结果进行比较。结果 82例呼吸道感染患儿中,肺泡灌洗液MP-DNA阳性42例(51.2%),血清MP-IgM阳性25例(30.5%),两者中任一个阳性的49例(58.5%)。结论肺泡灌洗液MP-DNA检测联合血清特异性IgM检测能提高MP感染的检出率,有一定的实用价值。     

血清降钙素原和内毒素检测在感染性肺炎患儿诊断中的临床应用价值

目的探讨降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)和内毒素(endotoxin,ET)检测在小儿感染性肺炎中的诊断价值。方法选择感染性肺炎患儿100例,其中衣原体肺炎8例,支原体肺炎14例,病毒性肺炎23例,细菌性肺炎55例。另选取45例健康体检儿童为对照组。比较各组血清PCT和ET水平,对细菌性肺炎患儿痰液标本分离菌株进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果细菌性肺炎组患儿血清PCT和ET分别为(10.93±3.07)ng/ml和(0.26±0.07)EU/ml,与健康对照组(0.23±0.14)ng/ml和(0.04±0.02EU/ml)比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);与衣原体肺炎组、支原体肺炎组及病毒性肺炎组PCT(0.24±0.12)ng/ml~(0.29±0.18)ng/ml和ET(0.04±0.02)EU/ml~(0.05±0.03)EU/ml比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),其中革兰阴性菌组血清ET水平显著高于革兰阳性菌组(P0.05);衣原体肺炎组、支原体肺炎组及病毒性肺炎组血清PCT和ET与健康对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。55例细菌性肺炎患儿痰标本中分离出73株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌45株,占61.64%。革兰阴性菌中的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林耐药率在90%以上,对头孢呋辛和头孢噻肟耐药率在30%以上。革兰阳性菌28株,占38.36%,其中的金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药率在77%以上,对红霉素耐药率在58%以上。结论细菌性肺炎患儿血清PCT和ET升高,因此可通过血清PCT和ET检测鉴别儿童感染性肺炎的致病菌种类。临床医师应根据病原菌的耐药状况及时选用敏感性药物治疗,以减少重症肺炎的发生。     

急性下呼吸道感染住院儿童病原及临床流行病学分析

目的 了解上海部分地区全年儿童急性下呼吸道感染(ALRTI)的病原谱及临床流行病学特征,为临床抗感染及病原检测提供依据.方法 933例复旦大学附属儿科医院2007年1月至12月ALRTI住院患儿,负压吸取咽部以下深部痰液1～2 mL,作细菌培养,并检测呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV),腺病毒(ADV),A、B型流感病毒(IFV),1、2及3型副流感病毒(PIV)等7种常见呼吸道病毒抗原,实时荧光定量PCR检测人偏肺病毒(hMPV)RNA及支原体和衣原体DNA.结果 992份ALRTI儿童痰标本中,细菌培养阳性225份,病毒检测阳性316份,支原体和衣原体阳性分别是74份与31份,混合感染标本118份,总标本病原学检出率为53.9%.RSV阳性标本268份,为最重要的感染病原,冬季为RSV感染高峰,3月龄以下儿童检出率为36.4%,3足月到6月龄以下儿童检出率为49.5%,2岁以下儿童占92.5%.RSV阳性标本中,79.5%的患儿有喘息表现.330份7种常见病毒检测阴性标本中,hMPV检出率为2.1%,患儿均无喘息表现.检出大肠埃希菌40株、肺炎克雷伯菌33株、肺炎链球菌32株、金黄色葡萄球菌20株、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌19株、流感嗜血杆菌和副流感嗜血杆菌分别为17株和16株、卡他莫拉菌布兰汉亚种16株、铜绿假单胞菌15株,为主要的致病菌.975份标本中支原体和衣原体检出率分别为7.6%和3.2%.结论 RSV仍为儿童ALRTI最主要的病原,尤其在2岁以下儿童.RSV感染易表现为儿童喘息发作,冬季为流行高峰.2007年hMPV流行强度较弱.上海部分地区仍有40%以上ALRTI患儿感染病原未明.     

某基层医院儿童社区获得性肺炎病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的分析某基层医院儿童社区获得性肺炎(CAP)病原菌分布及其耐药性,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法选取2010年1月—2013年11月在苍溪县人民医院诊治的CAP患儿752例,在使用抗菌药物之前收集痰液进行培养,并鉴定菌株及进行药敏试验。结果 752例患儿采集到合格标本674例,合格率为89.62%;细菌检出率为34.87%(235/674);其中革兰阳性菌89株(占37.87%),革兰阴性菌146株(占62.13%)。不同年龄段患儿主要致病菌排序有所不同,≤3岁患儿主要致病菌为革兰阴性菌,占64.77%;3岁患儿主要致病菌为肺炎链球菌,占42.86%。肺炎链球菌对氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药率较低,均在16.0%以下;金黄色葡萄球菌对氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药率较低,均在18.0%以下;溶血葡萄球菌对头孢呋辛和庆大霉素的耐药率较低,均为12.5%;大肠埃希菌对莫西沙星的耐药率较低,为14.3%;流感嗜血杆菌对氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药率较低,均在20.0%以下;肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢硫脒和头孢唑肟的耐药率较低,均为17.2%;卡他莫拉菌对左氧氟沙星和莫西沙星的耐药率较低,均为7.1%。结论苍溪县人民医院儿童CAP的主要致病菌为革兰阴性菌,且病原菌分布与年龄有一定关系,根据病原菌耐药情况给予经验性抗菌药物治疗对改善CAP患儿的预后具有重要意义。     

肺炎支原体的耐药机制和耐药基因检测现状

肺炎支原体是社区获得性肺炎的常见病原体之一,一年四季均可发病.严重感染者可引起多器官损伤、脑炎,甚至导致死亡.目前大环内酯类抗生素是治疗儿童支原体感染的首选药物,但近年来国内外均报道其耐药现象逐渐增加.现将肺炎支原体对于大环内酯类耐药现象、耐药机制和耐药基因检测现状及展望作一综述.     

中国城市成人社区获得性肺炎665例病原学多中心调查

目的 研究引起社区获得性肺炎（CAP）的病原体分布及患者入选前是否应用抗生素、肺炎患者预后研究组（PORT）分级等的情况，同时检测常见病原菌的耐药性。方法 入选2003年12月至2004年11月中国7个城市12个中心的665例CAP患者并进行病原体检测。病原体确定诊断的阳性判断标准为：（1）合格痰标本培养出1株或多株细菌；（2）血培养检出病原体；（3）间隔2～4周采集的2次标本的血清肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体或嗜肺军团菌抗体滴度呈现4倍或4倍以上增高或降低。应用琼脂稀释法对常见病原菌进行最低抑菌浓度（MIC）检测。结果 在610例同时进行了细菌培养和血清学检测的患者中，肺炎支原体是最常见的病原体，阳性率为20．7％（126例），其后依次为肺炎链球菌10．3％（63例）、流感嗜血杆菌9．2％（56例）、肺炎衣原体6，6％（40例）、肺炎克雷伯杆菌6.1％（37例）、嗜肺军团菌5.1％（31例）、金黄色葡萄球菌3．8％（23例）、大肠杆菌1．6％（10例）、卡他莫拉菌1.3％（8例）、铜绿假单胞菌1．0％（6例）。在195例细菌培养阳性患者中，共有10．2％（62例）合并非典型病原体感染。69株肺炎链球菌，对青霉素、阿奇霉素和莫西沙星的不敏感率分别为20．3％、75．4％和4．3％。结论 非典型病原体尤其是肺炎支原体感染在CAP中占据重要地位；细菌合并非典型病原体的混合感染占10．2％。肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌仍为常见的致病细菌，我国致CAP肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类抗生素的耐药率高达75．0％以上，对青霉素的不敏感率为20，3％．     

Epidemiology, clinical characteristics and antimicrobial resistance patterns of community-acquired pneumonia in 1702 hospitalized children in Singapore

OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND: Childhood community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The features of childhood CAP vary between countries. The aim of this study was to delineate the clinical characteristics, complications, spectrum of pathogens and patterns of antimicrobial resistance associated with hospitalized cases of childhood CAP in Singapore. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of patients discharged from Singapore's only children's hospital over a 3-year period with a principal diagnosis of CAP. RESULTS: A total of 1702 children, with a median age of 4.2 years (range: 1 month-16.3 years) were enrolled. A pathogen was identifiable in 38.4% of cases, including Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 20.3%, typical respiratory bacteria in 10.3% (64.6%Streptococcus pneumoniae; 21.7% non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae), viruses in 5.5% and mixed bacterial/viral infections in 2%. The majority of M. pneumoniae infections were in school-aged children (>5 years). Severity of infection was greater in CAP caused by typical bacteria, as reflected by length of hospital stay, CRP level, white cell and absolute neutrophil counts. Mortality from typical bacterial infections (8.9%) exceeded that from M. pneumoniae (0.3%) and viral pneumonias (0%) (P < 0.001). Aminopenicillins were often prescribed empirically for suspected S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae infections; however, resistance to these agents was frequently documented among S. pneumoniae (58.5%) and H. influenzae isolates (51%). CONCLUSION: In Singaporean children hospitalized with CAP, M. pneumoniae is the most commonly identified causative organism, followed by common respiratory viruses, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. Streptococcus pneumoniae and H. influenzae are associated with greater severity of infection than other organisms, and have high levels of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics.     

PROTEKT 1999-2000: a multicentre study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory tract pathogens in Japan.

DESIGN: A six-centre study in Japan during the winter of 1999-2000 assessed the in vitro activity of >20 antimicrobial agents against the common respiratory pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of each antimicrobial was determined against these isolates using National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) methodology. RESULTS: Among S. pneumoniae isolates, 44.5% were penicillin resistant. The macrolide resistance rate was 77.9% with 90.5% of penicillin-resistant strains also being macrolide resistant. Resistance mechanisms in macrolide-resistant isolates were identified as mef(A) or erm(B) in 42.5% and 52.5%, respectively. Of the fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates (1.3%), most were also penicillin and macrolide resistant. All strains were inhibited by telithromycin at 相似文献   

Macrolide resistance and detection in Mycoplasma pneumoniae at Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital

Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes bronchitis and pneumonia predominantly in subjects 5 to 20 years old. M. pneumoniae is detected by measuring specific antibodies and/or isolating the microorganism, but the frequency of false-positive/negative results, and the culture time required until isolation pose problems. We detected M. pneumoniae using real-time PCR with clinical specimens. We also determined the drug sensitivity of isolated M. pneumoniae and searched for the gene mutation responsible for macrolide resistance. In 275 cases of suspected M. pneumoniae infection, positive cases in real-time PCR numbered 40 (14.5%). Of these, 16 showed positive culture (5.8%). Of these 16, A2063G point mutation that causes macrolide resistance was found in 12. Drug sensitivity testing showed resistance to clarithromycin (MIC> or =64 microg/ml) in 11 and susceptibility in 4 (MIC 0.0039 microg/ml). The clarithromycin resistance ratio was 75%. Growth was insufficient for testing in 1 case. M. pneumoniae was susceptible to minocycline and all quinolone drugs. M. pneumoniae detection using real-time PCR proved much more sensitive than conventional culture. Macrolide resistance results correlated well with genomic mutation. Our study's macrolide resistance ratio was high at 75% possibly due to a restricted subject population that had been administered macrolide drugs elsewhere but with an unsatisfactory outcome. The increasing number of reports on macrolide resistance requires that we monitor drug resistance trends, particularly among macrolide derivatives.     

青海省急性呼吸道感染病原学分析

目的了解青海省急性呼吸道感染常见病原,探讨高原地区发热呼吸道症候群的病原谱构成。方法采集急性呼吸道感染患者的呼吸道分泌物、血液和尿液标本,用多重RT-PCR方法对标本进行9种细菌(支原体、衣原体)和7种病毒核酸检测。结果受检患者329例,细菌(支原体、衣原体)阳性率为5.86%(19/324),病毒阳性率为14.94%(46/308),差异有统计学意义(χ2=14.08,P<0.01)。检出的细菌主要为肺炎链球菌(占47.37%),其次为肺炎克雷伯菌(占31.58%);检出的病毒主要为人腺病毒(占31.25%),其次为人副流感病毒(占27.08%)。男性患者病原体核酸阳性率为21.26%(44/207),女性患者为13.93%(17/122),差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.72,P>0.05)。结论青海高原地区急性呼吸道感染病原主要为人腺病毒、副流感病毒、流感病毒、肺炎链球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,且病毒性呼吸道疾病所占比例较大,提示高原地区发热呼吸道感染病原以病毒为主。     

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in hospitalized children with acute pneumonia under the Mycoplasma epidemic

Since October 2000, Mycoplasma pneumonia has been a recurring epidemic in Japan. To become clear the importance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children, we investigated cross-sectionally M. pneumoniae infection by serology in the hospitalized children age under seven years with acute pneumonia retrospectively reviewing pediatric patients of the four studies about lower respiratory tract infection which we had been treated during 2001 to 2003. Firstly, we found M. pneumoniae infection in 75 patients (33.8%) among a total of 222 patients with asthma exacerbation and acute pneumonia in 2001. Second, we had evaluated a total of 46 hospitalized children with acute pneumonia for M. pneumoniae infection in November 2002 and 18 patients (39.1%) were found. Thirdly, we found M. pneumoniae infection in 8 patients (34.8%) among 23 patients with respiratory syncitial virus and acute pneumonia age under two years during October 2002 to April 2003. Fourthly, we found M. pneumoniae infection in 19 patients (35.8%) among 53 patients with asthma exacerbation and acute pneumonia during January from June in 2003. Even only among the patients age under two years M. pneumoniae infection was found to be 24.3% (16/70), 27.8% (5/8), 34.8% (8/23) and 33.3% (7/21), respectively. These findings demonstrate that M. pneumoniae is common pathogen of acute pneumonia even in infants and young children under Mycoplasma epidemic. Not only typical bacteria and but also M. pneumoniae should be considered as important pathogens in the treatment of acute pneumonia in infants and young children under Mycoplasma epidemic.     

十堰地区婴幼儿社区获得性肺炎常见病原体致病情况及耐药性变迁分析

目的分析十堰地区婴幼儿社区获得性肺炎(CAP)常见病原体致病情况及耐药性的变迁。 方法选取2018年2月至2019年2月十堰区多家医院收治的1 282例CAP患儿,采集所有患儿深部痰液标本,对痰液中细菌菌种进行鉴定,采用MIC法进行药敏试验,并分析检出细菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。 结果282例CAP患儿中病原体检出阳性者684例(53.35%),其中肺炎链球菌检出146例(21.35%),肺炎链球菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、产气肠杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌在年龄≤12个月的患儿中检出率明显高于年龄12～36个月的患儿(均P<0.05)。1 282例患儿肺炎支原体检出率为6.16%(79/1282),肺炎衣原体检出率为11.39%(146/1 282),肺炎支原体/衣原体在年龄12～36个月的患儿中检出率分别为13.71%(51/372)、25.81%(96/372)明显高于年龄≤12个月患儿的3.08%(28/910)、5.49%(50/910)(P<0.05)。在革兰氏阳性菌中,肺炎链球菌对红霉素、四环素、克林霉素耐药率均>80%,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、氨苄西林耐药率均>50%;肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺均敏感。在革兰氏阴性菌中,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌均对头孢唑林、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢曲松、氨苄西林、氨曲南耐药率>70%;流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林耐药率最高;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢曲松、头孢替坦均100%耐药;革兰氏阳性菌对哌拉西林及阿米卡星耐药率最低。 结论十堰地区婴幼儿社区获得性肺炎常见病原体为肺炎链球菌,主要对红霉素、四环素、克林霉素耐药率均较高,临床应当使用敏感抗菌素提高治疗效率。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens in the USA: data from PROTEKT US 2000-01

OBJECTIVES: The PROTEKT US surveillance program (Prospective Resistant Organism Tracking and Epidemiology for the Ketolide Telithromycin in the United States) commenced in 2000 to document the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract pathogens in the United States. METHODS: During 2000-2001, 206 centers from 154 cities/metropolitan areas collected 16,727 clinical isolates (Streptococcus pneumoniae, n=10103, Streptococcus pyogenes, n=3918, Haemophilus influenzae, n=2706). RESULTS: Among S. pneumoniae isolates, 38.9% showed decreased susceptibility to penicillin (12.5% intermediate, 26.4% resistant) with marked geographical variability. The erythromycin resistance rate was 31.0% and highly correlated with penicillin resistance. The rate of fluoroquinolone resistance was 0.8%. Telithromycin was nearly uniformly active against S. pneumoniae (MIC(90) 0.5 mg/l). All isolates of S. pyogenes were penicillin-susceptible, 5.5% were resistant to erythromycin. Telithromycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were lower than clindamycin and macrolide MICs against S. pyogenes (MIC(90) 0.03 mg/l versus 0.25 mg/l and 0.12 mg/l, respectively). 28.3% of H. influenzae isolates produced beta-lactamase. Telithromycin activity versus H. influenzae was not affected by beta-lactamase production. CONCLUSIONS: The PROTEKT US study confirms the widespread prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among common bacterial respiratory pathogens in the US, and re-affirms the importance of continued surveillance to guide optimum empiric therapy for patients with Community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CARTIs). The new ketolide, telithromycin, maintained potent activity against study isolates in vitro and offers promise for the effective treatment of CARTIs.