快速诊断多房棘球蚴病胶体金免疫层析试条方法的建立与评价

目的建立快速、简便诊断多房棘球蚴病的胶体金免疫层析试条方法。方法提取多房棘球蚴原头节总RNA,通过RT-PCR获得编码Em18基因片段并克隆入pGEX-3X表达载体,异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达得到重组蛋白;采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金,标记抗人IgG单克隆抗体;将重组Em18抗原包被于硝酸纤维素膜适当位置,制成检测特异抗体的胶体金免疫层析试条。用该试条检测多房棘球蚴病(56份)、细粒棘球蚴病(87份)、囊尾蚴病(30份)、日本血吸虫病(10份)和弓形虫病(10份)患者血清,以及健康人(50份)血清,以评价其检测的敏感性和特异性,同时用ELISA法进行平行检测,以评价该试条的诊断性能。结果以重组蛋白Em18为抗原胶体金免疫层析试条检测多房棘球蚴病患者血清,敏感性为92.9%(52/56)。与细粒棘球蚴病和囊尾蚴病患者血清分别存在9.2%(8/87)和3.3%(1/30)的交叉反应,与健康人血清存在8.0%(4/50)的假阳性率,与日本血吸虫病和弓形虫病患者血清则无交叉反应,特异性为93.0%(174/187)。ELISA法检测的敏感性和特异性分别为94.6%(54/56)和92%(172/187),与试条法比较两者差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。kappa分析结果显示,试条法与ELISA法检测多房棘球蚴病患者血清的结果高度一致(κ=0.98)。结论以重组Em18抗原建立的快速诊断胶体金免疫层析试条,检测多房棘球蚴病的敏感性和特异性均较高。     

快速检测美洲钩虫特异抗体胶体金免疫层析试条方法的建立与效果评价

目的建立简便、快速检测美洲钩虫特异抗体胶体金免疫层析试条方法并评价其检测效能。方法将美洲钩虫成虫置液氮中研磨,通过膜蛋白表面活性剂浸泡、再经液氮反复冻融和硫酸铵沉淀提取成虫可溶性抗原。用制备的成虫可溶性抗原作为包被抗原,以胶体金标记G蛋白为检测探针,制备检测钩虫特异抗体的免疫层析试条。用该试条检测美洲钩虫、蛔虫、鞭虫、日本血吸虫和刚地弓形虫等寄生虫感染者的血清以及健康人血清,评价该试条检测的敏感性和特异性,同时用ELISA进行平行检测,以评价该试条的检测效能。结果制备了检测钩虫特异抗体的胶体金免疫层析试条。用该试条和ELISA法分别检测美洲钩虫、蛔虫、鞭虫、血吸虫、刚地弓形虫感染者血清95、10、11、10和10份,健康人血清74份。试条和ELISA检测美洲钩虫感染者血清的敏感性分别为88.4%(84/95)和90.5%(86/95),检测74份健康人血清假阳性率分别为4.1%(3/74)和6.8%(5/74);与蛔虫感染者血清的交叉反应分别为2/10和4/10,与鞭虫感染者血清的交叉反应分别为1/11和4/11,试条法与血吸虫和弓形虫感染者血清无交叉反应,ELISA法与血吸虫感染者的交叉反应为1/10,与弓形虫感染者血清无交叉反应。试条法与ELISA法的特异性分别为94.9%(109/115)和88.7%(102/115),检测效能分别为91.9%和89.5%。试条法与ELISA法敏感性、特异性的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论以美洲钩虫成虫可溶性抗原制备的快速检测美洲钩虫特异抗体胶体金免疫层析试条检测美洲钩虫感染者血清的敏感性和特异性均较高。     

华支睾吸虫PPMPⅠ型抗原重组Cs2蛋白免疫诊断价值的评价

目的应用华支睾吸虫PPMPⅠ型抗原重组Cs2蛋白(rCs2)建立2种华支睾吸虫病免疫学检测方法,并进行初步评价。方法以可溶性rCs2作为诊断抗原,建立间接ELISA检测方法,并研制胶体金免疫层析检测(GICA)动力流体型试条,检测血清中的特异性抗体。采用ELISA法和GICA试条共检测35例华支睾吸虫虫卵粪检阳性患者、15例日本血吸虫病患者、15例卫氏并殖吸虫病患者和13例猪囊尾蚴病患者的血清,以及33份健康人血清。为进一步评价诊断价值,8只新西兰兔各感染600个华支睾吸虫囊蚴,随机均分为感染组和治疗组,感染第56天,治疗组各兔给予吡喹酮治疗[150 mg/(kg.d)×2 d],用ELISA法和GICA法检测两组兔0~44周抗rCs2特异性抗体的消长。结果 ELISA法的敏感性为71.4%(25/35),特异性为93.4%(71/76),总符合率为86.5%(96/111),与日本血吸虫病、卫氏并殖吸虫病和猪囊尾蚴病患者血清的交叉反应阳性率分别为1/15、1/15和1/13。GICA试条检测法的敏感性为85.7%(30/35),特异性为92.1%(70/76),总符合率为90.1%(100/111)。经EL...     

快速诊断家畜日本血吸虫病免疫层析试纸条的研制与初步应用

目的开发研制敏感、简便、快速、经济的日本血吸虫病诊断试纸条。方法利用双抗原夹心法,以日本血吸虫可溶性虫卵抗原(SEA)为检测抗原,以胶体金标记SEA为探针,采用自行设计的免疫层析试纸条装置,检测家畜血清中血吸虫特异性IgG抗体,并用ELISA方法进行比较。结果用该试纸条检测107份人工感染血吸虫病羊血清,其检出率为91.6%;检测80份健康绵羊血清,阴性符合率为87.5%;检测20份粪检阳性水牛血清及15份粪检阴性血清,其阳性符合率为100.0%,阴性符合率为86.7%;检测24份肝片形吸虫病羊血清,交叉反应率为12.5%,与锥虫病牛血清未见交叉反应;与ELISA检测结果比较,两种方法具有良好的一致性。结论应用试纸条诊断家畜日本血吸虫病敏感性高、特异性强,且操作简便、快速,不需特殊仪器设备,适合于基层使用。     

快速检测内脏利什曼病特异抗体胶体金免疫层析试条方法的建立与效果评价

目的 建立快速、简便地检测内脏利什曼病特异抗体的胶体金免疫层析试条方法,并评价效果. 方法 采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金,用以标记链球菌G蛋白（streptococcal protein G,SPG）,并将其吸附于交联释放垫上;将杜氏利什曼原虫前鞭毛体粗抗原作为包被抗原,包被于硝酸纤维素膜适当位置,制成检测特异抗体的免疫层析试条.用该试条检测病原学确诊的内脏利什曼病（129例）、疟疾（20例）、细粒棘球蚴病（10例）、日本血吸虫病（10例）、并殖吸虫病（5例）、华支睾吸虫病（5例）等患者血清,以及健康者（40例）血清,评价其敏感性和特异性.同时用酶联免疫吸附试验（enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）进行平行检测. 结果 试条法检测129份黑热病患者血清,124份为阳性,敏感性为96.1％;与疟疾患者血清存在10.0％ （2/20）的交叉反应;与日本血吸虫病患者血清存在10.0％ （1/10）的交叉反应;与健康者血清存在2.5％ （1/40）的假阳性反应;与10份细粒棘球蚴病患者血清,5份并殖吸虫病患者血清和5份华支睾吸虫病患者血清均无交叉反应,总特异性为95.6％ （86/90）.该方法与ELISA法的符合率为99.2％,二者阳性检出率之间的差异无统计学意义（x2=0.12,P＞0.05）,二者特异性之间的差异也无统计学意义（x2=0.42,P＞0.05）. 结论 成功建立快速检测内脏利什曼病的胶体金免疫层析试条,该试条敏感性、特异性均较高.     

检测鼠疫抗体胶体金免疫层析试纸条的研制

目的建立快速、简易的检测鼠疫F1抗体的胶体金免疫层析法(G ICA)。方法(1)采用胶体金颗粒标记纯化F1抗原,并将标记物喷于玻璃纤维;同时将纯化F1抗原喷线固定于硝酸纤维素膜上,用于F1抗体的捕捉;按常规组装成检测鼠疫抗体免疫层析试纸条。(2)采用该试纸条与血凝法对同一份兔抗F1抗体进行检测,以评价该试纸条的敏感性。(3)采用该试纸条对44株非鼠疫菌的免疫鼠血清进行检测,以评价该试纸条的特异性。(4)采用该试纸条、血凝法及ELISA对607份血清标本进行检测,以评价该试纸条对现场材料的检测效果。结果(1)该试纸条可在15 m in之内完成检测;(2)在敏感性上,该试纸条对同一份免疫兔血清的检测较血凝法高一个滴度;(3)对被试的44株所选菌株的免疫鼠血清的检测均为阴性;(4)在对607份血清标本的检测中,免疫层析试纸条、血凝及ELISA三种方法的符合率中度,而免疫层析试纸条的敏感性分别比血凝与ELISA高111%和90%。结论以纯化的鼠疫F1抗原为基础建立的G ICA检测鼠疫F1抗体的方法特异性强、灵敏度高、简便快速,无需特殊仪器设备,有较大的推广应用价值。     

基于利什曼原虫K26重组抗原检测黑热病特异抗体的免疫层析试条方法的建立与效果评价

目的 建立基于利什曼原虫K26重组抗原(Recombinant K26, rK26)检测内脏利什曼病特异抗体的胶体金免疫层析试条方法，并评价效果。方法 用胶体金标记链球菌G蛋白(Streptococcal Protein G, SPG),并将其吸附于交联释放垫上；将利什曼原虫K26重组抗原作为包被抗原包被于硝酸纤维素膜适当位置，制成检测特异抗体的免疫层析试条。用该试条检测病原学确诊的内脏利什曼病、其它寄生虫病以及健康者血清，以评价其检测的敏感性和特异性。同时用rK39(Recombinant K39, rK39)试条进行平行检测。结果 rK26试条法和rK39试条法检测内脏利什曼病患者血清的敏感性分别为91.82%(101/110)和93.64%(103/110);与10份疟疾患者血清、10份日本血吸虫病患者血清、10份细粒棘球蚴病患者血清、5份弓形虫病患者血清、5份并殖吸虫病患者血清和5份华支睾吸虫病患者血清均无交叉反应，40份健康者血清也均为阴性，rK26试条法和rK39试条法的总特异性均为100.00%。rK26试条法和rK39试条法阳性检出率之间的差异无统计学意义(χ^...     

胶体金免疫层析检测犬、猫抗狂犬病病毒IgG抗体的研究

目的建立检测犬、猫抗狂犬病病毒(RV)IgG抗体的胶体金免疫层析方法。方法采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金用以标记SPA,同时将重组RVN蛋白、抗SPA抗体分别包被至硝酸纤维素膜的检测线与质控线上,制备一种检测犬、猫抗RVIgG抗体的胶体金检测卡,进行了特异性和灵敏度试验,并与ELISA同时检测临床样品、统计结果。结果 GICA试纸条检测灵敏度为0.5IU/mL,与犬瘟热病毒、犬细小病毒等阳性血清无交叉反应,并与ELISA相比,两者的符合率为94.6%。结论成功建立了检测犬、猫抗RVIgG抗体的通用型胶体金免疫层析方法 ,该方法灵敏度高,特异性强,检测速度快,操作简便,可广泛应用于基层。     

巨片形吸虫硫氧还蛋白过氧化物酶的克隆、表达和免疫学诊断价值评价

目的免疫筛选巨片形吸虫成虫c DNA表达文库,并克隆和重组表达巨片形吸虫硫氧还蛋白过氧化物酶(TPx),初步评价其免疫诊断价值。方法用巨片形吸虫病患者的混合血清免疫学筛选巨片形吸虫成虫λZAP c DNA表达文库,取阳性噬菌体进行克隆、测序及序列比对分析。将TPx基因全长片段和N段截短片段分别克隆至原核表达质粒p ET28a(+)中,用组氨酸标签亲和纯化柱(Ni-NTA树脂)纯化2种重组蛋白r Fg TPx和r Fg TPx_nt(N端截短型)。以间接ELISA法,检测27例巨片形吸虫病患者治疗前后的血清,15例日本血吸虫病和15例华支睾吸虫病的患者血清,32位健康人血清,评价重组蛋白的免疫诊断价值。结果克隆的巨片形吸虫TPx基因,经原核表达、纯化并复性,获得其可溶性重组蛋白r Fg TPx和r Fg TPx_nt,相对分子质量(Mr)分别为30 000和26 000。以重组蛋白r Fg TPx_nt为检测抗原的ELISA检测的敏感性为66.7%(18/27),特异性为96.8%(60/62),总符合率为87.6%(78/89),与日本血吸虫病和华支睾吸虫病患者血清的交叉反应率分别为0和1/15。巨片形吸虫病患者治疗前后血清的A450值分别为0.233±0.088和0.129±0.072,差异有统计学意义(t=4.27,P0.01)。结论筛选并克隆了巨片形吸虫TPx抗原基因,实现原核表达,并证明该重组蛋白作为人体巨片形吸虫病的免疫诊断抗原具有较好的诊断意义,亦有可能具有早期诊断和疗效考核价值。     

尿液HIV抗体胶体金检测方法性能评价

目的对国家"十三五"重大专项课题研发的2个尿液艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体检测试剂(胶体金法)的检测性能进行临床试验前评价。方法用HIV1/2抗体尿液国家参考品对胶体金法HIV尿液抗体检测试剂进行检验评估;用541份未接受抗病毒治疗(ART)、72份接受ART的HIV抗体确证阳性者、214份HIV抗体阴性者尿液样本,以酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)尿液HIV抗体检测试剂作为对照,比较两种方法的敏感性与特异性及ART对胶体金法尿液HIV抗体检测结果的影响。结果 HIV1/2抗体尿液国家参考品检测结果显示,两个胶体金法HIV尿液抗体检测试剂能达到该参考品检测要求;未进行ART的541份样本中,两个尿液胶体金法与ELISA法HIV抗体检测试剂敏感性分别为98.52%(533例),97.04%(525例)与98.89%(535例),特异性均为100%。两个尿液胶体金检测结果与尿液ELISA检测结果相比、尿液HIV抗体检测结果与血液HIV抗体检测结果相比,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。72例ART病人样本,两个胶体金法与ELISA法尿液HIV抗体检测试剂的检测敏感性分别为58.33%(42例),52.78%(38例)与70.83%(51例),经卡方检验两个尿液胶体金法与ELISA法敏感性差异无统计学意义(P0.05),尿液胶体金法与ELISA法HIV抗体检测结果与血液HIV抗体检测结果差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论胶体金法尿液HIV抗体检测试剂盒的敏感性与特异性与已经上市的ELISA没有差别,可用于高危人群HIV筛查,接受ART的HIV感染者/艾滋病病人不适用尿液抗体检测。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。