明胶化学交联评价方法的研究进展

化学交联是提高明胶性能的重要手段,交联的程度决定了明胶的性能,为了更好地评价明胶的化学交联,本文从目前国内的研究现状出发,对明胶的化学交联进行了分类,并结合现代仪器分析技术,整理出评价明胶化学交联程度的一系列方法.通过研究发现,交联后明胶的物理性能、化学结构和生物学性能发生了明显的变化,这些差异同样反映着明胶的交联程度...     

单纯的“医药分业”无法解决“看病贵”的问题

目的指出＂看病贵＂的根本问题在于药价虚高。方法从造成药价虚高的原因入手,分析＂看病贵＂的原因。结果＂医药分业＂无法根本解决＂看病贵＂的问题。结论提出解决＂看病贵＂的几点建议。     

有毒中药炮制减毒的三类分类法

本文将有毒中药的炮制减毒方法分为三类加以论述,其中化学减毒包括加热、水解、溶解之减毒方法 ;物理化学结合法减毒包括白矾、甘草、豆腐、米醋、麦麸、滑石粉、米等辅料减毒及稀释减毒;物理减毒包括除油和去除毒物存在部位等减毒方法。     

Overall View of Chemical and Biochemical Weapons

This article describes a brief history of chemical warfare, which culminated in the signing of the Chemical Weapons Convention. It describes the current level of chemical weapons and the risk of using them. Furthermore, some traditional technology for the development of chemical weapons, such as increasing toxicity, methods of overcoming chemical protection, research on natural toxins or the introduction of binary technology, has been described. In accordance with many parameters, chemical weapons based on traditional technologies have achieved the limit of their development. There is, however, a big potential of their further development based on the most recent knowledge of modern scientific and technical disciplines, particularly at the boundary of chemistry and biology. The risk is even higher due to the fact that already, today, there is a general acceptance of the development of non-lethal chemical weapons at a technologically higher level. In the future, the chemical arsenal will be based on the accumulation of important information from the fields of chemical, biological and toxin weapons. Data banks obtained in this way will be hardly accessible and the risk of their materialization will persist.     

质谱成像技术在中药代谢领域的应用

质谱成像技术是一种全面、快速的新型分析技术,在中药代谢领域具有其独特优势,可以解决由于中药化学成分多样,代谢产物繁杂难以分析,限制其代谢研究的这一科学问题。本文通过检索国内外相关文献,对质谱成像技术的分类、相关设备及发展进行介绍,重点阐述了不同原理的质谱成像技术在中药代谢领域的应用,同时对该技术现有的优势与发展进行了总结。     

应用彩色多谱勒超声诊断下肢静脉血栓的临床分析

目的探讨彩色多谱勒超声应用于下肢静脉血栓的临床诊断效果。方法 85例疑似下肢静脉血栓患者被给予彩色多谱勒超声诊断,并对其诊断结果进行分析。结果 85例疑似患者中,确诊82例,准确率为96.5%,显示了较好的诊断效果。结论彩色多普勒具有多种显著的优点,其用于下肢静脉血栓的诊断,可迅速判断病情,为患者的治疗提供准确参考,提高患者生活质量,值得在临床上应用和推广。     

简析应用磁共振扩散加权成像诊断肝癌的价值

目的分析磁共振加权成像在诊断肝癌当中的临床效果。方法选取我院在2012年1月至2013年1月收治的36例经过资料和病理证实为肝细胞癌的患者,在治疗前,经过协商后将其随机分为观察组和对照组两组,每组各18例。为对照组患者采用常规的方式进行再次诊断,为观察组患者采用磁共振扩散加权成像的诊断方式进行再次诊断,观察两组患者的诊断效果,比较两组患者的满意度,最后对两组患者采用合理的方法进行治疗。结果对照组18例肝癌患者成功诊断出10例,观察组患者经磁共振扩散加权成像方法诊断出所有患者,且观察组患者的满意程度高于对照组,P<0.05,具有统计学意义。结论相对于常规的诊断方式,磁共振扩散加权成像的诊断方式确诊率更好,能够较清晰的呈现出患者的肝癌病灶,更能够得到患者的认可,值得在临床上推广使用。     

常用花类中药材粉末的光谱成像快速鉴别与分析

目的：探讨光谱成像技术在中药真伪鉴别和质量控制方面的应用范围与优势。方法：采用电可控液晶滤光光谱成像装置,快速检测凌霄花、红花、合欢花、菊花和野菊花5种花类中药材的粉末：通过提取5种花类中药材的特征荧光光谱曲线,对不同种类的花类中药材粉末进行鉴别;系统光谱分辨率为5nm,光谱覆盖范围为400～650nm。结果：5种花类中药材具有各自不同的特征光谱曲线。结论：光谱成像技术可用于花类中药材的真伪鉴别,具有样品不需经任何前处理、操作简便、快速、无损等优点。     

胃肠造影诊断腔外型胃平滑肌瘤的临床价值探讨

目的对胃肠造影在腔外型胃平滑肌瘤临床上的诊断价值做以探讨。方法通过使用数字化胃肠造影机,对临床20例经过手术病理治疗证实为腔外型胃平滑肌瘤患者进行比对,从漏诊率、成像清晰度等方面进行探讨。结果胃肠造影的漏诊率低,而且成像清晰,能够清晰的表现出病灶的位置以及病情发展变化情况。讨论胃肠造影在误诊率以及成像清晰度等方面,较传统的胃镜检查和CT检查相比,都有其无法比拟的优势。     

多层螺旋CT泌尿系二维、三维成像的有关影像学表现和临床价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT泌尿系二维、三维成像的有关影像学表现和临床价值。方法选取54例不同病例的患者,经曲面重建法、多平面重建法等后处理技术对其进行成像,并对结果进行对比分析。结果静脉肾盂造影显影效果低于多层CT泌尿系成像,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论多层螺旋CT泌尿系成像操作简便,能够可靠的对泌尿系统结构进行显示,与静脉肾盂造影相比,显影率较高,多层螺旋CT重组图非常清晰,对结石、泌尿系肿瘤的表现尤为显著,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Major effects on blood-retina barrier passage by minor alterations in design of polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles

Abstract

Because the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an obstacle for drug-delivery, carrier systems such as polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles (NPs) have been studied. Yet, little is known of how physiochemical features such as size, surfactants and surface charge influence BBB passage in vivo. We now used a rat model of in vivo imaging of the retina - which is brain tissue and can reflect the situation at the BBB - to study how size and surface charge determine NPs’ ability to cross the blood-retina barrier (BRB). Interestingly, for poloxamer 188-modified, DEAE-dextran-stabilised, fluorescent PBCA NPs, decreasing the average zeta-size from 272?nm to 172?nm by centrifugation reduced the BRB passage of the NPs substantially. Varying the zeta potential within the narrow range of 0–15?mV by adding different amounts of stabiliser revealed that 0?mV and 15?mV were less desirable than 5?mV which facilitated the BRB passage. Moreover, whether the fluorescent marker was adsorbed or incorporated also influenced the transport into the retina tissue. Thus, minor changes in design of nano-carriers can alter physicochemical parameters such as size or zeta potential, thus substantially influencing NPs’ biological distribution in vivo, possibly by interactions with blood constituents and peripheral organs.     

探讨PET/MR/CT多模式融合显像在原因不明发热中寻找致热源的价值

目的：探讨18 F-FDG PET/MR/CT多模式融合显像在原因不明发热( fever of unknown origin, FUO)中的诊断价值。方法对在2009—2014年符合FUO诊断标准的57例病例,全部行PET/MR或PET/CT检查后通过手术探查或穿刺活检获得病理诊断,临床诊断而非手术治疗者随访半年以上,通过目测法和半定量分析方法对18 F-FDG PET/MR/CT的诊断结果进行评价。结果57例FUO患者,其中能明确致热源的有43例,包括感染性炎性反应16例,恶性肿瘤12例,非感染性炎性反应8例,其他类型7例,未能发现病因14例。而18 F-FDG PET/MR/CT显像诊断真阳性38例,假阳性5例,假阴性3例,真阴性11例。18 F-FDG PET/MR/CT的灵敏度92.7%,特异性68.8%;阳性预测值88.4%,阴性预测值78.6%。结论18 F-FDG PET/MR/CT显像在临床FUO的诊疗中具有独特价值。     

Quantification of sunitinib in mouse plasma,brain tumor and normal brain using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic application

The primary challenge associated with the development of an assay method for the determination of drug concentrations in relatively small amount of mouse plasma and tissue samples is to improve extraction efficiency and detection sensitivity. In this work, a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)-based method combined with protein precipitation, liquid–liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction techniques was developed for the determination of sunitinib in mouse plasma, brain tumor and normal brain tissue, respectively. The instrument was operated under the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using electrospray ionization (ESI) in the positive ion mode. A good linear relationship with coefficients of determination ≥0.99 was achieved over the concentration ranges of 1.37–1000 ng/mL for plasma and 4.12–1000 ng/g for the normal brain and brain tumor. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for sunitinib in mouse plasma, brain tumor and normal brain tissue are 1.37 ng/mL, 4.12 ng/g and 4.12 ng/g, respectively. The reproducibility of the LC–MS/MS method is reliable, with the intra- and inter-day precision being less than 15% and accuracy within ±15%. The established method was successfully applied to the characterization of sunitinib disposition in the brain and brain tumor as well as its systemic pharmacokinetics in a murine orthotopic glioma model.     

The Short Time Exposure (STE) test for predicting eye irritation potential: Intra-laboratory reproducibility and correspondence to globally harmonized system (GHS) and EU eye irritation classification for 109 chemicals

Short Time Exposure (STE) test is an easy in vitro eye irritation test that assesses cytotoxicity in SIRC cells (rabbit corneal cell line) following a 5 min dose treatment. To assess intra-laboratory reproducibility, medium control, three vehicles (saline, saline containing 5% (w/w) dimethyl sulfoxide, and mineral oil) and three standard chemicals (sodium lauryl sulfate, calcium thioglycolate, and Tween 80) were evaluated. Assessments were repeated 30 times for vehicles and 18 times for standard chemicals; resulting in almost the same cell viability and a low coefficient of variation value. In addition, the STE eye irritation rankings of three standard chemicals, as calculated on the cell viabilities in 5% and 0.05% solutions were in agreement in all tests. Based on these results, high intra-laboratory reproducibility was confirmed.In addition, the irritation category (irritant and non-irritant) was evaluated for 109 chemicals with STE test, globally harmonized system (GHS) classification, and European Union (EU) classification. The results of the evaluation found the STE classification to have an accuracy with GHS classification of 87% and with EU classification of 83%, which confirmed the excellent correspondence.The correspondence of STE rankings (1, 2, and 3) based on the prediction model by STE test with the eye irritation rankings by GHS (non-irritant, categories 2 and 1) and EU (non-irritant, R36, and R41) was 76% and 71%, respectively.Based on the above results, STE test was considered to be a promising alternative method for assessing eye irritation that has high intra-laboratory reproducibility as well as an excellent predictability of eye irritation.     

Evaluation of research activities and research needs to increase the impact and applicability of alternative testing strategies in risk assessment practice

The present paper aims at identifying strategies to increase the impact and applicability of alternative testing strategies in risk assessment. To this end, a quantitative and qualitative literature evaluation was performed on (a) current research efforts in the development of in vitro methods aiming for alternatives to animal testing, (b) the possibilities and limitations of in vitro methods for regulatory purposes and (c) the potential of physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) modeling to improve the impact and applicability of in vitro methods in risk assessment practice. Overall, the evaluation showed that the focus of state-of-the-art research activities does not seem to be optimally directed at developing in vitro alternatives for those endpoints that are most animal-demanding, such as reproductive and developmental toxicity, and carcinogenicity. A key limitation in the application of in vitro alternatives to such systemic endpoints is that in vitro methods do not provide so-called points of departure, necessary for regulators to set safe exposure limits. PBK-modeling could contribute to overcoming this limitation by providing a method that allows extrapolation of in vitro concentration-response curves to in vivo dose-response curves. However, more proofs of principle are required.     

Biodistribution and PET imaging of 89-zirconium labeled cerium oxide nanoparticles synthesized with several surface coatings

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) have unique surface chemistry allowing catalyst-like antioxidant properties, and are being investigated for several disease indications in medicine. Studies have utilized surface modified CONPs toward this application, but have been lacking in comprehensive biodistribution and pharmacokinetic data and a direct comparison to uncoated CONPs. We developed an enhanced single-pot synthesis of several coated CONPs and an efficient intrinsic core labeling of CONPs with the clinical PET isotope, zirconium-89, allowing detailed PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution. All coated [⁸⁹Zr]-CONPs showed benefit in terms of biodistribution compared to uncoated [⁸⁹Zr]-CONPs, while retaining the intrinsic antioxidant properties. Among these, poly(acrylic acid) coated CONPs demonstrated excellent candidacy for clinical implementation due to their enhanced renal clearance and low reticuloendothelial system uptake. This work also demonstrates the value of intrinsic core labeling and PET imaging for evaluation of nanoparticle constructs to better inform future studies towards clinical use.     

Layer-by-layer capsules for magnetic resonance imaging and drug delivery

Layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled polyelectrolyte capsules have demonstrated their unique advantages and capability in drug delivery applications. These ordered micro/nano-structures are also promising candidates as imaging contrast agents for diagnostic and theranostic applications. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), one of the most powerful clinical imaging modalities, is moving forward to the molecular imaging field and requires the availability of advanced imaging probes. In this review, we are focusing on the design of MRI visible LbL capsules, which incorporate either paramagnetic metal-ligand complexes or superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. The design criteria cover the topics of probe sensitivity, biosafety, long-circulation property, targeting ligand decoration, and drug loading strategies. Examples of MRI visible LbL capsules with paramagnetic or superparamagnetic moieties were given and discussed. This carrier platform can also be chosen for other imaging modalities.     

Pharmaceutical applications of vibrational chemical imaging and chemometrics: a review

The emergence of chemical imaging (CI) has gifted spectroscopy an additional dimension. Chemical imaging systems complement chemical identification by acquiring spatially located spectra that enable visualization of chemical compound distributions. Such techniques are highly relevant to pharmaceutics in that the distribution of excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredient informs not only a product's behavior during manufacture but also its physical attributes (dissolution properties, stability, etc.). The rapid image acquisition made possible by the emergence of focal plane array detectors, combined with publication of the Food and Drug Administration guidelines for process analytical technology in 2001, has heightened interest in the pharmaceutical applications of CI, notably as a tool for enhancing drug quality and understanding process. Papers on the pharmaceutical applications of CI have been appearing in steadily increasing numbers since 2000. The aim of the present paper is to give an overview of infrared, near-infrared and Raman imaging in pharmaceutics. Sections 2 and 3 deal with the theory, device set-ups, mode of acquisition and processing techniques used to extract information of interest. Section 4 addresses the pharmaceutical applications.