使用两种不同的穿刺针对甲状腺细针穿刺标本满意率的影响

目的 比较使用带芯针或者空芯针对甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学检查(fine-needle aspiration cytology, FNAC)标本满意率的影响。方法 回顾性收集2019年1月～2021年7月阜阳市人民医院完成的甲状腺FNAC患者1614例1773个甲状腺结节临床资料,根据穿刺时使用针具不同分成空芯针组(n=837)和带芯针组(n=936),主要指标为标本满意率,次要指标为恶性诊断率及标本不满意原因。结果 两种针标本满意率比较,空芯针组标本满意率高于带芯针组(χ²=16.456,P<0.05)。标本不满意原因分析,带芯针标本中“血液污染遮蔽滤泡细胞”及“滤泡细胞少于最少诊断需要”原因高于空芯针(χ²=7.476、20.298,P<0.05)。两种针标本恶性诊断率比较差异无统计学意义(χ²=1.861,P>0.05)。结论 对于经验丰富的穿刺操作者,使用带芯针无法提升标本满意率,同时显著增加患者的穿刺费用。     

触诊下甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学检查的诊断价值

目的评价触诊下甲状腺结节细针穿刺细胞学检查的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析总结1999年3月-2004年12月348例行甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学检查（fine—needle aspiration cytology,FNAC）的病例,以术后常规组织病理学诊断结果为金标准。结果348例行FNAC的甲状腺结节诊断准确率为61．8％,灵敏度为47．1％,特异度67．9％,其中囊性变的取材成功率65．4％,实性取材成功率84．1％。结论触诊下FNAC可以作为甲状腺结节的良、恶性鉴别的初次检查方法。甲状腺实质性结节比囊性病变更适合行触诊下FNAC。细胞学诊断为阳性的结果比阴性的结果更可靠,细胞学诊断为阴性时需要综合判断。     

细胞学检查在≥4cm甲状腺结节中的假阴性率研究

目的 通过比较甲状腺结节(≥4 cm)穿刺后细胞学检查与术后组织病理学检查结果,探讨细针穿刺细胞学(fine-needle aspiration cytology,FNAC)方法检查甲状腺结节(≥4 cm)中的假阴性率,进而指导临床诊断、治疗.方法 选择符合条件甲状腺结节(≥4 cm)患者,先后予FNAC检查及手术切除...     

甲状腺结节细针穿刺细胞学检查评估

目的 探讨甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学(fine-needle aspiration,FNA)检查的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析中国医学科学院肿瘤医院2005年10月至2011年1月行甲状腺细针穿刺的474例连续病例资料.B超引导下穿刺218例(46.0％),触诊穿刺256例(54.0％).细胞学诊断结果分为六级:无法诊断、良性、不典型细胞、滤泡样肿瘤、可疑恶性及恶性.将其中157例手术患者术前细胞学诊断结果与术后组织病理学诊断结果进行比较.结果 157例手术治疗患者中91例为恶性,术前FNA诊断为无法诊断2/7、良性16.7％ (9/54)、不典型细胞3/9、滤泡样肿瘤1/3、可疑恶性83.3％( 35/42)、恶性97.6％ (41/42).甲状腺细针穿刺鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的敏感度为85.4％,特异度为86.9％.阳性预测值90.5％.结论甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学诊断能够为甲状腺疾病提供较为准确的术前诊断.六级诊断方法有助于临床治疗方案的选择.     

超声引导下细针抽吸细胞学检查对甲状腺结节的诊断价值

目的　探讨不同医师操作下,超声引导下细针抽吸细胞学检查（fine needle aspiration cytology,FNAC）对不同大小甲状腺结节的诊断价值。方法　回顾性分析109 例患者122个结节的FNAC结果与手术组织病理学结果。结果　17个结节（13.9%）未获得满意的细胞学诊断结果,余105个结节FNAC与组织学结果的符合率85.7%。诊断敏感性78.6%,特异性93.9%,阳性预测值93.6%,阴性预测值79.3%。≤1 cm与＞1 cm组只有阴性预测值差异有统计学意义。≤1 cm与＞1 cm组、良恶性结节间、不同医师操作下FNAC取材不满意率均无统计学差异。结论　FNAC能有效鉴别不同大小甲状腺结节良恶性。     

甲状腺TI-RADS 4类结节分值及强回声灶类型与细针穿刺病理的研究

目的分析美国放射协会甲状腺影像报告及数据系统(ACR TI-RADS)4类结节分值、强回声灶类型与细针穿刺病理的关系,探讨其临床应用价值。方法收集TI-RADS 4类且行甲状腺细针穿刺的病例203例,将其超声评分、强回声灶类型与细针穿刺病理结果进行统计学分析。结果 203例TI-RADS 4类结节中,不同分值结节的细针穿刺病理结果差异有统计学意义(χ~2=46.226,P0.001),结节分值与穿刺Bethesda分级呈正相关(r=0.470,P0.001);4种不同类型强回声灶结节的细胞学结果差异有统计学意义(χ~2=28.650,P0.001),两两分析时,粗大钙化与点状强回声差异有统计学意义(χ~2=15.742,P0.001),与大彗星尾征差异无统计学意义(χ~2=2.102,P=0.350);环状钙化与点状强回声及无或大彗星尾征间差异均无统计学意义(χ~2=2.723,P=0.256;χ~2=4.171,P=0.124)。结论对于TI-RADS 4类结节,进一步注意其分值及强回声灶特征,有助于结节良恶性的预测及临床决策的选择。     

细针鼓膜穿刺治疗分泌性中耳炎68例临床观察

目的 对细针鼓膜穿刺和粗针鼓膜穿刺治疗分泌性中耳炎的疗效及副作用进行比较.方法 分泌性中耳炎患者137例(173耳),分为两组.治疗组68例(85耳):取坐位,清洁消毒外耳道及鼓膜,奥布卡因行鼓膜表面麻醉,5号细长针头于鼓膜前下象限穿刺抽液后,用地塞米松注射液5mg+α-糜蛋白酶注射剂4000u+0.9%氯化钠注射液2ml混合液进行鼓室冲洗,同时口服强的松、抗生素、扑尔敏及针对病因治疗;对照组69例(88耳):治疗方法 除穿刺针换成8号长针穿刺外,其余同对照组.结果 治疗组66例治愈(97.06%),有效1例(1.47%),总有效率98.53%,无效1例(1.47%);随访半年66例无复发,66例治愈病例鼓膜均无疤痕形成或仅有极轻微疤痕形成,无耳鸣等后遗现象,听力完全恢复正常;2例反复发作分泌性中耳炎,经鼓膜置管引流治愈.对照组治愈66例(95.65%),有效2例(2.9%),总有效率98.55%,无效1例(1.45%);随访半年66例无复发,3例反复发作分泌性中耳炎,经鼓膜置管引流治愈;68例粗针穿刺病例均明显遗留鼓膜疤痕,有40例发生鼓膜内陷现象,3例发生较顽固的耳鸣,45例听力下降10 dB左右.结论 细针和粗针鼓膜穿刺注药治疗分泌性中耳炎疗效无明显差别;但细针鼓膜穿刺者鼓膜、中耳损伤轻,鼓膜恢复好,操作简单,听力可完全恢复正常,无耳鸣等现象,副作用比粗针穿刺明显减轻.值得在临床中推广应用.     

FNAC诊断甲状腺炎的临床评价

目的　评价甲状腺细针抽吸细胞学检查 (fine needleaspirationcytologyFNAC)在诊断亚急性甲状腺炎和桥本甲状腺炎中的作用。方法　对疑似甲状腺炎 12 0例采用血清T3 、T4、TSH检测加甲状腺核素扫描以及甲状腺FNAC两种方式检查 ,同时观察甲状腺针吸后的咽喉疼痛反应。结果　 12 0例甲状腺病变中 86例经FNAC确诊 ,其中亚急性甲状腺炎 4 0例、桥本甲状腺炎 4 2例、桥本甲亢 4例。甲状腺FNAC的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为 95 .6 %、82 .6 %、92 .9%。甲状腺FNAC对甲状腺炎确诊数与同位素检查确诊数的差别有统计学意义(P <0 .0 1)。在疼痛组 4 5人和无痛组 75人中 ,针吸疼痛持续时间大于 4h的人数分别为 2 5例和 11例 ,两组针吸疼痛反应阳性人数的差别有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　甲状腺FNAC是诊断甲状腺炎的重要方法 ,但具有严重咽喉疼痛者不宜优先选择此法。     

细针穿刺在甲状腺结节诊断中的应用

甲状腺结节的发病率为20％～45％,但恶性结节仅占5％～l5％.明确甲状腺结节的性质对减少不必要的手术有着非常重要的意义.本文从穿刺在甲状腺疾病诊断中的应用及甲状腺肿瘤分子生物学方面探讨甲状腺结节的诊断模式.     

传统涂片联合液基细胞学在甲状腺细胞学诊断中的应用价值探讨

目的　探讨传统涂片联合液基细胞学在超声引导下甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学诊断中的应用价值。方法　超声引导下对152例甲状腺结节行细针穿刺传统细胞涂片及液基细胞学涂片，且152例患者均行手术治疗，将细胞学与组织病理进行对比分析。结果　细针穿刺细胞学与术后组织病理结果进行对照，传统涂片联合液基细胞学涂片对于甲状腺结节诊断的符合率为91%，对于甲状腺恶性结节的诊断符合率达到93.2%，均高于单纯传统涂片。结论　甲状腺结节细针穿刺传统涂片与液基细胞学联合使用，诊断准确性更高，具有良好的应用价值，值得临床推广使用。     

US-guided FNA techniques for thyroid nodules is the short axis better than the long axis?

BackgroundUltrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC US) has been proven to be an accurate and efficient tool in thyroid nodule evaluation. Thyroid nodule aspiration can be acquired with either of two techniques: the short axis, in which only the tip of the needle is observed, and the long axis, in which the entire length of the needle is observed. Our retrospective study aimed to compare the adequacy of the two techniques.MethodsFNAC US was performed in 538 thyroid nodules between January 2019 and December 2021. Data on the technique and the diagnostic accuracy were collected.ResultsA total of 273 nodules were aspirated using the long axis technique, and 265 nodules were aspirated using the short axis technique. The diagnostic adequacies of the long axis technique were significantly higher than those of the short axis technique (92 % versus 86 %, respectively, p < 0.025).ConclusionIn our study, the long axis technique provided more accurate cytological evaluation than the short axis technique.Level of evidence: level 3.     

The effect of combined spinal‐epidural (CSE) anaesthesia and size of spinal needle on postoperative hearing loss after elective caesarean section

The effect of combined spinal epidural (CSE) anaesthesia and size of spinal needle on postoperative hearing loss after elective caesarean section The exact aetiology of vestibulocochlear dysfunction after spinal anaesthesia is unknown. Low‐frequency hearing loss occurs after spinal anaesthesia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combined spinal–epidural (CSE) anaesthesia and size of spinal needle on vestibulocochlear dysfunction, using pure tone audiometry performed pre‐ and on the first and the second day postoperatively. Forty‐five patients who were to undergo elective caesarean section were evaluated. In group I, CSE anaesthesia (18 G Tuohy, 25 G Whitacre pencil‐point‐design spinal needles) was performed in 15 patients. In group II, spinal anaesthesia was performed in 15 patients with 25 G Whitacre pencil‐point‐design spinal needles and, in group III, spinal anaesthesia was performed in 15 patients with 22 G Whitacre pencil‐point‐design spinal needles. In the pre‐ and on the first and the second day postoperatively, the pure tone audiogram was performed in the audiology laboratory of our hospital, using a calibrated Kamplex Diagnostic Audiometer AC 40 in a noise‐free room. When the CSE anaesthesia group and 22 G spinal group were compared for change in hearing between the pre‐ and postoperative periods, a statistically significant difference was observed at R‐right ear 125 Hz (P < 0.025) and at L‐left ear 125 Hz (P < 0.023), and at L‐left ear 1000 Hz (P < 0.036) and at R‐right ear 1500 Hz (P < 0.006), and at L‐left ear 1500 Hz (P < 0.022). At other frequencies, the difference was insignificant. When the CSE anaesthesia group and 25 G spinal group were compared for change in hearing between the pre‐ and postoperative periods, no statistically significant difference was detected at any frequency tested. When 22 G spinal group and 25 G spinal group were compared for change in hearing between the pre‐ and postoperative periods, there was some hearing loss at low frequency, although this difference did not reach statistical significance. The positive correlation of low‐frequency hearing loss and increased pressure in the epidural space (which decrease the risk of cerebrospinal fluid leakage through the dura) suggests that cerebrospinal fluid leakage via the spinal puncture hole is not the only factor involved. Perioperative fluid replacement alone may not prevent hearing loss but CSF loss through the dural puncture site should also be prevented.     

Fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of salivary gland lesions. The role of the Milan system for reporting cytopathology

BackgroundFine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an established technique in the management of salivary gland lesions. The Milan System for reporting salivary gland cytopathology (MSRSGC) intents to standardize diagnostic categories. Current studies are trying to evaluate the diagnostic approach of this system.MethodsFNAC of salivary gland lesions were retrieved over an 11-year period. 185 FNAC specimens from 182 patients were reviewed blindly and classified according to the criteria established by the MSRSGC. 136 (74.7%) patients had follow-up of their processes.ResultsThe total number of diagnostic categories and risk of malignancy (ROM) in 185 specimens were the following: non-diagnostic 39 (21.1%; ROM 12%), non-neoplastic 35 (18.9%; ROM 0%), atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) 17 (9.2%; ROM 46.1%), benign neoplasm 75 (40.5%; ROM 4.9%), salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential 4 (2.2%; ROM 100%), suspicious for malignancy 7 (3.8%; ROM 100%), malignant 8 (4.3%; ROM 100%). No false positives were observed in groups IVb, V, and VI in this series. The overall sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and diagnostic accuracy were 88%, 91.8%, 96.3%, 76.7%, and 91% respectively.ConclusionThe ROM reported in our study was in keeping with ROM published by the MSRSGC. This system provides standardized information for risk stratification. The category AUS encompassed cases causing uncertainty representing a challenge in management. Defining criteria for AUS category need to be refined. The system facilitates communication between pathologists and clinicians favoring improvement in patient care.     

FNAC of salivary gland lesions with histopathological correlation

Hypothesis: Analysis of salivary gland lesions by FNAC and correlation with histopathology. To evaluate utility of FNAC in salivary gland lesions.Back ground: Salivary gland lesions form about 2–6.5% of all head and neck neoplasms in adults. They are easily accessible for FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology) and risks of fistula formation or tumour implantation are low compared surgical biopsy. Also, cytology can provide a distinction between asalivary and non salivary lesion, benign and malignant lesions so also specific and non specific inflammation. Methods: Seventy patients were studied prospectively over two years. FNAC was done using 10 cc syringes and 20–22 no. needle. Histomorphology was assessed on routine H & E (haemotxylin and eosin) stained paraffin sections. SPAS (periodic acid Schiff) and mucicarmine satins were also done. Results: 80% of the lesions were neoplastic (61% benign, 31% malignant) and 20% were neoplastic. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most frequent benign neoplasm while mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most frequent malignant lesion. Among the non neoplastic lesions, the maximum number of cases were of chronic sialadentis. In the present study, FNAC has a sensitivity of 94.54% and specificity of 80.95% for neoplastic lesions. Conclusions: FNAC was found to be a useful diagnostic tool in the evaluation of salivary gland lesions because of its simplicity, excellent patient compliance and rapid diagnosis. This cost effective tool is invaluable in planning the surgical management of the patient.     

Precisión diagnóstica de la citología por punción aspiración con aguja fina en tumores de la glándula parótida

Introduction and objectivesFine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a globally accepted technique in the preoperative evaluations of head and neck tumours; however, the effectiveness in the interpretation of salivary glands neoplastic lesions is still controversial. The objective of this study consisted of assessing the efficacy of FNAC in preoperative diagnosis of parotid tumours.MethodsThis retrospective study was conducted using 93 patient samples with parotid gland tumoral pathology, treated at the Otorhinolaryngology Department in our institution during the 2007-2011 period. Preoperative FNAC was employed and the patients subsequently submitted to surgical excision with histopathological diagnosis of the specimen. Cytology results were classified as negative for malignancy, positive for malignancy or insufficient sample, and later compared with the definitive histological diagnosis.ResultsThe mean age of the studied sample was 52.9 years (range: 11 to 88 years); 55.9% were men. The FNAC showed significant sensitivity of 57.1%, with a specificity of 95.1%, for detecting malignancy in parotid gland tumours. The positive and negative predictive values for malignancy were 50 and 96.3%, respectively.ConclusionsFNAC is considered a simple test but of limited use for diagnostic guidance in tumour pathology of the parotid gland in our environment, mainly because of its low sensitivity. However, the high specificity and high negative predictive value of FNAC makes it a more accurate test in benign or negative result cases.     

The effect of combined spinal-epidural (CSE) anaesthesia and size of spinal needle on postoperative hearing loss after elective caesarean section

The exact aetiology of vestibulocochlear dysfunction after spinal anaesthesia is unknown. Low-frequency hearing loss occurs after spinal anaesthesia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combined spinal-epidural (CSE) anaesthesia and size of spinal needle on vestibulocochlear dysfunction, using pure tone audiometry performed pre- and on the first and the second day postoperatively. Forty-five patients who were to undergo elective caesarean section were evaluated. In group I, CSE anaesthesia (18 G Tuohy, 25 G Whitacre pencil-point-design spinal needles) was performed in 15 patients. In group II, spinal anaesthesia was performed in 15 patients with 25 G Whitacre pencil-point-design spinal needles and, in group III, spinal anaesthesia was performed in 15 patients with 22 G Whitacre pencil-point-design spinal needles. In the pre- and on the first and the second day postoperatively, the pure tone audiogram was performed in the audiology laboratory of our hospital, using a calibrated Kamplex Diagnostic Audiometer AC 40 in a noise-free room. When the CSE anaesthesia group and 22 G spinal group were compared for change in hearing between the pre- and postoperative periods, a statistically significant difference was observed at R-right ear 125 Hz (P < 0.025) and at L-left ear 125 Hz (P < 0.023), and at L-left ear 1000 Hz (P < 0.036) and at R-right ear 1500 Hz (P < 0.006), and at L-left ear 1500 Hz (P < 0.022). At other frequencies, the difference was insignificant. When the CSE anaesthesia group and 25 G spinal group were compared for change in hearing between the pre- and postoperative periods, no statistically significant difference was detected at any frequency tested. When 22 G spinal group and 25 G spinal group were compared for change in hearing between the pre- and postoperative periods, there was some hearing loss at low frequency, although this difference did not reach statistical significance. The positive correlation of low-frequency hearing loss and increased pressure in the epidural space (which decrease the risk of cerebrospinal fluid leakage through the dura) suggests that cerebrospinal fluid leakage via the spinal puncture hole is not the only factor involved. Perioperative fluid replacement alone may not prevent hearing loss but CSF loss through the dural puncture site should also be prevented.     

Computed tomography versus ultrasound/fine needle aspiration biopsy in differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules: a retrospective analysis

IntroductionUltrasound sonography provides a quick method for determining which nodule to sample for fine needle aspiration biopsy in thyroid nodules. On the other hand, the computed tomography examination is not restricted by echo attenuation and distinguishes between benign and malignant nodules.ObjectiveTo compare computed tomography examinations against ultrasound/fine needle aspiration biopsy in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules.MethodsData regarding computed tomography examinations, sonographic finding following fine needle aspiration biopsy, and tumor histology of 953 nodules from 698 patients who underwent thyroidectomy were collected and analyzed. The beneficial score for detection of the malignant tumor for each adopted modality was evaluated.ResultsUltrasound images did not show a well-circumscribed solid mass in 89 nodules, and ultimately did not detect nodules in fine needle aspiration biopsies (false positive non-malignant nodules). Ultrasound images showed parenchymatous disease (false positive malignant nodules) in several nodules. Computed tomography examinations demonstrated higher difficulty in detection of malignant nodules of 1.0–2.0 cm size than ultrasound examination following fine needle aspiration biopsies; compared to tumor histological data, computed tomography examinations had a sensitivity of 0.879.ConclusionComputed tomography examinations are a more reliable method for differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules than ultrasound examinations followed by fine needle aspiration biopsy.Level of EvidenceIII.     

Fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis and management of thyroid disease

The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. The study also evaluated the predictive value of pre-operative fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in surgical decision making, by comparing the final pathological diagnosis with the initial FNAC result. All patients who underwent thyroidectomy between 1999 and 2003 were analysed. One hundred and sixty patients who underwent pre-operative FNAC were included in this study. Fine needle aspiration was accurate in 119 (74.3 per cent) patients. Fine needle aspiration cytology and histology did not correlate in 32 (20 per cent) patients and FNAC was inadequate in nine (5.6 per cent) cases. Failures were mainly noted in cases of follicular neoplasm. Our results indicate that FNAC is helpful in the diagnosis of thyroid pathology. However, complete histopathological analysis is essential to distinguish follicular adenoma from follicular carcinoma.From this study, it can be concluded that FNAC is a cost-effective method of evaluating thyroid pathology pre-operatively and plays a useful role in planning the surgical management of thyroid nodules. However, results must be interpreted with the clinical picture in mind.     

Utility of immediate on-site cytopathological procurement and evaluation in fine needle aspiration biopsy of head and neck masses

The utility of on-site microscopic evaluation of fine needle aspirates (FNAs) of the head and neck was assessed by comparing the diagnostic yield in 336 specimens obtained with immediate on-site cytopathological procurement and evaluation to that achieved in 548 cases performed without immediate on-site evaluation. Three hundred six (91%) of 336 immediate evaluation specimens were adequate for cytopathologic diagnosis, compared to 391 (71%) of 548 specimens not evaluated immediately (P < .001, chi-squared test). The higher satisfactory rate in immediate evaluation cases was related primarily to 1. immediate reaspiration of the masses until sufficient cytopathologic material was obtained for diagnosis; and 2. optimal specimen preparation. It is concluded that immediate on-site cytopathological procurement and evaluation of fine needle aspirates of head and neck masses is a valuable practice which assures a higher yield of adequate specimens compared to biopsies taken without immediate evaluation. The technique of immediate on-site evaluation of FNAs is discussed and a cost-benefit analysis of immediate on-site evaluation of FNAs is presented.     

The clinical significance of atypia in thyroid fine-needle aspiration

Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of thyroid nodules has become the primary diagnostic tool in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. However, the diagnostic utility of thyroid cytology may be limited by the presence of atypical cytologic patterns. In patients with atypical cytology in FNAC, treatment concept is not established. The purpose of this study is to correlate subcategories of atypical cytology of thyroid gland with final histologic diagnoses, and to help develop a treatment plan for thyroid nodules. We retrospectively reviewed 133 specimens of patients with atypical cytology of thyroid nodule according to preoperative FNAC. The atypical cytologic patterns were classified and divided into three groups: follicular neoplasm with nuclear atypia (FNA), nodular hyperplasia with nuclear atypia (NHA), possible papillary carcinoma (PP). Then we investigated the malignancy rates of each group. Among the 133 specimens with atypical cytology, 43 cases (32.3%) were proved to be malignant. Of the 97 cases in the FNA group, 29.9% were malignant. In the NHA and PP groups, 23.1 and 47.8% were malignant, respectively. However, there was no statistical significance in the incidence of malignancy among the three groups. There was also no statistical difference among all groups, with regard to lymph node metastasis and recurrence. In conclusion, if aspirates manifest atypical cytologic pattern, surgery should be considered, especially if the results are categorized as PP. Intraoperative frozen section should be confirmed and the extent of resection should be determined by final pathology.