弥散加权成像评价大鼠复苏后脑损伤研究

目的:对比分析不同时间点弥散加权成像(DWI)检查对评估大鼠心脏骤停(CA)模型心肺复苏(CPR)后脑水肿的价值.方法:将20只体重为(506±13)g的雄性SD大鼠随机分为sham组(n=6)、ROSC 6 h(n=7)组及ROSC24h组(n=7),利用气管插管制作大鼠心脏骤停窒息模型.模型组大鼠恢复自主循环(RO...     

大鼠心肺复苏后脑损伤研究

目的:探讨大鼠心肺复苏(CPR)后脑功能及病理组织学变化.方法:42只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组:正常对照组(A组,6只),假手术组(B组,6只),复苏组(C组,按ROSC后1 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、72 h各时点分5亚组,6只).分别行神经功能缺损评分(NDS),测定脑组织含水量及病理形态学观察.结果:C组大鼠NDS评分降低,随ROSC时间延长,NDS水平逐渐上升,但72 h仍低于正常;大鼠ROSC后脑组织含水量呈上升趋势,24 h达高峰,各时点均高于B组(P<0.01);脑组织存在缺血性病理改变,神经元细胞坏死、胶质细胞增生、血管周水肿、尼氏体减少或消失,以24 h最明显,72 h损伤仍较重;体视学分析显示C组神经元细胞比表面、数面密度下降,平均体积增加(P<0.01).结论:大鼠CPR后出现神经元细胞坏死、脑水肿、整体行为学评分下降,存在脑功能损害.     

心脏骤停后心肺复苏和心肺脑复苏成功病例的对比分析

目的 探讨影响心脏骤停患者成功脑复苏的相关因素.方法 回顾对比分析心脏骤停后成功心肺脑复苏(A组,n=38)和仅心肺复苏成功(B组,n=42)患者之间的相关指标,包括性别、年龄、原发疾病、心脏骤停原因、心脏骤停环境、心脏骤停相关时间和心肺复苏后相关治疗持续时间.结果 两组性别比和平均年龄比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).原发疾病:A组以外科为主(78.9%),B组以内科为主(61.9%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.005).心脏骤停原因:A组31例(81.6%)为急性缺氧、低血压、内脏神经反射和单纯心脏疾患, B组30例(71.4%)为慢性缺氧和慢性心脏病,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.005).心脏骤停环境:A组24例(63.2%)发生在手术室和ICU,B组22例(52.4%)发生在普通病房,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.005).心脏骤停相关时间:A组心脏骤停持续时间(8.2±8.7)min,自主心跳恢复时间(6.7±8.4)min,脑缺血缺氧时间(1.5±1.3)min,均明显短于B组[分别为(30.8±26.2)min、(27.7±24.9)min和(3.1±3.1)min,P＜0.001或P＜0.005].心肺复苏后相关治疗持续时间:A组亚低温持续时间(4.0±2.6)d,呼吸机持续时间(11.1±19.7)d,与B组[(5.9±3.8)d和(15.4±29.3)d]比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).Logistic多因素回归分析显示,原发疾病(OR=6.22,95%CI 1.64～23.46)、心脏骤停持续时间(OR=1.11,95%CI 1.04～1.19)和心脏骤停发生环境(OR=4.51,95%CI 1.22～16.61)与成功脑复苏的关系更密切,成为三个独立影响因素.结论 没有明显慢性疾病,在手术室和ICU以急性缺氧、低血压和单纯心脏原因发生的心脏骤停,抢救及时有效,复苏后处理恰当、合理,尽早实施全面脑保护是成功脑复苏的有利因素.     

心肺转流行心肺复苏的实验研究

观察狗心脏停搏３０分钟后的心肺复苏效果，以１０％氯化钾溶液静脉注射使实验狗心脏停搏、呼吸停止３０分钟后，分两组进行心肺苏实验研究。实验狗每组５只，第一组采用常规法，第二组采用心肺转流法。实验期间，定时对心电图、动脉压、静脉压、动脉血气和瞳孔进行监测。心脏骤停后６０分钟检查最终复苏效果。结果第一组仅１只狗于１５分钟后恢复自主循环，瞳孔开始缩小，其余４只狗均未获复苏，第二组于２－３分钟后全部恢复自主循     

Logistic回归分析影响心肺复苏后存活率的因素

目的：对影响心肺复苏自主循环恢复后存活率的因素进行统计分析。方法：应用Logistic多元回归分析心跳骤停患者自主循环恢复（ROSC）后影响存活率的有关因素。结果：单因素分析显示与ROSC后的预后相关的因素有5个：心跳骤停发生地点、ROSC间期、瞳孔、自主呼吸、复苏后综合征（PRM），但多因素分析仅PRM有统计学意义。结论：在筛出的因素中PRM是影响ROSC后存活率的关键因素，因此，心肺复苏后工作重点放在对各脏器功能的评估、支持、监护治疗上。     

机械心肺复苏对心脏骤停患者复苏效果影响的Meta分析

目的:评价使用机械心肺复苏对心脏骤停患者复苏结局的影响。方法:系统检索中国知网、维普、万方、PUBMED、Web of Science等数据库中关于机械心肺复苏和徒手心肺复苏的相关文献,提取有效数据后用RevMan5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果:共计纳入20项临床研究,包含29 727例患者,其中11 104例患者在...     

心肺复苏238例临床分析与回顾

我院急诊科2002年10月至2004年7月对各种原因引起的心脏、呼吸骤停(不包括慢性疾病的终末衰竭期)患者进行心肺复苏(CPR)共238例,现分析回顾如下,旨在总结经验和教训,以进一步提高CPR的成功率,     

急诊心肺复苏140例临床分析

目的分析因心跳骤停（CA）来院急救的140例患者行心肺复苏后的结果及影响心肺复苏的相关因素,为有效的心肺复苏提供临床参考资料。方法选择2009年1月至2010年1月四川省人民医院城东病区急救的140例心跳骤停患者,分析患者复苏的方式、急救时间及复苏的结果等,为临床心肺复苏提供有价值的参考材料。结果复苏失败122例,成功18例,其中3例痊愈出院。复苏的方式、时间等对心肺复苏结果有重要影响。结论心跳骤停是急诊医学中的常见情况,急诊工作者要在尽可能短的时间内进行正确的心肺复苏才能提高患者的存活率。     

Rescuer fatigue during actual in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation with audiovisual feedback: A prospective multicenter study

Background

Rescuer fatigue during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a likely contributor to variable CPR quality during clinical resuscitation efforts, yet investigations into fatigue and CPR quality degradation have only been performed in simulated environments, with widely conflicting results.

Objective

We sought to characterize CPR quality decay during actual in-hospital cardiac arrest, with regard to both chest compression (CC) rate and depth during the delivery of CCs by individual rescuers over time.

Methods

Using CPR recording technology to objectively quantify CCs and provide audiovisual feedback, we prospectively collected CPR performance data from arrest events in two hospitals. We identified continuous CPR “blocks” from individual rescuers, assessing CC rate and depth over time.

Results

135 blocks of continuous CPR were identified from 42 cardiac arrests at the two institutions. Median duration of continuous CPR blocks was 112 s (IQR 101–122). CC rate did not change significantly over single rescuer performance, with an initial mean rate of 105 ± 11/min, and a mean rate after 3 min of 106 ± 9/min (p = NS). However, CC depth decayed significantly between 90 s and 2 min, falling from a mean of 48.3 ± 9.6 mm to 46.0 ± 9.0 mm (p = 0.0006) and to 43.7 ± 7.4 mm by 3 min (p = 0.002).

Conclusions

During actual in-hospital CPR with audiovisual feedback, CC depth decay became evident after 90 s of CPR, but CC rate did not change. These data provide clinical evidence for rescuer fatigue during actual resuscitations and support current guideline recommendations to rotate rescuers during CC delivery.     

The impact of a step stool on cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a cross-over mannequin study

Objective

Shallow chest compressions and incomplete recoil are common during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and negatively affect outcomes. A step stool has the potential to alter these parameters when performing CPR in a bed but the impact has not been quantified.

Methods

We conducted a cross-over design, simulated study of in-hospital cardiac arrest. Rescuers performed a total of four 2-min segments of uninterrupted chest compressions, half of which were on a step stool. Compression characteristics were measured using a CPR-sensing defibrillator and subjective impressions were obtained from rescuer surveys. Paired analyses were performed to measure the impact of the step stool, taking into account rescuer characteristics, including height.

Results

Fifty subjects, of whom 36% were men, with a median height of 169.8 cm (range 148.6–190.5) volunteered to participate. Use of a step stool resulted in an average increase in compression depth of 4 mm (p < 0.001) and 18% increase in incomplete recoil (p < 0.001). However, unlike with incomplete recoil, the effect was more pronounced in rescuers in the lowest height tertile (9 ± 9 mm vs 2 ± 6 mm for those rescuers taller than 167 cm, p = 0.006).

Conclusions

Using a step stool when performing CPR in a bed results in a trade-off between increased compression depth and increased incomplete recoil. Given the nonlinear relationship between the increase in compression depth and rescuer height, the benefit of a step stool may outweigh the risks of incomplete release for rescuers ≤167 cm in height. The benefit is less clear in taller rescuers.     

心肺复苏后脑损害昏迷转归的早期观察与评价

目的：探讨准确、客观评估与判定心肺复苏（CPR）后脑损害昏迷的方法。方法：对27例心肺复苏12h后脑损伤仍处于昏迷状态的患者进行连续的观察和评估,评估的项目包括对神经系统的各项临床观察。结果：27例患者中19例（70．4％）在心肺复苏后1个月内死亡,其余8例存活患者从昏迷成为睁眼昏迷,存活患者中2例（25．0％）分别在第5d、第43d清醒。结论：临床综合评定心肺复苏后昏迷客观、可靠,对临床医疗决策和提高脑复苏成功率具有重要的指导意义。     

ICU中心肺复苏结果的五年回顾

目的：了解ICU中心肺复苏病人的复苏成功率,存活率以及基础疾病与复苏成功率之间的关系。方法：对1995年－1999年在我院急救科ICU中经历过心肺复苏（CPR）的病人病史进行回顾性研究。结果：5年中共有153例病人经历过CPR,平均年龄59岁,39例（25．5％）CPR成功,但最终仅有10例（6．5％）存活出院,CPR后存活者与未存活者在年龄和CPR持续时间上有一定差别,在性别和基础疾病上无明显差异,CPR前的基础疾病分别为心脑血管疾病44例（28．8）,感染性疾病26例（17．0％）,胃肠道疾病18例（11．8％）,呼吸系统疾病14例（9．2％）。恶性肿瘤14例（9．2％）等。结论：年龄是影响ICU中心腹复苏成功与否的一项重要因素,心脑血管疾病和感染性疾病是ICU中心跳呼吸停止的主要基础疾病。     

Use of esmolol after failure of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation to treat patients with refractory ventricular fibrillation

Introduction

We compare the outcomes for patients who received esmolol to those who did not receive esmolol during refractory ventricular fibrillation (RVF) in the emergency department (ED).

Methods

A retrospective investigation in an urban academic ED of patients between January 2011 and January 2014 of patients with out-of-hospital or ED cardiac arrest (CA) with an initial rhythm of ventricular fibrillation (VF) or ventricular tachycardia (VT) who received at least three defibrillation attempts, 300 mg of amiodarone, and 3 mg of adrenaline, and who remained in CA upon ED arrival. Patients who received esmolol during CA were compared to those who did not.

Results

90 patients had CA with an initial rhythm of VF or VT; 65 patients were excluded, leaving 25 for analysis. Six patients received esmolol during cardiac arrest, and nineteen did not. All patients had ventricular dysrhythmias refractory to many defibrillation attempts, including defibrillation after administration of standard ACLS medications. Most received high doses of adrenaline, amiodarone, and sodium bicarbonate. Comparing the patients that received esmolol to those that did not: 67% and 42% had temporary return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC); 67% and 32% had sustained ROSC; 66% and 32% survived to intensive care unit admission; 50% and 16% survived to hospital discharge; and 50% and 11% survived to discharge with a favorable neurologic outcome, respectively.

Conclusion

Beta-blockade should be considered in patients with RVF in the ED prior to cessation of resuscitative efforts.     

心肺复苏期间患者缺血-再灌流损伤的临床研究

目的：探讨心脏复苏期间患者缺血－再灌流损伤的机制,方法：20例心搏骤停行心肺复苏术患者,根据复苏后有无自主循环分为缺血组（8例）和再灌流组（12例）。并于复苏前,复苏后即刻,15min,30min时分别测定其血中丙二醛（MDA）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的浓度,比较两组患者血中上述指标的动态变化,并设正常对照组,结果：再灌流组MDA浓度较心博骤停前明显增高,尤以30min时增高显著,且明显高于缺血组,SOD浓度较心搏骤停前明显下降,尤以复苏后即刻下降显著,且明显低于缺血组,缺血组实施心肺复苏术前后MDA,SOD浓度无明显变化。结论：MDA和SOD在缺血－再灌流损伤中起着重要作用。动态监测血中MDA,SOD浓度对评估心肺复苏期间患者的再灌流损伤程度有参考价值。     

大鼠心肺复苏后脑水肿的变化及肾上腺素对脑水肿的影响

目的:探讨心肺复苏早期脑水肿的时间变化特点,以及肾上腺素对脑水肿的影响。方法:采用窒息致大鼠心跳骤停的动物模型,并以肾上腺素组做对照,检测单纯肾上腺素注射后及心肺复苏后各时点脑组织的水含量,电镜观察脑组织超微结构的改变。结果:正常大鼠注射肾上腺素后5min内均出现脉压差增大,心率加快,同时并发心律失常;肾上腺素组注射后3h出现脑组织水含量一过性升高,6h已下降,心肺复苏组于复苏后0.5h起就出现脑组织水含量的增加,并持续至9h。结论:心肺复苏早期就出现脑水肿,开始以细胞毒性脑水肿为主,而后发生血管源性脑水肿,肾上腺素可促进细胞毒性脑水肿的形成。     

Factors influencing outcomes after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in emergency department

BACKGROUND:

The outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may depend on a variety of factors related to patient status or resuscitation management. To evaluate the factors influencing the outcome of CPR after cardiac arrest (CA) will be conducive to improve the effectiveness of resuscitation. Therefore, a study was designed to assess these factors in the emergency department (ED) of a city hospital.

METHODS:

A CPR registry conforming to the Utstein-style template was conducted in the ED of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College from January 2005 to December 2011. The outcomes of CPR were compared in various factors groups. The primary outcomes were rated to return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), 24-hour survival, survival to discharge and discharge with favorable neurological outcomes. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to evaluate factors associated with survival.

RESULTS:

A total of 725 patients were analyzed in the study. Of these patients, 187 (25.8%) had ROSC, 100 (13.8%) survived for 24 hours, 48 (6.6%) survived to discharge, and 23 (3.2%) survived to discharge with favorable neurologic outcomes. A logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the independent predictors of ROSC included traumatic etiology, first monitored rhythms, CPR duration, and total adrenaline dose. The independent predictors of 24-hour survival included traumatic etiology, cardiac etiology, first monitored rhythm and CPR duration. Previous status, cardiac etiology, first monitored rhythms and CPR duration were included in independent predictors of survival to discharge and neurologically favorable survival to discharge.

CONCLUSIONS:

Shockable rhythms, CPR duration ≤15 minutes and total adrenaline dose ≤5 mg were favorable predictors of ROSC, whereas traumatic etiology was unfavorable. Cardiac etiology, shockable rhythms and CPR duration ≤15 minutes were favorable predictors of 24-hour survival, whereas traumatic etiology was unfavorable. Cardiac etiology, shockable rhythms, CPR duration ≤15 minutes were favorable predictors of survival to discharge and neurologically favorable survival to discharge, but previous terminal illness or multiple organ failure (MOF) was unfavorable.KEY WORDS: Cardiac arrest, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Utstein-style, Logistical regression analysis, Outcome     

3796例院内心肺复苏患者的回顾性分析

目的 了解10年来院内心肺复苏（cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR）现状,探索如何提高CPR特别是脑复苏水平。方法 对本院1995至2004年记录完整的3796例患者资料进行院内CPR回顾性研究。对病例数量,疾病种类,CPR有关时程、实施地点、肾上腺素用量,心肺复苏成功率及脑复苏成功率等数据进行统计与分析。结果 CPR病例数量逐年上升,21～50岁年龄段构成比增长显著,而10岁以下病例逐年减少;1999年起,创伤后CPR病例数量超过心血管病而跃居首位;心脏停搏时间大于10min者CPR成功率明显低于10min内开始CPR者（P〈0．001）;全部病例CPR成功率为30．4％,24小时生存率3．6％,脑复苏成功率仅1．4％;CPR成功率与心脏停搏时间、肾上腺素用量、初期复苏地点等有关,ICU及手术室内CPR和脑复苏成功率相对较好,普通病房最低。结论 院内CPR成功率较低,脑复苏成功率则极低。主要原因是早期生命支持“生存链”未得到切实应用。普及、加强院前和院内复苏标准化训练,完善急诊医学体系建设和管理,是提高CPR成功率的根本途径。