精神分裂症认知功能与心血管疾病危险因素相关性的研究进展

精神分裂症患者普遍存在认知功能受损,严重影响其预后及社会功能。认知功能的损害 与多种因素有关,其中导致心血管疾病的风险因素如肥胖、糖尿病、高血压病、血脂异常等代谢综合征, 以及患者普遍存在的不良生活方式均与认知功能下降密切相关,并影响认知功能的发展。本文从精神 分裂症认知功能与心血管疾病危险因素的临床联系、病理研究及干预性研究 3 个层面进行综述,以期为 减轻和延缓精神分裂症患者的认知功能损害提供参考。     

精神分裂症患者认知功能损伤的研究进展

为进一步了解精神分裂症神经生物学机制并为未来的相关研究及诊疗提供新思路,故对精神分裂症认知功能损伤的研究进行综述。认知功能受损是精神分裂症的重要临床表现之一。目前使用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)及精神分裂症认知功能成套测验共识版(MCCB)评定精神分裂症患者的认知功能均发现患者存在严重的工作记忆障碍。工作记忆是大脑前额叶皮质的主要功能之一,而纹状体突触前合成和分泌的多巴胺(DA)含量与认知功能损伤程度及前额叶皮质功能存在相关性。对认知功能损伤的治疗有助于改善精神分裂症患者的预后、减轻社会负担。目前已有多种治疗方式可供选择。     

多巴胺D3受体对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

认知功能障碍是精神分裂症患者核心症状之一,对患者的生活质量和日常功能有重要影响。研究发现多巴胺D3受体(DRD3)主要与注意、记忆及执行功能等认知功能相关。本文从DRD3与精神分裂症认知功能的相关性及其具体机制以及相关治疗进展进行综述,为改善精神分裂症患者相关认知功能障碍提供依据。     

慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能与静息态脑镜像同伦连接的相关性

背景认知功能受损是精神分裂症的核心临床特征,精神分裂症患者认知功能受损与大脑功能连接异常有关。目前关于慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能受损特征及其与双侧大脑半球间镜像同伦连接（VMHC）的相关性的研究仍不足。目的 分析经抗精神病药物治疗后病情稳定的慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能受损的特点及其与双侧大脑半球间VMHC的相关性,为探究慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能受损可能的神经生物学机制提供参考。方法 连续纳入2021年1月―2022年12月在苏州市广济医院住院、符合《国际疾病分类（第10版）》（ICD-10）精神分裂症诊断标准的慢性精神分裂症患者共15例,同期在社区招募15例健康志愿者为对照组。采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定患者的精神症状,采用重复性成套神经心理状态测验（RBANS）评定两组被试的认知功能。两组被试均进行静息态功能磁共振（rs-fMRI）扫描。应用基于VMHC方法进行数据分析。采用Pearson相关分析考查患者组差异脑区的VMHC值与PANSS和RBANS评分的相关性。结果 患者组RBANS的即刻记忆、视觉空间/结构、言语功能、注意以及总评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（...     

精神分裂症患者的认知功能障碍及认知治疗的现状

精神分裂症患者不仅存在阳性症状和阴性症状,而且普遍存在着不同程度的认知障碍,认知障碍是导致精神分裂症患者社会功能如职业、社交、经济等方面等受损的重要原因,是预测精神分裂症患者能否重新融入社会的重要因子,因此改善认知功能是治疗精神分裂症的重要目标,由此出现了多种认知治疗方法,包括药物治疗及非药物治疗。本文对精神分裂症患者的认知障碍、其与社会功能的关系及认知治疗进行综述。     

精神分裂症认知功能影响因素研究进展

认知功能是精神分裂症一个独立核心症状群,临床中患者认知功能受多种因素影响,本文从症状、病程、抗精神病药物及代谢综合征等角度综述其对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响,为及时合理应对认知功能改变提供参考。     

肠道菌群与抑郁的相关性研究进展

肠道菌群与人类健康和疾病的影响已经成为近年来研究工作者们关注的焦点,"菌群-肠-脑"轴的存在,使肠道菌群有效参与调控着机体的复杂的生理过程,而神经-免疫-内分泌系统的精密协调,使得肠道菌群进一步参与了中枢神经系统的调控,这已经在分子生物学中得到证实。患者如果长期处于抑郁状态,不但精神心理上备受摧残,而且机体功能也将受到严重影响,包括神经系统受损,内分泌功能紊乱,甚至还会造成肠道黏膜屏障功能的严重破坏,影响身心健康。研究发现肠道菌群失调与抑郁症有密切关系,补充肠道益生菌、调节肠道菌群可以改善抑郁状态。     

精神分裂症患者执行功能损伤特点的研究进展

为进一步研究精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍各子领域损伤的特点,本文对执行功能这一子领域的损伤特点进行定性系统综述,为深入研究精神分裂症患者各认知领域发生机制提供参考,并为精神分裂症患者执行功能损伤提供临床诊疗指导。本综述将从精神分裂症患者执行功能损伤的评定方法、临床表现、与其他精神症状和其他认知功能障碍的关系、涉及机制和药物治疗等方面进行阐述。     

精神分裂症患者认知功能损害的机制及治疗进展

认知功能障碍是精神分裂症除阳性症状和阴性症状外的第三种症状,并且在精神病性症状出现前认知功能损害较明显,最终将影响患者的生活质量和日常功能。所以本文将从精神分裂症患者相关认知功能损害的机制以及相关治疗进展方面进行阐述,为改善精神分裂症患者相关认知功能障碍提供依据。     

精神分裂症自我异常的现象学和神经认知研究进展

精神分裂症是一种异质性的临床综合征,其病因未明。自我异常是精神分裂症的核心病理特征,现象学和神经认知研究发现精神分裂症患者的行动主导感和体验主体感存在异常,而神经认知异常主要是来源检测受损和异常突显,并存在相应脑区的异常。对精神分裂症自我异常现象学和神经认知异常的探索,以期发现精神分裂症自我异常的本质,有助于推进精神分裂症的诊断、预防和早期治疗干预,以便改善患者病程,改善预后。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.