新型冠状病毒肺炎患者嗅觉障碍的研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19）是由2019新型冠状病毒引起的疾病。COVID-19的临床症状多样,其中轻症或无症状患者合并嗅觉功能障碍被越来越多地报道。本文回顾了现有的国内外相关文献,对COVID-19患者嗅觉障碍的潜在机制及应对措施进行系统性归纳总结,以期对疫情...     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的嗅觉障碍[综述]

新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019，COVID-19）是由严重急性呼吸综合征相关冠状病毒2（severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2，SARS-CoV-2）引起的疾病。该疾病可能导致从轻度到严重的急性呼吸系统综合征。COVID-19的临床表现包括发热、干咳、乏力、咳痰、气短、咽喉痛、头痛等。伴随着COVID-19的大流行，世界各地的耳鼻咽喉科医师报道相当数量的COVID-19轻症或无症状患者出现嗅觉功能障碍。撰写本文的目的是回顾现有的文献和整理分析文献中COVID-19患者嗅觉减退的症状特点，并分析潜在机制和应对措施。对出现不明原因嗅觉减退的患者予以重视，以指导临床医师的实践。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎与耳鼻咽喉科诊疗的相关研究

2019年末,我国湖北省武汉市暴发了新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）并在短时间内迅速波及全国。COVID-19患者病情变化迅速,常累及多个器官,需要多学科协作进行综合性诊疗。虽然患者最常见的临床表现为发热、乏力及干咳,但临床数据分析显示有部分患者可以鼻塞、咽痛、嗅觉障碍等耳鼻咽喉科相关症状就诊。同时在标准诊疗方案中也涉及到耳鼻咽喉科的相关内容,故充分认识耳鼻咽喉科与COVID-19诊治的相关性,有助于提高对该疾病的认识与掌握。本文从耳鼻咽喉科角度出发,对二者之间的相关性作一综述,为COVID-19诊断及治疗过程中的耳鼻咽喉科相关问题提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎相关突发性感音神经性耳聋的研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是一种传染性极强、严重危害全球公共卫生的疾病。临床表现主要包括发热、咳嗽、乏力等,随着疫情的发展,COVID-19患者病程中出现的突发性感音神经性耳聋(SSNHL)越来越多。SSNHL可以是COVID-19患者的后遗症,也有部分患者以SSNHL为首发和唯一的症状。该文对COVID-19相关SSNHL的最新研究进展作一总结,希望有助于后续的相关研究和临床诊治。     

SARS-CoV-2感染后嗅觉功能障碍治疗的研究进展

嗅觉功能障碍(olfactory dysfunction, OD)被认为是新型冠状病毒肺炎的主要症状之一。目前,COVID-19相关的OD的发病机制尚不明确,对其患者暂无特异性治疗手段。论文通过回顾近年来OD的相关文献,结合目前COVID-19及COVID-19相关的OD的治疗方法,从安全咨询、嗅觉训练、药物治疗、针灸、中医药、日本汉方药等方面对相关治疗方案进行总结和比较,探讨其在临床应用和开发新的治疗方法方面的挑战,以期为临床治疗COVID-19相关的OD提供参考和帮助。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者合并鼻部症状临床分析及诊疗建议

目的调查新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者鼻部相关症状及其临床特点。方法收集2020年2月10日—3月20日华中科技大学同济医院327例确诊COVID-19患者的病例资料，采集鼻塞、流涕、嗅觉改变等鼻部相关症状、全身伴随症状及基础疾病等情况，分析其临床特点。结果在327例纳入研究的COVID-19患者中，轻型、普通型、重型、危重型病例分别为33例（10.1%）、62例（19.0%）、146例（44.6%）、86例（26.3%）；54例（16.5%）COVID-19患者合并鼻部相关症状，按不同症状发生的总例数统计，其中鼻塞35例（10.7%）、鼻腔干燥29例（8.9%）和嗅觉下降21例（6.4%），鼻痒 17例（5.2％）、喷嚏16例（4.9％）、鼻出血14例（4.3％）和流清涕11例（3.4％）。在各不同病情分型患者间，鼻部症状的发生率没有统计学意义（P>0.05)。192例（58.7%）COVID 19患者有高血压、糖尿病等基础疾病存在，经过积极的综合治疗244例（74.6%）痊愈出院。结论COVID-19患者除了发热、咳嗽、咳痰等症状之外，鼻塞、嗅觉下降等鼻腔局部症状并不少见。鼻部疾病的治疗不仅可以改善患者生活质量，同时可以提高患者的治疗效果。因此，临床医师不能忽视COVID-19患者鼻部疾病的处理     

探讨新型冠状病毒感染后咳嗽的相关特点及影响因素

目的 探讨新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)感染后咳嗽的相关特点及影响因素。方法 采用网络问卷的方式,对COVID-19感染后出现咳嗽症状的相关特点及影响因素进行调查。结果 通过本问卷调查数据统计得出：在关于有无咳嗽问题的1 116份有效问卷中,有1 015例(90.9%)在COVID-19感染后出现了咳嗽症状;在关于咳嗽出现时间这一问题的1 012份有效问卷中,805例(79.5%)在感染后5 d内开始出现咳嗽;在关于咳嗽消失时间这一问题的979份有效问卷中,640例(65.3%)在感染14 d后咳嗽症状消失。COVID-19感染后咳嗽患者中966例(95.2%)患者伴有咳痰,且以刺激性咳嗽,偶伴少量黏痰居多。各因素对COVID-19感染后咳嗽的影响统计：(1)不同性别、吸烟/吸二手烟和感染后针对咳嗽的用药情况对COVID-19感染后咳嗽的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05);(2) 3个月内上呼吸道感染史、肺部基础疾病史、慢性咳嗽病史和COVID-19疫苗接种情况的对COVID-19感染后咳嗽的影响无统计学意义(P>0.05)。伴有咳嗽的1 015例患者中695例患者针对咳...     

气管切开患者感染COVID-19风险的分析和规避策略探讨

气管切开术患者多为危重或恶性肿瘤患者,受各种内外部因素影响,是新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)易感的高危人群,且感染后有时不易发现,需受到特别关注。本文初步分析了气管切开术患者COVID-19易感及难以防治的原因,并就个人防护措施、术后随访、风险规避策略做了探讨,为相关患者和医务人员提出初步意见和建议。     

64例新冠肺炎疑似患者焦虑、抑郁状况的分析及心理效应护理的影响

目的 探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疑似患者的焦虑、抑郁状态及心理效应护理对患者的影响.方法 对64例COVID-19疑似患者采用Zung焦虑自评量表和抑郁自评量表进行测评,比较不同性别、年龄、受教育程度COVID-19疑似患者的焦虑、抑郁水平的差异.将患者随机分为常规护理组(对照组)和心理效应护理组(观察组...     

新型冠状病毒感染对听觉系统患病率的荟萃分析

目的 通过Meta分析系统评价新型冠状病毒感染（coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19）对听觉系统的影响及患者的相关临床特征。方法 通过关键词在PubMed、Embase、Web of science、Cochrane、中国知网、万方数据、维普网等数据库检索2022年12月之前国内外公开发表的关于COVID-19对听觉系统影响的资料,对符合纳入标准的文献进行Meta分析。结果 共计纳入19篇文献,其中包括5篇前瞻性、6篇横断面、7篇回顾性及1篇随机对照试验研究,分析结果显示COVID-19患者的听觉系统患病率分别为听力损失10%(95%CI:0.06,0.17)、耳鸣10%(95%CI:0.06,0.17)和耳痛9%(95%CI:0.05,0.16)。结论 COVID-19可能通过影响听觉神经通路的结构和功能,或是削弱全身免疫系统而导致听觉系统问题。鉴于证据不足和研究之间的异质性,应谨慎解释。建议使用标准客观测试对COVID-19患者的听觉系统进行更为严谨的研究和评估。     

Alteraciones del olfato en la COVID-19, revisión de la evidencia e implicaciones en el manejo de la pandemia

There is debate as to whether olfactory dysfunction should be considered a symptom of COVID-19 infection. We undertook a systematic literature review of the articles indexed in PubMed on olfactory disorders in viral respiratory tract conditions, with special emphasis on COVID-19. The main objective was to find evidence of clinical interest to support the relationship between anosmia and COVID-19. Olfactory disorders in upper respiratory tract infections are frequent, most caused by obstruction due to oedema of the nasal mucosa. Occasionally, post-viral sensorineural olfactory dysfunction occurs, with a variable prognosis. The evidence on anosmia in COVID-19 patients is extremely limited, corresponding to a level 5 or D of the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. According to the available evidence, it seems reasonable to apply isolation, hygiene and social distancing measures in patients with recent olfactory disorders as the only symptom, although the usefulness of diagnostic tests for this type of patient should be studied.     

The diagnostic value of detecting sudden smell loss among asymptomatic COVID-19 patients in early stage: The possible early sign of COVID-19

ImportanceThe newly emerged coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), is threatening the world. Olfactory or gustatory dysfunction is reported as one of the symptoms worldwide. As reported so far, different clinical features have been reported according to outbreak sites and gender; most of the patients, who complained of anosmia or hyposmia, were Europeans. We had a fast review for novel articles about COVID-19 infection and olfactory function.ObservationsRapid reviews for COVID-19 or other viral infection and olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunctions were done in this review. Up to date, a lot of reports have shown that olfactory dysfunction is related to viral infections but no exact mechanism, clinical course, and definite treatment have been discovered, which is also same in COVID-19. In general, intranasal steroid (INS) and oral steroid for short time help improve the recovery of the olfactory function in case of olfactory dysfunction after virus infection. Considering severe respiratory complications and immunocompromised state of COVID-19, the use of steroid should be limited and cautious because we do not have enough data to support the usage of steroid to treat olfactory dysfunction in the clinical course of COVID-19.Conclusions and relevanceIn the days of pandemic COVID-19, we should keep in mind that olfactory dysfunctions, even without other upper respiratory infection or otolaryngologic symptoms, might be the early signs of COVID-19.     

COVID-19 and anosmia: A review based on up-to-date knowledge

The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a vast disaster throughout the world. There is increasing evidence that olfactory dysfunction can present in COVID-19 patients. Anosmia can occur alone or can be accompanied by other symptoms of COVID-19, such as a dry cough. However, the pathogenic mechanism of olfactory dysfunction and its clinical characteristics in patients with COVID-19 remains unclear. Multiple cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that the incidence rate of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients varies from 33.9–68% with female dominance. Anosmia and dysgeusia are often comorbid in COVID-19 patients. Otolaryngologists should be mindful of the symptom of anosmia in outpatients so as not to delay the diagnosis of COVID-19. In this paper, we have reviewed the relevant knowledge based on up-to-date literature.     

Objective evaluation and predictive value of olfactory dysfunction among patients hospitalized with COVID-19

ObjectivesOlfactory dysfunction is a frequent feature of COVID-19. Despite the growing evidence, current knowledge on the subject remains insufficient, so that data obtained with different tools, from multiple centers and in distinct scenarios are welcome. Yet, the predictive value of olfactory dysfunction in terms of the overall prognosis of COVID-19 is unknown. This study aims to evaluate the olfactory function of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and the impact of the results on their clinical outcomes.MethodsPatients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) admitted to a university tertiary hospital were recruited and divided into those with ARDS due to COVID-19, and those with ARDS of any other cause. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected at baseline and the patients had their objective olfactory function evaluated by the Alcohol Sniff Test on admission and during hospital stay. The participants were then followed up until reaching an endpoint: hospital discharge, endotracheal intubation, transfer to the intensive care unit, or death. Patients with COVID-19 were also subgrouped and compared according to their olfactory thresholds and to their overall clinical outcomes. The obtained data was analyzed using R software. Level of significance was set at 0.05.ResultsEighty-two patients were included (of which 58 had COVID-19). 87.93% of the patients with COVID-19 had diminished olfactory dysfunction on admission. The mean length of hospital stay among patients with olfactory dysfunction was greater (7.84 vs 6.14 days) and nine individuals in this subgroup had poor overall outcomes. None of those with normal olfactory function developed critical COVID-19. The mean olfactory function was significantly worse among patients with COVID-19 and poor outcomes (3.97 vs 7.90 cm, P = .023).ConclusionObjective olfactory dysfunction is frequent in ARDS caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients with longitudinal poorer outcomes present worse olfactory thresholds on admission.     

Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions of COVID‐19 patients in China: A multicenter study

IntroductionWith the spread of the epidemic worldwide, an increasing number of doctors abroad have observed the following atypical symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19): olfactory or taste disorders. Therefore, clarifying the incidence and clinical characteristics of olfactory and taste disorders in Chinese COVID‐19 patients is of great significance and urgency.Materials and MethodsA retrospective study was conducted, which included 229 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 confirmed patients, through face‐to‐face interviews and telephone follow‐up. Following the completion of questionnaires, the patients participating in the study, were categorized according to the degree of olfactory and taste disorders experienced, and the proportion of each clinical type of patient with olfactory and taste disorders and the time when symptoms appeared were recorded.ResultsAmong the 229 patients, 31 (13.54%) had olfactory dysfunction, and 44 (19.21%) had gustatory dysfunction. For the patients with olfactory dysfunction, 6 (19.35%) developed severe disease and became critically ill. Olfactory dysfunction appeared before the other symptoms in 21.43% of cases. The proportion of females with olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was higher than that of males (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe incidence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was much lower than that reported abroad; the prognosis of patients with olfactory dysfunction is relatively favorable; olfactory and gustatory dysfunction can be used as a sign for early screening; females are more prone to olfactory and gustatory dysfunction.     

Patterns and clinical outcomes of olfactory and gustatory disorders in six months: Prospective study of 1031 COVID-19 patients

ObjectiveThis study aims to comprehensively evaluate olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions during the COVID-19 pandemic regarding onset, course, associated symptoms, prognosis and relation to patients' demographics, treatment received and other symptoms.Patients& methodsThis is a prospective study conducted on patients proven to be infected with COVID-19 and with olfactory/gustatory dysfunction symptoms. Detailed history was taken from each patient about the onset of this dysfunction, associated symptoms. Then follow-up survey was done after 6 months to evaluate the prognosis.Results1031 patients were included in the study, aged 18 to 69 years old, with 31.8% were male. Olfactory/gustatory dysfunctions occurred after other COVID-19 symptoms in 43.5% of cases, occurred suddenly in 80.4% and gradually in 19.6%. These dysfunctions were anosmia & ageusia in 50.2%, hyposmia & hypogeusia in 23.3%, anosmia alone in 17.7%, phantosmia in 18%, Parosmia in 28.4%. In terms of recovery 6-month follow up, 680 patients (66%) recovered completely, 22.1% recovered partially while 11.9% did not recover. Most improvement occurred in the first two weeks. Headache, malaise, nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea were the commonest COVID-19 symptoms associated.ConclusionMost recovery of olfactory/gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 infection occurs at the first two weeks and is unrelated to patient demographics, treatment or olfactory training. Parosmia is an independent predictor for complete recovery, while phantosmia is significantly associated with lower probability of complete recovery.     

Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19: a marker of good prognosis?

IntroductionIn May 2020, the World Health Organization recognized olfactory dysfunction as a COVID-19 symptom. The presence of hyposmia/anosmia may be a marker of good prognosis in COVID-19.ObjectiveTo associate the presence of olfaction disorder to the clinical condition severity in patients with COVID-19.MethodsIndividuals with the flu syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2, diagnosed from March to June 2020, were recruited. They were divided into three groups: mild flu syndrome, severe flu syndrome (admitted to hospital wards) and critical illness (admitted to the ICU). Inpatients were interviewed by telephone contact after hospital discharge and their medical records were also evaluated regarding complementary test results. Outpatients answered an electronic questionnaire containing only clinical information.ResultsA total of 261 patients participated in the study: 23.75% with mild flu syndrome, 57.85% with severe flu syndrome and 18.40% with critical illness. A total of 66.28% patients with COVID-19 had olfaction disorders. In approximately 56.58% of the individuals the smell alterations lasted between 9 days and 2 months. There was a significantly higher proportion of individuals with olfactory dysfunction in the group with mild flu syndrome than in the severe flu syndrome group (mild × severe – p < 0.001; Odds Ratio = 4.63; 95% CI [1.87–10.86]). This relationship was also maintained between patients with mild flu syndrome and critically-ill patients (mild × critical – p < 0.001; Odds Ratio = 9.28; 95% CI [3.52–25.53]).ConclusionOlfaction dysfunction was significantly more prevalent in patients with mild flu syndrome in COVID-19. It may be a predictor of a good prognosis for this infection. New population-based studies must be carried out to corroborate these findings.     

Olfactory and taste disorders in COVID-19: a systematic review

IntroductionThe SARS-CoV-2 virus causes COVID-19, and it is responsible for the largest pandemic since the 1918 H1N1 influenza outbreak. The classic symptoms of the disease have been well defined by the World Health Organization; however, olfactory/gustatory disorders have been reported in some studies, but there are still several missing points in the understanding and in the consensus about the clinical management of these cases.ObjectiveTo identify evidence in the scientific literature about olfactory/gustatory disorders, their clinical presentation, prevalence and possible specific treatments associated with COVID-19.MethodsA systematic review of articles published up to April 25, 2020 was performed in Medline, Cochrane Clinical Trials, ScienceDirect, Lilacs, Scopus and Google Schoolar, OpenGrey.eu, DissOnline, The New York Academy of Medicine and Reasearch Gate. Inclusion criteria: (1) Studies on patients with COVID-19; (2) Records of COVID-19 signs/symptoms, and olfactory/gustatory functions. Exclusion criteria: (1) Studies on non-human coronavirus; (2) Review articles; (3) Experimental studies (in animals or in vitro); (4) Olfactory/gustatory disorders initiated prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The risk assessment of bias of the selected studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.ResultsSix articles from the 1788 records met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. A total of 1457 patients of different ethnicities were assessed; of them, 885 (60.7%) and 822 (56.4%) had smell and taste disorders, respectively, with women being most often affected. There were olfactory/gustatory disorders even without nasal obstruction/rhinorrhea and beginning even before the signs/symptoms of COVID-19; the recovery of smell/taste, when it occurs, usually happened in the first two weeks after COVID-19 resolution. There is evidence that olfactory/gustatory disorders are strong predictors of infection by SARS-CoV-2, and it is possible to recommend patient isolation, as early as of the medical consultation, preventing the spread of the virus. No scientific evidence has been identified for effective treatments for any of the disorders.ConclusionOlfactory/gustatory disorders may occur at varying intensities and prior to the general symptoms of COVID-19 and should be considered as part of the clinical features of COVID-19, even in mild cases. There is still no scientific evidence of specific treatments for such disorders in COVID-19 disease.     

国内嗅觉障碍相关研究——基于Citespace的可视化分析

目的 对国内“嗅觉障碍”研究进行可视化分析及合理推测,尝试为学者提供该领域的研究现状及预测未来热点方向。方法 以“嗅觉障碍”为主题词,检索建库至2020年10月20日中国知网(CNKI)的学术论文并按纳入标准进行筛选,使用Citespace软件对该研究领域所筛选文献的作者、期刊/单位及主题词进行绘制图谱及可视化分析。结果 整体来讲,“嗅觉障碍”研究的文献发表量呈快速上升趋势。出现频次排名靠前的作者为魏永祥、倪道凤、刘钢、杭伟、姚淋尹、韩德民及刘剑锋,“嗅觉障碍”研究发文排名第1～3例的期刊为：《临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志》《国际耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志》《中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志》,合作高产单位并具有一定影响力的机构为首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院、中国医学科学院北京协和医院等。主题词聚类分析呈现出7个聚类：慢性鼻-鼻窦炎、帕金森病、kallmann、鼻炎、新型冠状病毒肺炎、超微结构和针刺。结论 在“嗅觉障碍”领域,早期韩德民、李志春等国内作者对“嗅觉障碍”的研究较深长,而近年来魏永祥、倪道凤等国内作者对“嗅觉障碍”的检测方法、病因、发病机制等进行基础研究及归纳分类,是近年来嗅觉障碍研究的主力...     

Incomplete and late recovery of sudden olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19

IntroductionSudden olfactory dysfunction is a new symptom related to COVID-19, with little data on its duration or recovery rate.ObjectiveTo characterize patients with sudden olfactory dysfunction during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially their recovery data.MethodsAn online survey was conducted by the Brazilian Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervico-Facial Surgery, and Brazilian Academy of Rhinology, including doctors who assessed sudden olfactory dysfunction patients starting after February 1st, 2020. Participants were posteriorly asked by e-mail to verify data on the recovery of sudden olfactory loss and test for COVID-19 at the end of the data collection period.Results253 sudden olfactory dysfunction patients were included, of which 59.1% were females with median age of 36 years, with a median follow-up period of 31 days. 183 patients (72.3%) had been tested for COVID-19, and of those 145 (79.2%) tested positive. Patients that tested positive for COVID-19 more frequently showed non-specific inflammatory symptoms (89.7% vs. 73.7%; p = 0.02), a lower rate of total recovery of sudden olfactory dysfunction (52.6% vs. 70.3%; p = 0.05) and a longer duration to achieve total recovery (15 days vs. 10 days; p = 0.0006) than the ones who tested negative for COVID-19. Considering only positive-COVID-19 patients, individuals with sudden hyposmia completely recovered more often than the ones with sudden anosmia (68.4% vs. 50.0%; p = 0.04).ConclusionPositive-COVID-19 patients with sudden olfactory dysfunction showed lower total recovery rate and longer duration than negative-COVID-19 patients. Additionally, total recovery was seen more frequently in positive-COVID-19 patients with sudden hyposmia than the ones with sudden anosmia.