构建自定义药品字典前后我院感染科静脉用药不合理医嘱分析

目的:分析我院感染科住院患者静脉用药医嘱在构建自定义药品字典前后用药不合理情况,为促进临床合理用药提供参考。方法:借助合理用药软件和自定义药品字典实现自动审方,并结合人工审方。从静脉用药调配中心(PIVAS)管理系统中提取感染科2019年6月1日～2020年5月31日的静脉用药医嘱,对不合理医嘱进行统计分析。结果:审核医嘱共21 494份,其中不合理医嘱共1 128份,不合理率为5.25%,医嘱不合理主要包括溶媒不适宜、配伍禁忌、剂量不适宜、医嘱开具错误以及给药频次不适宜,在构建自定义药品字典的过程中,经过静配药师的干预,感染科常用药物2019年12月～2020年5月的不合理医嘱数量明显少于2019年6～11月。结论:我院感染科静脉用药医嘱存在不合理,通过构建PIVAS系统的自定义药品字典,减少了静配药师审方工作量,药师通过到感染科进行合理用药培训,常用药物不合理医嘱明显减少。     

静脉用药集中调配中心对不合理处方的分析

目的:促进静脉输液药物的合理应用,确保患者用药安全.方法:选取我院静脉用药集中调配中心(PIVAS)2015年1~12月的医嘱,对不合理医嘱进行分析.结果:共审核123850张医嘱,不合理医嘱325张,占0.26%.类别主要包括溶媒选择错误、药物剂量错误、配伍禁忌、给药频率不当和录入错误.结论:通过PIVAS审核,可及时发现不合理医嘱,保障静脉用药的安全、有效.     

591例患者静脉用药不合理医嘱的原因分析

目的:分析2015年1—6月静脉用药调配中心(PIVAS)不合理医嘱的类型和原因,为静脉药物临床使用提供参考。方法:从2015年1—6月间PIVAS药师审核的146 747例患者医嘱中,统计和分析不合理医嘱用药的原因,如溶媒选择不当、溶媒量不合适、药物配伍禁忌和药物用法用量不适当。结果:591例患者不合理用药医嘱中溶媒选择不当占22.33%、溶媒量不合适占45.52%、药物配伍禁忌占6.77%和药物用法用量不适当占25.38%。结论:PIVAS审方药师对处方应认真审核、严格把关,以确保临床合理使用静脉药物。     

某院PIVAS的不合理用药情况分析

目的：分析静脉用药调配中心（pharmacy intravenous admixture services,PIVAS）不合理用药原因并提出改进的措施。方法：选取2021年2月—2022年2月PIVAS含有静脉输液内容的医嘱5 000份,分析其不合理原因,并提出改进措施。结果：PIVAS 5 000份静脉输液医嘱中,审查出不合理用药医嘱203份（占4.06%）;其不合理用药原因有溶媒选择不适宜、药物配伍不当、给药浓度不合理、给药次数不合理、使用剂量不合理、给药方式不合理和医嘱电脑输入错误,其中溶媒选择不适宜40份（占19.70%）、药物配伍不当17份（占8.37%）、给药浓度不合理29份（占14.29%）、给药次数不合理26条（占12.81%）、使用剂量不合理27条（占13.30%）、给药方式不合理58份（占28.57%）和医嘱电脑输入错误6份（占2.96%）。结论：医院PIVAS用药调配存在诸多不合理用药配方,应提高临床药师专业和审方能力,积极主动与临床医师沟通,以避免不合理用药调配、增强安全用药意识,确保PIVAS静脉用药的安全性。     

PIVAS审方药师对不合理用药医嘱的干预与分析

目的：通过静脉药物配置中心（PIVAS）审方药师对吉林大学第一医院内科住院患者不合理医嘱的干预,以保证临床用药更加合理和患者用药更加安全。方法：以2016年5月-9月我院静脉用药集中调配中心内科医嘱作为研究对象,审方药师对不合理医嘱进行分析。结果：在2016年5月-9月,PIVAS内科医嘱共有1047581条,其中不合理医嘱381条,不合理率为0.04%;在不合理医嘱中,干预成功368条,干预成功率为96.59%。不合理医嘱的主要类型包括溶媒选择错误、溶媒用量错误、医嘱录入错误、药品用量错误、药品给药途径错误、配伍禁忌和药物相互作用。结论：我院应加强静脉用药的管理力度,审方药师应提升自身业务能力,有效干预不合理医嘱,保证患者用药合理、安全、有效。     

静脉用药调配中心抗肿瘤药物不合理医嘱分析

目的分析本院静脉用药调配中心（PIVAS）抗肿瘤药物不合理医嘱情况,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法对本院2013年8月-2014年8月PIVAS配置的抗肿瘤静脉输液不合理医嘱进行总结研究。结果本院PIVAS共审核抗肿瘤静脉输液用药医嘱12 652份,其中不合理医嘱267份,主要类型为溶媒选择不适宜、溶媒剂量选用不当、药物超剂量使用、给药途径错误、给药顺序不当、配伍禁忌、重复给药、忽视禁忌证、不良反应增加等。结论及时分析临床抗肿瘤药物应用中存在的问题,可减少药品不良反应的发生,确保抗肿瘤药物的合理使用。     

某院静脉药物配制中心124例患者常见不合理用药医嘱的原因分析及其解决对策

目的:分析医院静脉药物配制中心(PIVAS)不合理用药医嘱的原因及其解决对策。方法:选取2018年1月—6月期间PIVAS药师审核的用药医嘱,分析其不合理用药医嘱发生的原因并提出解决对策。结果:用药医嘱中经统计不合理用药医嘱124例,其中不合理的主要原因主要为溶媒选择不适宜(占58.87%)、溶媒剂量不适宜(占22.58%)、超剂量使用(占12.90%)、用药频次不适宜(占2.42%)、药品剂量不足(占1.61%)和药品选择不适宜(占1.61%)。结论:制定"超药物说明书用药管理"和"审方药师发现不合理医嘱后的处理流程"规范,以提高临床合理用药水平,确保患者用药安全。     

2015年下半年我院静脉用药调配中心不合理医嘱分析

目的 分析我院静脉用药调配中心的不合理医嘱,促进静脉输液药物的合理应用.方法 对静脉用药调配中心2015下半年所接收的输液医嘱进行审核,对不合理医嘱进行分类统计与分析.结果 不合理用药医嘱共739条,占总医嘱数的0.26%,包括药物溶媒选择不合理、药物浓度不合理、给药剂量不合理、药品配伍不当、给药频次不合理等.结论 静脉用药调配中心通过药师审方,可促进临床静脉用药合理应用,确保患者用药安全.     

某院2018年PIVAS审方干预不合理用药医嘱的原因分析

目的:分析医院静脉用药配制中心(PIVAS)审方干预不合理用药的医嘱类型及其原因,为指导临床合理用药提供参考。方法:抽取2018年度医院PIVAS审核医嘱3 012 197例,分析其不合理用药的医嘱类型及其原因。结果:3 012 197例审核医嘱中,不合理用药医嘱4 632例占审核医嘱0.15%,其中主要问题集中在溶媒类型选择错误和溶媒用量使用错误占61.98%,其次是药物剂量选择错误(占13.00%)和医嘱录入错误(占11.01%)。结论:审方药师通过对不合理用药医嘱的审核及干预,及时拦截了不合理用药医嘱,确保了患者静脉用药的安全性。     

某院静脉用药调配中心不合理用药医嘱分析

目的 提高静脉用药调配中心(PIVAS)医嘱审核水平,促进临床合理用药。方法 收集重庆市大足区人民医院PIVAS 2015年5月至2017年12月的不合理医嘱,并进行统计分析。结果 不合理用药医嘱2 284份,占全部医嘱的0.90‰。不合理用药医嘱类型主要为溶媒不适宜、给药浓度不合理、配伍禁忌、给药剂量不合理、药品遴选不适宜。不合理用药医嘱率呈逐年下降趋势。结论 PIVAS药师审核医嘱,可明显提高静脉用药的安全性、合理性、有效性。该院PIVAS药师医嘱审核能力有待进一步提高。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.