脑血流动力学与缺血性脑卒中患者脑白质病变严重程度的相关性研究

目的 研究缺血性脑卒中患者脑血流动力学与脑白质病变严重程度之间相关性。方法 分析2015年7月至2019年8月收治的108例缺血性脑卒中患者资料，采用Fazekas量表对患者脑白质病变严重程度进行分级。比较不同脑白质病变严重程度、患者颅内大动脉硬化程度和脑血流动力学指标，进行患者脑血流动力学与脑白质病变严重程度之间相关性分析，并分析脑白质中重度病变的危险因素。结果 Fazekas量表<3分者61例纳入轻度病变组，≥ 3分者47例纳入中重度病变组。中重度病变患者颅内大动脉硬化严重程度高于轻度病变组（P<0.05）。中重度病变组脑部动脉搏动指数（PI）显著高于轻度病变组；收缩期峰值血流（Vs）、平均血流（Vm）以及舒张末期血流（Vd）等脑血流动力学指数显著低于轻度病变组（P<0.05）。颅内大动脉硬化程度、PI与脑白质病变严重程度正相关（r=0.416，0.527；P<0.05），Vs、Vm以及Vd等脑血流参数与脑白质病变严重程度负相关（r=-0.316，-0.524，-0.668；P<0.05）。颅内大动脉硬化程度与PI为脑白质中重度病变的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 缺血性脑卒中患者脑白质病变严重程度与患者脑血流动力学指标异常有关，而颅内动脉硬化会加重患者脑白质病变严重程度。     

缺血性脑血管病患者脑微出血相关因素及其对抗血小板单药治疗的影响分析

目的 研究缺血性脑血管病患者脑微出血（CMB）危险因素及其对抗血小板单药治疗的影响。方法 选取2018年1月至2018年6月该院神经内科接受抗血小板单药治疗的急性缺血性脑血管病患者300例为样本,入院后采集基本资料并完善相关检查,根据梯度回波T2^*加权成像（GRE-T2^*WI）检查结果将患者分为CMB组（176例）和非CMB组（124例）,均给予抗血小板聚集治疗,比较两组临床资料及治疗1年内再发梗死、脑出血和病死率,分析影响CMB发病的危险因素以及CMB对抗血小板单药治疗的影响。结果 高龄、高血压、肥胖、脑卒中病史、ACI和脑白质疏松为CMB发生的危险因素（P<0.05）。CMB组和非CMB组抗血小板单药治疗期间脑出血率分别为14.20%和6.45%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。轻度组、中度组和重度组脑出血率分别为9.18%、10.64%和35.48%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。不同部位CMB患者抗血小板单药治疗期间再发脑梗死、脑出血及病死率比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 高龄、高血压、肥胖、脑卒中病史、ACI及脑白质疏松为缺血性脑血管疾病合并CMB的危险因素。CMB可导致抗血小板单药治疗期间脑出血风险增加,重度CMB者更甚。     

血浆同型半胱氨酸与不同类型脑小血管病相关性分析

目的：分析血同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）与不同类型脑小血管病的相关性。方法纳入脑小血管病患者123例（病例组）,其中单纯脑白质疏松症（LA）39例,腔隙性梗死（LI）35例,脑微出血（CMB）16例,脑白质疏松并腔隙性梗死和（或）脑微出血33例,40例健康者为对照组。对2组患者均进行Hcy检测。结果LA、LI、CMB及脑白质疏松并腔隙性梗死和（或）脑微出血组血浆同型半胱氨酸均高于对照组（P＜0.05）,脑白质疏松并腔隙性梗死和（或）脑微出血组血浆同型半胱氨酸明显高于其他3组脑小血管病组（P＜0.05）,LA、LI及CMB血浆同型半胱氨酸无明显差异。结论Hcy与脑小血管病（SVB）的病情严重程度具有密切关系。     

脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者合并颅内动脉瘤的血流动力学特征及其危险因素研究

目的 探讨脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者合并颅内动脉瘤（IA）的血流动力学特征及其危险因素。方法 收集2019年9月至2023年1月在安徽医科大学附属宿州医院接受治疗的160例脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者的临床资料。所有患者均进行了CT血管成像（CTA）以及数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查,依据影像学检查结果分为合并IA组（25例）和单纯狭窄组（135例）。比较2组基线资料信息、血流动力学指标。采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者合并IA的危险因素。通过受试者操作特征（ROC）曲线分析壁面切应力（WSS）及振荡切应指数（OSI）预测脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者合并IA的价值。结果 合并IA组WSS、OSI均明显高于单纯狭窄组（P<0.05）。合并IA组中有吸烟史、糖尿病、高血压的百分比均高于单纯狭窄组（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,吸烟史、糖尿病、高血压、WSS>0.450 Pa、OSI>0.057是脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者合并IA的危险因素（P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,WSS、OSI可用于预测脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者合并IA,曲线下面积分别为0.857、0.784,敏感度分别为0.681、0.859,特异度分别为0.751、0.771（P<0.05）。结论 脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者合并IA的危险因素包括吸烟史、糖尿病、高血压、WSS>0.450 Pa、OSI>0.057。WSS、OSI可用于预测脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者合并IA。     

脑小血管病各亚型相关危险因素分析

目的：研究脑小血管病各亚型的危险因素,为其有效防治提供依据。方法连续入组脑小血管病患者216例,均行MRI常规序列和GRE-T2*WI检查,依据结果将其分为腔隙性梗死（LI）、脑白质病变（WML）及脑微出血（CMBs）三种亚型,登记所有患者基线资料,应用非条件Logistic回归模型完成单因素及多因素分析。结果非条件 Logistic回归分析显示与LI有统计学意义的相关变量为高血压、血脂异常、糖尿病;与WML有统计学意义的相关变量为LI、高血压、血脂异常、脑动脉狭窄、高同型半胱氨酸血症;与CMBs有统计学意义的相关变量为年龄、LI、WML、性别、脑出血、高血压。结论 LI的危险因素为高血压、血脂异常、糖尿病;WML的危险因素为LI、高血压、血脂异常、脑动脉狭窄、高同型半胱氨酸血症;CMBs的危险因素为年龄、LI、WML、性别、脑出血、高血压。     

脑小血管病对帕金森病患者认知和情感障碍的影响

目的 探讨脑小血管病对帕金森病（PD）患者认知、情感障碍的影响。方法 选取2021年9月至2022年10月在呼伦贝尔市人民医院神经内科住院及门诊就诊的PD患者131例作为研究对象,其中56例原发性PD患者为PD组,75例原发性PD合并脑小血管病（CSVD）为PD合并CSVD组。对患者的一般资料、相关量表及影像数据进行采集、分析。对比2组患者的认知和情感量表数据之间存在差异,以及脑小血管病的影像学负荷得分及各个类型与患者的认知和情感量表数据之间的相关性。结果 2组高血压病史、糖尿病病史、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、同型半胱氨酸、体位性低血压及简易智力状态检查量表（MMSE）、蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MOCA）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、CSVD总负荷得分等指标比较,差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。CSVD总负荷得分与PD合并CSVD组患者的TG呈显著正相关（P=0.044）。PD合并CSVD组患者的CSVD总负荷得分与患者的MMSE、MOCA认知得分呈明显负相关（P<0.01）;脑白质高信号（WMH）、脑微出血（CMB）、腔隙（LA）与患者的MMSE认知得分呈明显负相关（P<0.05）;WMH、LA与患者的MOCA认知得分呈明显负相关（P<0.05）。PD合并CSVD组患者的CSVD总负荷得分与患者的HAMA、HAMD情绪得分呈明显正相关（P<0.001）。WMH、周围血管间隙、CMB与患者的HAMA情绪得分呈明显正相关（P<0.05）;LA、CMB与患者的HAMD情绪得分呈明显正相关（P=0.005）。结论 CSVD总负荷得分可以客观评估CSVD严重程度对PD患者非运动症状的影响,为临床医生监测PD患者病情及后续管理PD患者提供一个新的方向。 [国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2024, 51(2): 54-60]     

立体定向放射外科治疗脑转移瘤患者颅内出血相关风险因素分析

目的 分析接受立体定向放射外科（SRS）治疗的脑转移瘤（BM）患者颅内出血（ICH）发生和致死的风险因素。方法 筛选符合纳排标准的BM患者392例,分析其临床资料,包括患者项目、SRS项目、血液学项目和影像学项目。首先,根据患者接受SRS后是否出血分为ICH组（n=134）和非ICH组（n=258）。对两组行Logistic回归分析ICH发生的风险因素。之后,再分析ICH组致死的风险因素。结果 有ICH史、原发灶为恶性黑色素瘤是接受SRS后BM患者ICH发生的风险因素,有ICH史和原发灶为恶性黑色素瘤的患者ICH发生风险分别提高了7.433和1.430倍（均P＜0.05）。ICH组7 d内和30 d内死亡率分别为11.19%和25.37%。高血压、血小板计数、脑疝和脑积水是7 d内死亡的危险因素（均P＜0.05）。脑疝和脑积水是30 d内死亡的危险因素（均P＜0.05）。结论 对于具备相应风险因素的患者,需提前做好预防和治疗准备,从而降低ICH发生和致死率。 [国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2023, 50(6): 34-39]     

脑动脉狭窄伴未破裂颅内动脉瘤的临床特征分析

目的 分析脑动脉狭窄伴或不伴未破裂颅内动脉瘤的患者临床特征的差异。方法 回顾性收集西安交通大学第二附属医院神经内科2018年1月至2019 年12月进行数字减影血管造影检查确诊的脑动脉狭窄患者的资料。根据患者是否伴未破裂颅内动脉瘤，分为病例组（伴未破裂颅内动脉瘤）和对照组（仅存在动脉狭窄），并对2组患者的临床特征进行比较。结果 共纳入了877例脑动脉狭窄患者，其中病例组76例（8.7%）。2组高血压病史、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、颅内动脉狭窄等指标的比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组血管炎症指标（中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值、血小板/淋巴细胞比值、单核细胞/淋巴细胞比值、单核细胞与高密度脂蛋白比值）水平的比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。病例组中动脉瘤平均大小为（3.18±1.66）mm，常位于颈内动脉，以狭窄后动脉瘤最多见。多因素Logistic回归分析显示高血压（P=0.014）和颅内动脉狭窄（P=0.028）是脑动脉狭窄患者中出现未破裂颅内动脉瘤的危险因素。结论 患有高血压的颅内动脉狭窄患者更容易出现未破裂颅内动脉瘤。较小且无症状的未破裂颅内动脉瘤不会引起显著的炎症反应。     

缺血性脑卒中患者脑微出血与脑白质病变的相关性研究

目的 探讨缺血性脑卒中患者脑微出血与脑白质病变的相关性。方法 选取2018年1月-2019年12月本院收治的缺血性脑卒中患者; 通过核磁共振成像扫描患者头部观察各脑区脑微出血、脑白质病变情况,并对脑微出血情况进行分级,对脑白质病情情况进行评分; 采用Logstic回归分析法分析各危险因素与脑微出血、脑白质病变的关系; 通过spearman相关分析法分析脑微出血分级与脑白质病变评分的相关性。结果 有脑微出血患者中皮质及皮质下出现脑微出血占比61.46%明显高于基底及丘脑23.96%及幕下区41.10%(P<0.05); 有脑白质病变患者中额区脑白质病变占比69.44%明显高于颞区14.81%、顶枕区6.48%、基底节3.70%(P<0.05); Logstic回归分析显示年龄>60岁、有高半胱氨酸血症及合并心房颤动是发生脑微出血的独立危险因素(P<0.05),年龄>60岁是发生脑白质病变的独立危险因素(P<0.05); 脑微出血各级与脑白质病变各评分均呈正相关(r=0.327,0.311,0.401,0.362,P<0.05)。结论 年龄>60岁是缺血性脑卒中患者发生脑微出血及脑白质病变的危险因素; 在缺血性脑卒中患者中脑微出血与脑白质病变呈正相关     

脑微出血与脑白质高信号及服用阿司匹林相关性分析

目的探讨脑微出血与脑白质高信号和服用阿司匹林的关联性,并筛查脑微出血相关危险因素。方法纳入2016年6月至2021年2月首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院收治的2654例缺血性脑血管病患者,记录入院时收缩压和舒张压、是否服用阿司匹林和服药时间,以及入院24 h内测定血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和血浆糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体;头部MRI评估脑白质高信号严重程度(Fazekas评分)并计数脑微出血灶数目[脑微出血解剖评分量表(MARS)]。单因素和多因素逐步法Logistic回归分析筛查脑微出血及其严重程度相关危险因素。结果 2654例患者根据Fazekas评分分为对照组(1315例)、轻度脑白质高信号组(461例)、中度脑白质高信号组(440例)和重度脑白质高信号组(438例),各组年龄(H=353.837,P=0.000),合并高血压(χ~2=79.818,P=0.000)、冠心病(χ~2=56.768,P=0.000)和糖尿病(χ~2=8.936,P=0.030)比例,入院时收缩压(H=47.979,P=0.000),服用阿司匹林比例(χ~2=161.576,P=0.000)和服药时间(H=4.766,P=0.000),血清LDL-C(H=16.533,P=0.002),血浆Hb A1c(H=22.127,P=0.000)和Hcy(H=83.558,P=0.002),脑微出血比例(χ~2=642.054,P=0.000)差异有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示,入院时舒张压高(OR=1.017,95%CI:1.007～1.026,P=0.001;OR=1.020,95%CI:1.011～1.029,P=0.000)和Fazekas评分高(OR=1.673,95%CI:1.590～1.761,P=0.000;OR=1.754,95%CI:1.669～1.844,P=0.000)是存在脑微出血及其严重程度的危险因素,血清LDL-C是存在脑微出血及其严重程度的保护因素(OR=0.856,95%CI:0.765～0.957,P=0.006;OR=0.860,95%CI:0.774～0.956,P=0.005);而服用阿司匹林和服药时间与存在脑微出血及其严重程度无明显关联性。结论脑白质高信号严重程度(Fazekas评分)是存在脑微出血及其严重程度的危险因素。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.