Thromboembolic Complications Following Spine Surgery Assessed with Spiral CT Scans

Spine surgery is associated with a significant risk of postoperative pulmonary embolism (PE) and/or deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The goal of this study was to determine which symptoms and risk factors were associated with spiral CT scans positive for PE and/or DVT in the postoperative spine surgery patient. We conducted a retrospective review of all spine patients who underwent a postoperative CT to rule out PE during the period of March 2004–February 2006. The type of surgical procedure, risk factors, symptoms prompting scan ordering, anticoagulation, and treatment were recorded. Logistic regression models were used to determine significant predictors of a positive CT in this patient population. Of the 3,331 patients that had spine surgery during the study period, 130 (3.9%) had a spiral CT scan to rule out PE and/or proximal DVT. Thirty-three of the 130 (25.4%) CT scans were positive for PE only, five (3.8%) for PE and DVT, and three (2.3%) for DVT only. Only 24.5% (32) patients had risk factors for thromboembolic disease, and of these, a history of PE and/or DVT was the only significant risk factor for a positive scan (p = 0.03). No presenting symptoms or demographic variables were noted to have a significant association with PE and/or DVT. The type of surgical procedure (i.e., anterior, posterior, and percutaneous) was not associated with an increased risk for PE and/or DVT. Patients who are undergoing spine surgery with a history of thromboembolic disease should be carefully monitored postoperatively and may benefit from more aggressive prophylaxis.     

Postoperative Hypoxemia in Orthopedic Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Criteria to determine which patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) require intensive postoperative monitoring are lacking. Our postoperative OSA patients are all intensively monitored in the PACU and can provide such data. Thus, we reviewed patient records to determine incidence and risk factors for postoperative hypoxemia in OSA patients and subsequent association with postoperative complications. Five hundred twenty-seven charts of patients with OSA based on preoperative ICD-9 codes were reviewed for outcomes including episodes of hypoxemia and hypercarbia. Univariate analysis, logistic regression, and propensity analysis were performed to determine independent risk factors for hypoxemia and association with adverse outcomes. Thirty-three and 11 percent of these patients developed hypoxemia or hypercarbia. Risk factors for hypoxemia were hypercarbia, home bronchodilator use, BMI ≥35, and estimated blood loss ≥250 ml. Patients with hypoxemia had significantly more respiratory interventions and increased intensity of care. Patients with hypoxemia had significantly increased length of stay and risk of wound infections. Severe hypoxemia was associated with significantly more interventions than mild hypoxemia. Propensity analysis confirmed significant association of hypoxemia with adverse outcomes after adjustment for pre-existing risk factors. We conclude that postoperative hypoxemia in OSA patients is associated with adverse outcomes. Risk factors for hypoxemia were identified to guide allocation of monitoring resources to high-risk patients.     

Preadmission Hyperglycemia is an Independent Risk Factor for In-Hospital Symptomatic Pulmonary Embolism After Major Orthopedic Surgery

We investigate whether preadmission hyperglycemia is a risk factor for developing in-hospital symptomatic pulmonary embolism after major orthopedic surgery. Medical records of patients undergoing total hip or total knee arthroplasty from January 2001 to April 2006 were reviewed. The incidence of PE was 1.47% (107/7282 patients). Multivariate analysis showed that preadmission blood glucose (BG) of at least 200 mg/dL independently increased the risk of pulmonary embolism by 3.19 times (P = .015), when compared with patients with BG of less than 110 mg/dL. Other significant risks factors were age (≥70 years old), body mass index of more than 30 kg/m², and congestive heart failure. Total knee had 2.19 times (P = .002) more risk than total hip arthroplasty and bilateral procedure increased the risk by 2.13 times (P = .015). Sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists status, duration of surgery, malignancy, pulmonary disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, sleep apnea, and stroke were not found to be significant risk factors for pulmonary embolism.     

多层螺旋CT血管成像在后腹腔镜肾脏切除手术中的应用价值

目的：探讨术前多层螺旋CT血管成像技术在后腹腔镜下。肾脏切除手术中的指导意义。方法：45例患者术前行64排螺旋CT血管成像检查,明确肾血管与病肾及病灶的三维解剖关系,并在其指导下,行根治性肾切除术14例,’肾部分切除术7例,其中肾段动脉阻断的肾部分切术2例;肾输尿管膀胱袖状切除7例,单纯性肾切除16例,上肾单位切除1例。结果：多层螺旋CT血管成像提示动脉解剖异常占26．7％,动脉病变占6．7％。静脉解剖异常占22．4％,所提示的血管解剖异常及病变与术中所见吻合率100％,但术中发现异常的肾肿瘤静脉血管,在螺旋CT血管成像中未能清晰显示占6．7％。在多层螺旋CT血管成像的提示下,术中病肾血管的处理快速准确,手术顺利。术中平均出血80ml,手术平均时间170min,无中转开放手术。结论：术前行多层螺旋CT血管成像检查,可直观准确地评估血管。特别是动脉血管与病肾及病灶的三维解剖关系,了解可能存在的动静脉解剖变异或血管病变,拟定手术方案,指导术者快速准确地处理血管,避免盲目操作,减少出血和并发症。在后腹腔镜的肾脏切除手术中．有较重要的价值。     

螺旋CT扫描在微创经皮肾镜取石术中的应用

目的：探讨螺旋CT扫描在微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL）中的应用价值.方法：对157例上尿路结石患者术前行俯卧位螺旋CT扫描,了解结石三维结构,确定穿刺目标肾盏及其穿刺方向及深度,以完成MPCNL的治疗.结果：157例患者术前螺旋CT扫描检查可清楚显示上尿路结石在上尿路的准确位置及结石间的位置关系、肾盂形态、肾盏颈部形态、中后组肾盏结构.所有患者均穿刺成功,其中一期手术取石143例,二期手术取石14例;单通道取石148例,双通道取石9例,结石总取净率为91.6%,1例术后出现迟发性出血,经保守治疗治愈.结论：螺旋CT扫描有助于设计合适的经皮肾通道,提供精确的穿刺方向及深度,提高穿刺成功率、结石清除率,减少或避免术后并发症.     

多层螺旋CT对甲状腺乳头状癌影像表现的评价

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌的多层螺旋CT（MSCT）表现及特征。方法回顾性分析2013年5～6月期问四川大学华西医院甲状腺外科收治的35例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的术前MSCT资料,观察其影像学表现与特征。结果35例患者中,24例（68．6％）为单发病灶,11例（31．4％）为2～3个病灶;22例（62．9％）出现颈部淋巴结转移。MSCT共计显示甲状腺乳头状癌病灶48个,有29．2％（14／48）的病灶位于左叶,有70．8％（34／48）的病灶位于右叶;病灶最大径0．4～5．8cm,平均1．3cm;有39．6％（19／48）的病灶密度不均匀,有25．0％（12／48）的病灶形态不规则,有47．9％（23／48）的病灶边缘模糊欠清,有18．8％（9／48）的病灶显示为乳头状强化瘤结节,有10．4％（5／48）的病灶瘤周出现“强化残圈”征,有22．9％（11／48）的病灶侵犯周围脂肪间隙或邻近器官。有35．4％（17／48）的病灶出现钙化,其中有76．4％（13／17）呈细粒状钙化,11．8％（2／17）呈粗钙化,11．8％（2／17）呈混合性钙化。结论甲状腺乳头状癌的MSCT表现具有一定的特征性,可为临床治疗方案的选择提供影像学依据。     

128层螺旋CT在骨盆骨折诊断与治疗中的价值

目的探讨及评价128层螺旋CT在骨盆骨折诊断及治疗中的临床价值。方法对拥有完整的X线及128层螺旋CT影像资料的25例骨盆骨折患者进行回顾性分析，并对两种影像检查方法进行比较。结果在25例患者中，X线诊断与最终诊断一致11例（44％），行128层螺旋CT检查补充后确定最终诊断14例（56％）。其在骶骨和髋臼骨折、骶髂关节脱位的诊断中较X线具有明确的优势，能清晰的显示骨折部位、程度，指导临床的诊断和治疗。结论128层螺旋CT检查对骨盆骨折的分类、诊断及治疗具有重要意义，可作为有条件者骨盆骨折诊疗中必要的、常规的检查手段。     

Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism,Anno 2005

Pulmonary angiography is the gold standard for segmental pulmonary embolism (PE) but no longer for sub-segmental PE, because the inter-observer agreement for angiographically documented subsegmental PE is only 60%. Two non-invasive tools exclude PE with a negative predictive value of > 99%: a normal perfusion lung scan and a normal rapid ELISA VIDAS D-dimer test. The positive predictive value is 85 to 88% for a high probability ventilation-perfusion lung scan (VP-scan) and > 95% for helical spiral CT. The prevalence of PE in management studies of symptomatic patients with a non-diagnostic VP-scan is 20 to 24%. Helical spiral CT detects all clinically relevant PE and a large number of alternative diagnoses in symptomatic patients with a non-diagnostic VP-scan or a high probability VP-scan. Single-slice helical CT as the primary diagnostic test in patients with suspected PE in three retrospective studies and in two prospective management study indicate that the negative predictive value of a normal helical spiral CT, a negative compression ultrasonography of the legs (CUS) together with a low or intermediate pre-test clinical probability is > 99%. Therefore, helical spiral Ct can replace both the VP-scan and pulmonary angiography to safely rule in and out PE. The combination of clinical assessment, a rapid ELISA VIDAS D-dimer followed by CUS will reduce the need for helical spiral CT by 40 to 50%.     

骨伤科病人急性肺动脉栓塞

目的　探讨骨伤科患者继发急性肺动脉栓塞的发病率、临床特征和高危因素 ,以及早期诊断和预防肺栓塞。方法　统计1998年 3月～ 2 0 0 2年 7月骨科患者合并致死性肺栓塞 15例 ,进行临床资料回顾性研究分析。结果　肺栓塞死亡数占死亡患者总数的 2 0 8%仅次于颅脑外伤 (4 7 2 % ) ,其中大于 5 0岁、合并髋部或下肢外伤病例有明显统计学意义 (P <0 0 1)。结论　大于 5 0岁、合并髋部或下肢外伤、长期制动、合并心血管疾患患者 ,肺动脉栓塞发病率明显增高。病人可因用力、搬动等诱因突然发病。故本病起病急骤、凶险 ,且治疗手段有限 ,故病死率极高。尸检资料表明 ,肺栓塞发病率远较实际临床诊断为高 ,漏诊率达 80 %以上 ,应引起骨科医生的高度重视     

螺旋CT肾动脉成像在腹腔镜肾部分切除术中的应用

目的：探讨术前肾血管CT血管成像（CTA）在指导腹腔镜下肾部分切除术中血管处理的作用。方法：15例患者中肾癌9例,肾错构瘤6例。术前均行。肾血管CTA。经腹膜后入路施行腹腔镜肾部分切除术,术中根据CTA提示寻找并阻断肾动脉。结果：CTA示肾门前肾动脉分支3例,占总病例数20％。副肾动脉1例,占总病例数6．7％。术中探查均发现CTA所提示的异常血管,探查未发现其他异常动脉。本组15例全部手术成功。结论：CTA能清楚显示血管的解剖及变异,为术中处理肾动脉提供有效的指导。     

Troponin I as a Diagnostic Marker of a Perioperative Myocardial Infarction in the Orthopedic Population

Study Objective: To assess the utility of troponin I, the only molecular marker of myocardial injury not expressed in regenerating muscle, in diagnosing perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) in the setting of orthopedic surgery where false elevations in creatine kinase MB isoenzymes (CKMB) are known to occur.

Design: Prospective study.

Setting: University-affiliated hospital.

Patients: 85 patients with risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) who were scheduled for orthopedic surgery, including total knee arthroplasty, 34; total hip arthroplasty, 36; posterior spine fusion, 7; and other orthopedic operations, 8.

Interventions: Patients were observed in the postanesthesia care unit for at least 24 hours where they had an electrocardiogram (ECG) performed, and blood drawn to rule out MI.

Measurements: Blood samples for measurement of creatine kinase MB isoenzymes (CKMB) and troponin I were drawn at 8-hour intervals for up to 24 hours.

Main results: Five (5/85) patients had elevated levels of both CKMB and troponin I postoperatively. New ECG abnormalities were present in all but one patient who had an old anterolateral MI. Troponin I peaked within 16 hours except in one patient where it continued to increase. That female patient developed cardiogenic pulmonary edema. All the others did well clinically. Six patients (6/85) had a positive CKMB index, and a negative troponin I level. None had ECG changes, except for one in whom subsequent cardiac catheterization showed insignificant CAD. They all did well clinically. All patients with an elevated troponin I level had a positive CKMB index.

Conclusions: Troponin I is as sensitive a marker of MI as CKMB in the orthopedic population, but it has a higher specificity in the perioperative setting. Troponin I can be helpful in properly identifying the source of CKMB elevation postoperatively when this elevation is questionable.     

螺旋CT常规剂量与低剂量扫描检出肺结节的对比研究

目的通过螺旋CT肺部常规剂量与低剂量扫描的对比分析,评价低剂量扫描检出肺结节的价值。方法对40例肺内结节患者分别行常规剂量螺旋CT（160mA,螺距1．0,层厚5mm）扫描及低剂量螺旋CT（40mA,螺距2．0,层厚5mm）,采用双盲法对结节的数目、大小及结节的细节征象（分叶、毛刺、胸膜凹陷、钙化、空洞及支气管气像）进行分析。结果低剂量CT扫描检查对结节的检出及细节征象与常规剂量扫描检查均无明显差异。但低剂量扫描剂量当量（CTDlw）仅为常规扫描的12．4％。结论低剂量螺旋CT与常规剂量螺旋CT对肺结节的显示相仿,可用于高危人群肺癌筛查。     

CT Venography and CT Angiography of the Pulmonary Arteries in Acute Pulmonary Embolism

OBJECTIVES: To determine the diagnostic value of CT venography after CT angiography of the pulmonary arteries using multislice helical CT in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. METHODS: Between September 1999 and April 2001 252 patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism were examined. CT angiography of the pulmonary arteries was followed by CT venography of the inferior vena cava, the iliac veins and the proximal femoral veins; after April 2000 the popliteal veins and the proximal lower leg veins were additionally investigated. The examinations were performed with a double detector and a multidetector scanner (Elscint Twin and GE Lightspeed). RESULTS: Pulmonary embolism was found in 79/252 patients (40 central and 39 segmental/subsegmental PE). In 38/40 patients with central PE and in 22/39 patients with segmental/subsegmental PE in CT venography a deep venous thrombosis was detected, in 1/79 patient a doubled inferior vena cava could be found. In 5 patients with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava a transjugular cava filter placement was performed. In 13/173 patients without pulmonary embolism CT venography showed deep venous thrombosis. CONCLUSION: CT venography of the lower extremities is a practical and efficient additional examination to CT angiography in clinical suspected pulmonary embolism. It can detect the causing venous thrombosis with a high sensitivity.     

多层螺旋CT腹腔干重建在腹腔镜胃癌根治术术前评价的价值

目的评价多层螺旋CT血管造影（multi-slice spiral CT angiography,MSCTA）对腹腔干及其分支血管的三维重建能力,探讨MSCTA在进展期胃癌腹腔镜手术前的评估价值。方法25例拟行腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术行腹部螺旋CT增强扫描,用容积再现（volume rendering,VR）进行三维血管造影（CT angiography,CTA）,根据其CTA表现评价腹腔干及其分支血管的空间解剖特征,将所得的解剖学资料与腹腔镜下血管解剖对比。结果MSCTA准确显示胃左动脉25例,胃右动脉12例,胃十二指肠动脉全部显示,其中胃十二指肠动脉2例起自肝左动脉,1例起自肝右动脉。脾动脉起源相对固定。根据MSCTA结果指导腹腔镜下进展期胃癌D2根治术,手术均顺利完成,无中转开腹。重建的腹腔干及分支与术中活体解剖完全吻合。结论MSCTA能清晰显示腹腔动脉解剖和正确的空间关系,是一种有价值的腹腔镜辅助进展期胃癌D2根治术术前检查方法,可能为相关血管周围淋巴结的清扫提供线索。     

Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in a case of hereditary stomatocytosis

We present a case of pulmonary thromboendarterectomy performedsuccessfully in a patient with stomatocytosis. Stomatocytosisis a rare condition of abnormal erythrocyte morphology in whichhaemolysis and hyperkalaemia occur at cooler temperatures. A35-yr-old male with stomatocytosis was referred for pulmonarythromboendarterectomy in the context of chronic thromboembolicpulmonary hypertension. He had undergone splenectomy as a child,which rendered him hypercoagulable as the spleen normally removesthe haemolysed red cell fragments from blood. By constantlymonitoring urine for macroscopic haematuria, arterial and mixedvenous blood gas analysis perioperatively and by limiting theperiod of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest that is normallyrequired for this operation, we were able to perform the operationsuccessfully. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91: 739–41     

活体供肾术前评估中16层螺旋CT的价值

目的：评价16层螺旋CT三维重建在活体供肾血管、肾实质、泌尿系统评估中的实际应用价值.方法：回顾2004年以来41例活体肾移植供体临床资料,术前均行16层螺旋CT扫描,采集肾动脉期、静脉期以及排泄期的影像数据,采用MIP、VR、MPR和CRP等三维图像后处理技术,评估供体肾动脉、肾静脉、泌尿集合系统和肾实质情况,与术中所见相对照.结果：41例供肾动脉显示,34例双肾单支动脉供血,其中2例左肾动脉、3例右肾动脉分支较早;4例右肾见一支副肾动脉,3例左肾见一支副肾动脉;术中证实有1例右副肾动脉,1例左肾动脉早期分支未能在影像中显示清楚,准确率95.1%.41例供肾静脉显示,37例双肾静脉为单支,4例右侧双支肾静脉;术中证实5例右侧双支肾静脉未能在影像中显示,准确率87.8%;泌尿集合系统显影满意,1例左侧双肾盂双输尿管畸形.结论：16层螺旋CT三维重建能准确显示供体肾脏血管、泌尿集合系统、肾实质解剖及可能的病理情况,给临床肾移植术前评估提供有价值的帮助,可作为供体术前检查的首选方法.     

64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像受检者呼吸配合模式研究

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像过程中受检者呼吸配合模式,以期保证较好的图像质量,提高检查成功率.方法 将1 000例冠状动脉疾病患者随机均分为对照组和观察组,对照组按常规实行健康教育和屏气法呼吸配合训练;观察组改为捏鼻法呼吸配合训练.结果 观察组呼吸配合时间、一次检查成功率显著优于对照组(均P＜0.01),心率波动>10次/min及室性早搏发生率显著少于对照组(均P＜0.01).结论 捏鼻法呼吸模式能显著提高64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像检查效率.     

The Clinical Severity of Patients Diagnosed With an In-Hospital Pulmonary Embolism Following Modern,Elective Joint Arthroplasty Is Unrelated to the Location of Emboli in the Pulmonary Vasculature

Background

In the event of a postoperative pulmonary embolism (PE), it is generally believed that patients with centrally located emboli will have worse clinical symptoms than those with segmental or subsegmental ones. We studied if a relationship exists between the clinical severity at the time of PE diagnosis and the location of the emboli within the pulmonary vasculature.