肺表面活性物质治疗新生儿RDS呼吸衰竭的疗效

用肺表面活性物质（ＰＳ）抢救１５例新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（ＮＲＤＳ）时的呼吸衰竭，ＰＳ首次剂量２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ．重复剂量１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ，用１～３次，经气管插管注入肺内，给ＰＳ后５～１５分钟ＰａＯ２和ＰａＯ２／ＦｉＯ２显著上升，随后ＦｉＯ２和平均气道压（ＭＡＰ）下调，５．５±０．８小时胸片即见改善，４０．２±１６．５小时胸片恢复，治疗组病死率比对照组低。结果表明ＰＳ对抢救ＮＲＤＳ呼吸衰竭有明显疗效。     

胎粪吸入综合征及并发持续肺动脉高压的肺机制研究

目的 探讨胎粪吸入综合征（ＭＡＳ）及并发持续肺动脉高压（ＰＰＨＮ）患儿的肺功能变化。方法 应用美国Ｂｉｃｏｒｅ公司的ＣＰ－１００新生儿肺功能监护仪检测２０例ＭＡＳ患儿的肺功能,结果 ＭＡＳ患儿呼吸频率（ＲＲ）为（８３±１５）次／ｍｉｎ,气道阻力（ＡＲ）为（１０８±４６）ｃｍＨ２Ｏ（Ｌ·ｓ）。比对照组的（４５±６．０）次／ｍｉｎ（３８±１７）ｃｍＨ２Ｏ／（Ｌ·ｓ）明显增高（ｔ＝２．３０,２．５１,Ｐ     

早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征自发性利尿与肺功能关系探讨

目的 探讨早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征（ＲＤＳ）自发性利尿与肺功能及预后的关系。方法 ３１例入院日龄小于２４ｈ，需机械通气的ＲＤＳ患儿，应用床旁肺力学监护仪动态监测、动态顺应性（Ｃｄｙｎ）、潮气量（ＶＴ），并记录２４ｈ出（Ｏ）入（Ｉ）量和呼吸机各参数。利尿开始时（Ｏ／Ｉ≥１）及最大利尿期的尿量、Ｃｄｙｎ、ＶＴ、ＲＲ、ＰＩＰ、ＭＡＰ、ＦｉＯ２与利尿前８ｈ的资料进行比较。结果 治愈组２５例，开始利尿时间为（４     

病毒性脑炎患儿脑脊液中一氧化氮和丙二醛变化及其临床意义

目的　探讨病毒性脑炎（ 病脑）患儿脑脊液中一氧化氮（ＮＯ）、一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ） 和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）的变化特点。方法　应用比色法对病脑患儿急性期、恢复期脑脊液中ＮＯ,ＮＯＳ,ＭＤＡ 及ＳＯＤ 进行对比分析。结果　病脑患儿脑脊液中ＮＯ（５９ ．８±１５ ．０ μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,ＮＯＳ（２．７３±０ ．５９ Ｕ／ｍｌ）,ＭＤＡ（１３．２ ±２ ．２０ ｎｍｏｌ／ｍｌ） 及ＳＯＤ（２８ ．９ ±１２．９ ＮＵ／ｍｌ） 水平明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）;１４ 例病儿急性期ＮＯ,ＮＯＳ,ＳＯＤ含量明显高于恢复期（Ｐ＜ ０．０１） ,ＭＲＩ检查阳性组ＮＯ 水平高于阴性组（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。结论　ＮＯ可能参与脑水肿的形成和髓鞘的破坏过程;合理应用甘露醇及抗氧化治疗应予重视。     

仰俯卧位对早产儿肺功能的影响

目的　探讨仰俯卧位对早产儿肺功能的影响。方法　应用美国Ｂｉｃｏｒｅ 公司的ＣＰ１００新生儿肺功能监护仪,分别测定３０ 例健康早产儿［（ 胎龄３４．５±０．３）周,体重（１ ９０５±５２） ｇ］ 仰、俯卧位时肺功能。结果　俯卧位潮气量为（５．４００ ±０．２００）ｍｌｋｇ,明显高于仰卧位时的（４．７００ ±０．２００）ｍｌｋｇ（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）;俯卧位气道阻力为（３３．７５０ ±３．０００） ｍｍＨｇ（Ｌ·ｓ） ,明显低于仰卧位时的（４３．０００ ±４．０００）（Ｌ·ｓ）（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１） ;俯卧位动态肺顺应性为（３．３８０ ±０．１６０） ｍｌ（ｍｍＨｇ·ｋｇ） ,明显高于仰卧位时的（２．３８０±０．１１０） ｍｌ（ｍｍＨｇ·ｋｇ）（ Ｐ＜０．０１） ;仰俯卧位时呼吸频率、每分通气量、时间常数及呼吸功差异均无显著意义。结论　俯卧位可改善早产儿的潮气量和动态肺顺应性,降低气道阻力。提示俯卧位可能是改善早产儿肺功能的适宜体位。     

271例学龄儿童红细胞内转铁蛋白含量及意义的初步研究

本文用ＥＬＩＳＡ法对２７１例儿童的红细胞内转铁蛋白（ＲＢＣ·Ｔｆ）、红细胞内铁蛋白（ＲＢＣ·Ｆ）和血清转铁蛋白（Ｔｆ）进行了检测，同时检测相应的血红蛋白（Ｈｂ）。根据Ｈｂｔ度将２７１例儿童分为两组，正常组：ＲＢＣ·Ｔｆ范围为２０３～１８２８ａｇ／ｃｅｌｌ，Ｘ±Ｓ为４６７±３５０ａｇ／ｃｅｌｌ（ｎ＝２２３），Ｈｂ偏低组中ＲＢＣ·Ｔｆ范围为７３～４６５ａｇ／ｃｅｌｌ，Ｘ±Ｓ为２０４±９７ａｇ／ｃｅｌｌ（ｎ＝４８），两组间差别有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．００１）．ＲＢＣ·Ｔｆ与Ｔｆ间几无相关性ｒ＝－０．０４１９，Ｐ＞０．５（ｎ＝２４７）；而ＲＢＣ·Ｔｆ与ＲＢＣ·Ｆ问呈正相关ｒ＝０．１５７，Ｐ＜０．０２（ｎ＝２４７）．     

大剂量维生素C在新生儿再灌注损伤中的应用

观察了大剂量维生素Ｃ（ＶｉｔＣ）用于新生儿再灌注损伤的疗效。结果ＶｉｔＣ１ｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）的疗效明显优于０．５ｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）。前者首次用药后患儿血清丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）明显减少，总超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）明显增加（Ｐ＜０．００１），血液酸度无明显变化（ｐＨ：Ｐ＞０．１，ＨＣＯ３－：Ｐ＞０．０５，ＢＥ；Ｐ＞０．１）。而后者首次用药后患儿血清ＭＤＡ无明显减少（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＳＯＤ虽明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０１），但增加的幅度明显低于前者，提示ＶｉｔＣ作为自由基清除剂治疗新生儿再灌注损伤时，剂量以１ｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）为宜。     

婴儿重症心内膜心肌病致泵及呼吸衰竭的治疗

治疗３７例心内膜心肌病致泵衰竭患儿。年龄１～９个月。使用多巴胺２～１０μｇ·ｍｉｎ￣（－１）／ｋｇ及硝普钠１～５μｇ·ｍｉｎ￣（－１）／ｋｇ治疗，用药时间１２～７２小时，同时吸氧、限制入量及适当纠正代谢性酸中毒，休克缓解后及时使用利尿剂并使其洋地黄化。１５例并发Ｉ型呼吸衰竭者加用鼻塞持续正压通气（ＣＰＡＰ）治疗。ＦｉＯ＿２０．４～０．８，压力０．３８～０．７８ｋＰａ（４～８ｃｍＨ＿２Ｏ），使用时间１２～１０９小时。１例合并ＤＩＣ，加用肝素及冷沉淀物，５例抽搐加用镇静剂及小量甘露醇。结果是除死亡３例，自动出院１例外，余３３例全部恢复。提示血管扩张剂及鼻塞ＣＰＡＰ可迅速改善微循环及心肺功能。     

一氧化氮吸入治疗小儿急性呼吸衰竭

为观察一氧化氮（ＮＯ）治疗小儿急性呼吸衰竭的疗效，应用我院自行研制的ＮＯ吸入装置，对１５例急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ＡＲＤＳ）和急性呼吸衰竭（简称急性呼衰）患儿进行ＮＯ吸入治疗。结果：７例有效，ＮＯ吸入前后比较氧分压与吸入氧浓度比值上升４．１±２．３ｋＰａ（３０．５±１７ｍｍＨｇ，１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ）（ｔ＝４．５２，Ｐ＜０．０５），氧合指数降低９±３（ｔ＝４．６３，Ｐ＜０．０５）。对２例肺动脉导管压力监测显示，肺动脉压和肺血管阻力明显下降，体动脉压和心率无显著性变化。结论：ＮＯ吸入疗法对部分急性呼衰患儿有效，宜在急性低氧性呼衰、心功能未受严重损害时应用。     

不同胎龄新生儿胃液卵磷脂／鞘磷脂比值变化及其临床意义

应用薄层层析法检测１１０例［足月儿５０例，其中正常新生儿３０例，窒息１２例，妊娠高血压综合征（简称好高征）母亲所生新生儿８例；早产儿６０例］新生儿胃液卵磷脂／鞘磷脂（Ｌ／Ｓ）比值。结果显示，足月儿Ｌ／Ｓ比值＞２．０，早产儿＜２．０，早产儿Ｌ／Ｓ比值与胎龄、体重有非常显著正相关（ｒ分别为０．８６、０．６５，Ｐ均＜０．０１）。足月窒息儿Ｌ／Ｓ比值明显低于正常对照组（ｔ＝２．６０，Ｐ＜０．０５）；患妊高征母亲所生新生儿Ｌ／Ｓ比值明显高于对照组（ｔ＝３．０３，Ｐ＜０．０１），提示母亲患妊高征有使胎儿肺成熟加速的倾向。６０例早产儿并发呼吸窘迫综合征７例，Ｌ／Ｓ比值均在１．０９以下，５例死亡，其中４例Ｌ／Ｓ比值在０．４以下。提示胃液Ｌ／Ｓ比值对评价肺成熟度及预估呼吸窘迫综合征发生及预后有重要参考价值。     

Respiratory phenotypes of neuromuscular diseases: A challenging issue for pediatricians

Neuromuscular disease (NMDs) encompass a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders, with respiratory problems of variable intensity and progression described at any pediatric age, from infancy to adolescence, and they are largely associated with significant lifelong morbidity and high mortality. Restriction of breathing, impaired gas exchange, decline of lung function and sleep disordered breathing progressively develop because of muscular weakness and culminate in respiratory failure. Depending on the disease progression, airways manifestations can take weeks to months or even years to evolve, thus depicting two major respiratory phenotypes, characterized by rapid or slow progression to respiratory failure. Assessing type and age at onset of airways problems and their evolution over time can support pediatricians in the diagnostic assessment of NMD. In addition, knowing the characteristics of patients' respiratory phenotype can increase the level of awareness among neonatologists, geneticists, neurologists, pulmonologists, nutritionists, and chest therapists, supporting them in the challenging task of the multidisciplinary medical care of patients. In this review we examine the issues related to the pediatric respiratory phenotypes of NMD and present a novel algorithm that can act as a guide for the diagnostic agenda and the key preventive or therapeutic interventions of airways manifestations. With prolonged survival of children with NMD, the advent of neuromuscular respiratory medicine, including accurate assessment of the respiratory phenotype, will help physicians to determine patients’ prognoses and to design studies for the evaluation of new therapies.     

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in children: epidemiology, presentation and management

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly recognised and highly contagious respiratory infection caused by a new strain of coronavirus. The disease can result in progressive respiratory failure in adults and the mortality rate has been reported to be 8-15%. This infection spreads by droplet transmission and children appear to acquire SARS through close household contact exposure to infected adults. Disease severity is, however, much milder in the paediatric age group. The common laboratory findings in infected children and adolescents include lymphopaenia and elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine phosphokinase. Air space consolidation is commonly seen during the course of the illness although chest radiographs are normal on presentation in half of the cases. The pathophysiology of SARS appears to be related to immunological dysregulation in response to the coronavirus infection. The optimal treatment of SARS in children remains to be determined. No case fatality in infected children has been reported. The early and proper isolation of infected adults, meticulous infection control measures in the hospital setting, exhaustive contact tracing and quarantine measures are important steps in preventing the spread of the disease among health care workers and into the community. The development of a sensitive and rapid test for early diagnosis is underway. Further controlled trials are necessary to define the optimal treatment of this infection in children.     

温州地区2005～2006年急性呼吸道感染患儿病毒病原学检测的情况

目的了解2005～2006年温州地区急性呼吸道感染（ARI）患儿7种呼吸道病毒感染情况。方法选择3970例ARI患儿。其中急性上呼吸道感染308例,下呼吸道感染3662例。采集门诊患儿咽拭子及病房患儿的鼻咽分泌物,应用直接免疫荧光法检测呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）,流感病毒（IV）A、B型,副流感病毒（PIV）1、2、3型及腺病毒（ADV）7种常见呼吸道病毒。结果送检标本阳性1773例,阳性率44.7%,以RSV最高（36.2%）。病毒总检出率在性别间（χ^2=9.2P〈0.01）、年龄组间（χ^2=120.5P〈0.01）、疾病种类间（χ^2=101.3P〈0.01）及门诊、住院患儿间（χ^2=180.4P〈0.01）比较均有非常显著性差异。结论RSV仍是温州地区2005～2006年ARI患儿的主要病毒病原,男性患儿较女性患儿对呼吸道病毒易感,且婴幼儿（尤其〈6个月）易感;住院患儿病毒检出率高,以毛细支气管炎阳性率最高。     

Epidemiology of a cute respiratory disease in North India

Acute respiratory disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Epidemiologic studies on acute respiratory disease in north India are summarised. Research needs in respiratory disorders are highlighted.     

Duration of secretory IgM and IgA antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus in a community study in Guinea-Bissau

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is probably the single major cause of lower respiratory infection (LRI) among infants worldwide. Its relative importance may be underestimated, as the diagnosis is based on antigen detection and antigen may only be detectable in the early phase of infection. We have therefore assessed the duration of secretory IgM and IgA antibody responses and whether assays for these antibodies can be used to improve the diagnosing of RSV-associated infections. During two RSV epidemics in Guinea-Bissau, 32 RSV antigen-positive children with LRI were followed with sequential nasopharyngeal suction on days 7, 14, 30, 60 and 120 in the first epidemic and every fortnight for 6 mo after the second epidemic to measure the duration of secretory IgM and IgA responses. Nearly all of the children had an IgM response during the first month after infection. The response ratio was highest on days 7 and 14, being 84% and 71%, respectively. After 30 d the IgM response decreased rapidly. Among 27 age- and sex-matched controls, only 1 child was positive for IgM. During the second epidemic, when the children were followed more intensively, half of the children were IgM-positive after the acute phase of infection. A secondary response may be more likely in children with low IgM responses in the acute phase (RR = 2.08 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92-4.70)). The IgA response was highest on days 28 and 42 after antigen detection, 72% having a detectable IgA response within the first 1.5 mo. Among 27 controls, only 2 were IgA-positive (7%). In the second epidemic with more intensive follow-up, 62% (8/13) of the IgA-positive children had a response that lasted 10 wk. Of the children with no persistent IgA response, half (5/10) had a subsequent IgA-positive response after the first 42 d. All of these children had a simultaneous IgM-positive response. When 29 of the children were tested after an epidemic when they were 1-3-y-old, >80% again had high IgM (24/29, 82%) and IgA (28/29, 94%) levels. Among samples collected over a 1-y period from infants with LRI in a community morbidity surveillance conducted at the local health centre and via paediatric outpatient consultation, 17% (110/659) were antigen-positive, 26% (171/659) IgM-positive and 38% (248/659) either antigen- or IgM-positive. IgM responses are short-lived among infants and may therefore be used as an indication of recent RSV infection among children with LRI. Using both antigen and IgM detection may significantly improve our detection of RSV infections.     

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??Objective To analyze the seasonal variation of viral spectrum detected by throat swab in children with respiratory infections. Methods Totally 4389 throat swab samples were collected weekly at the Pediatric Outpatient Department between 2007 and 2013 in Shanghai Jiading Nanxiang Hospital. Totally 325 cases of influenza A and 128 cases of influenza B viruses??FLU-A??B????67 human metapneumoviruses??HMPV????320 respiratory syncytial viruses??RSV????274 parainfluenza viruses??PIV?? 1-4??105 human enteroviruses??EV????72 human rhinoviruses??HRV????105 coronaviruses??Cov????118 human Boca virus??HBOV?? and 146 human adenoviruses??ADV?? were identified by RT-PCR. Results Viruses were detected in 1526??34.8%?? throat swab samples. FLU-A was detected mostly?? in 7.4%??325/4389?? samples??followed by RSV 7.3%??320/4389???? ADV 3.3%??146/4389????and PIV-1 2.9%??128/4389??. Between 2007 and 2012??the rate of FLU-A detection peaked between August and February-March??and PIV-1 was the most frequently detected PIV??peaking in summer. Conclusion In Shanghai winter is the peak season for viruses such as RSV??FLU-B and HBOV. FLU-A is frequently detected between late summer and winter??peaking in summer. Epidemics of PIV-1 also peak in summer. RSV incidence increases in autumn and peaks in winter??presenting an epidemic phenomena of peaking every other year.     

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??Objective To investigate the clinical relevance of multiple viral infections in children with acute lower respiratory disease. Methods A total of 1722 children with clinical diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection ??ALRTI?? during the period of October 2007 to September 2011 were involved in our study. One nasopharyngeal aspirate specimen was collected from each patient. ??RT?? PCRs were performed to detect common respiratory tract viruses including respiratory syncytial virus ??RSV?? ?? rhinovirus ??RV?? ?? influenza virus type A and B?? parainfluenza virus ??PIV?? type 1-4?? adenovirus ??enterovirus?? human coronavirus?? human metapneumonia virus and human bocavirus. Results Totally 206 children had single RSV infection?? 124 children had dual infections ??RSV co-infected with an additional virus?? and 40 children had multiple infections along with a RSV infection. Out of the 124 patients?? 68??54.8%?? were co-infected with RV?? 24 with PIV. There was a statistically significant difference between the dual viral infections group and the RSV-infected group in hospital stay??P??0.001??. Compared to patients in the single RSV infected group?? patients in the multiple viral infection group had significantly more frequency in fever ??P??0.017???? duration of fever longer??P??0.015???? hospital stay also longer??P??0.001????and they received more intravenous steroid therapy during hospitalization??P??0.005??. There was no significant difference in oxygen therapy?? respiratory support and use of bronchodilators. Conclusion Multiple viral infections are linked to more frequency in fever?? longer fever days?? longer hospital stay?? and more frequent use of intravenous steroid therapy during hospitalization. Mixed respiratory virus infection may affect the patient's disease severity and prognosis.     

儿童急性下呼吸道合胞病毒单一感染与混合感染对照研究

目的 了解呼吸道病毒混合感染所致急性下呼吸道感染（ALRTI）患儿的临床特征。方法 2007年10月至2011年9月,在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院住院治疗的临床诊断为ALRTI的患儿1722例,在就诊当日或次日采集鼻咽吸取物1份,采用逆转录（RT）-PCR方法进行常见呼吸道病毒核酸检测,包括呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、鼻病毒（RV）、副流感病毒（PIV）1～4型、甲型及乙型流感病毒、腺病毒、肠道病毒、冠状病毒、偏肺病毒及博卡病毒。将单一RSV感染与RSV混合多种病毒感染患儿临床资料进行比较。结果 1722例患儿标本中,370例检出RSV病毒,总检出率21.5%。单一RSV感染206例,RSV与一种病毒混合感染124例,RSV与2种以上病毒混合感染40例。RSV与一种病毒混合感染的124例标本中,RSV/RV感染68例（54.8%）,其次为RSV/PIV感染24例（19.3%）。双重病毒混合感染组与RSV单一病毒感染组比较,双重病毒混合感染组患儿住院时间更长（P＜0.001）。多重病毒感染组与RSV单一病毒感染组相比,患儿发热比例更高（P＝0.017）、发热持续时间更长（P＝0.015）、住院天数延长（P＜0.001）、并且在住院期间接受了更多的静脉激素治疗（P＝0.005）。而在喘息症状、出现合并症（心力衰竭、呼吸衰竭、肝功损害、心肌损害、腹泻）方面差异无统计学意义。在氧疗、呼吸支持治疗及使用支气管扩张剂方面差异亦无统计学意义。结论 与单一RSV感染组相比,RSV合并多重病毒感染患儿发热比例更高、发热持续时间及住院天数更长,且住院期间接受了更多的静脉激素治疗。提示多病毒混合感染可能影响患儿临床进程, RSV感染时应重视混合感染。     

Acute neonatal respiratory distress in Italy: a one-year prospective study

A prospective multicentre 12-month survey of neonatal respiratory disorders in 63 537 Italian infants was performed to evaluate the incidence of acute neonatal respiratory disorders and of the main related complications. A total of 1427 developed respiratory disorders (2.2%), 208 of whom died (14.6%). The incidence of respiratory distress syndrome was 1.16%, with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 24%; that of transient tachypnoea was 0.93%, with a CFR of 1.3%. The rates of meconium aspiration syndrome, persistent pulmonary hypertension and pneumonia were 0.06%, 0.02% and 0.07%, with CFRs of 10.3%, 38.5% and 21.7%, respectively. The occurrences of the main complications in affected newborns were: bronchopulmonary dysplasia 5.6%, necrotizing enterocolitis 1.7%, patent ductus arteriosus 9.8%, 3^o and 4^o grade intraventricular haemorrhage 6.8% and air leak 4.9%. It was concluded that the incidence of acute neonatal respiratory disorders and the main related complications was lower than that reported two decades ago and that the CFR of acute neonatal respiratory disorders had increased. These results may be the consequences of (i) progress in the management of high-risk pregnancies, (ii) an increased number of viable infants with extremely low birth weight and (iii) diffusion of antenatal treatment with corticosteroids which, in this series, seemed to reduce the morbidity but not the mortality in the high-risk infants.