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1.
Background
Women who engage in sex work are at risk for experiencing violence from numerous perpetrators, including paying partners. Empirical evidence has shown mixed results regarding the impact of participation in microfinance interventions on women’s experiences of violence, with some studies demonstrating reductions in intimate partner violence (IPV) and others showing heightened risk for IPV. The current study reports on the impact of participation in a microsavings intervention on experiences of paying partner violence among women engaged in sex work in Mongolia.Methods
Between 2011 and 2013, we conducted a two-arm, non-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing an HIV/STI risk reduction intervention (HIVSRR) (control condition) to a combined microsavings and HIVSRR intervention (treatment condition). Eligible women (aged 18 or older, reported having engaged in unprotected sex with paying partner in past 90 days, expressed interest in microsavings intervention) were invited to participate. One hundred seven were randomized, including 50 in the control and 57 in the treatment condition. Participants completed assessments at baseline, immediate post-test following HIVSRR, and at 3-months and 6-months after completion of the treatment group intervention. Outcomes for the current study include any violence (physical and/or sexual), sexual violence, and physical violence from paying partners in the past 90 days.Results
An intention-to-treat approach was utilized. Linear growth models revealed significant reductions over time in both conditions for any violence (β?= ?0.867, p?<?0.001), physical violence (β?= ?0.0923, p?<?0.001), and sexual violence (β?= ?1.639, p?=?0.001) from paying partners. No significant differences between groups were found for any violence (β?=?0.118, p?=?0.389), physical violence (β?=?0.091, p?=?0.792), or sexual violence (β?=?0.379, p?=?0.114) from paying partners.Conclusions
Microsavings participation did not significantly impact women’s risk for paying partner violence. Qualitative research is recommended to understand the cause for reductions in paying partner violence in both study conditions.Trial registration
Evaluating a Microfinance Intervention for High Risk Women in Mongolia; NCT01861431; May 20, 2013.2.
Background
Intimate partner violence (IPV) has serious consequences for the physical, psychological, and reproductive and sexual health of women. However, the factors that make women to justify domestic violence against wives in many sub-Saharan African countries have not been explored. This study investigates factors that influence women approval of domestic physical violence among Ghanaian women aged 15–49.Method
A nationally representative sampled data (N?=?10,607) collected in the 2003 and 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey were used. Multivariate logistic regression was used to study the associations between women’s economic and socio-demographic characteristics and their approval of domestic physical violence against wives.Results
Women aged 25–34 and 15–24 were 1.5 and 1.3 times, respectively, more likely to approve domestic physical violence against wives compared to those aged 35 years and above. Furthermore, women with no education (OR?=?3.1, CI?=?2.4–3.9), primary education (OR?=?2.6, CI?=?2.1–3.3) and junior secondary education (OR?=?1.8, CI?=?1.4–2.2) had higher probability of approving domestic physical violence compared to a woman who had secondary education or higher. Compared to women with Christian belief, Moslems (OR?=?1.5, CI?=?1.3–1.8) and Traditional believer (OR?=?1.7, CI?=?1.2–2.4) were more likely to approve domestic physical violence of wives. Women who were in the richest, rich and middle wealth index categories were less likely to approve domestic physical violence of wives compared to the poorest.Conclusion
These findings fill a gap in understanding economic and socio-demographic factors associated with approval of domestic physical violence of wives. Interventions and policies should be geared at contextualizing intimate partner violence in terms of the justification of this behaviour, as this can play an important role in perpetration and victimization.3.
Background
Exposure to violence in general and to armed conflict in particular has been consistently associated with an increased prevalence of mental illness. Colombia has sustained an internal armed conflict for decades and is considered one of the most violent countries in the world. However, certain areas have been more exposed to the conflict than others.Methods
This is a cross sectional study comparing two communities from different villages in the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. One, Guasca, was directly impacted by armed conflict. The other one; Guatavita has never been affected by armed conflict. We applied two different instruments: the PHQ scale and a short standardized interview in order to estimate the prevalence of major psychiatric disorders and their link to violent events. Forty-two volunteers from each village were evaluated through a personal interview using these two instruments.Findings
Of the population surveyed in Guatavita, 2.4% reported direct exposure to violence compared to 23.8% from Guasca. In the population exposed directly to violent events, the prevalence of all disorders was greater than in the non-exposed population with an OR of 1.46 (95% CI 0.3809 - 5.5989) for anxiety; 4.54 (95% CI 1.1098 - 18.5984) for depression; 6.0 (95% CI 1.2298 - 30.2263) for somatization disorder; and 4.4 (95% CI 1.2037 - 16.0842) for alcohol abuse.Interpretation
There is a statistically significant association between the history of armed conflict, violence and the presence of mental illnesses, particularly depression, somatization disorder and alcohol abuse. Special attention should be paid to the detection, prevention and treatment of these disorders when dealing with populations exposed to violence and to armed conflict in particular.4.
5.
Janet Yuen-Ha Wong Edmond Pui-Hang Choi Herman Hay-Ming Lo Wendy Wong Jasmine Hin-Man Chio Anna Wai-Man Choi Daniel Yee-Tak Fong 《Quality of life research》2017,26(4):959-968
Purpose
Theories explaining the impact of intimate partner violence (IPV) on mental health have focused on heterosexual relationships. It is unclear whether mental health disparities between heterosexual and sexual minority people are due to IPV or factors related to sexual orientation. The present study aimed to investigate pathways of how sexual orientation influenced quality of life and mental health.Methods
The present cross-sectional study was conducted in 1076 young adults in a university population (934 heterosexual and 142 sexual minority groups). Structural equation modelling was used to examine the pathways of sexual orientation, dating violence, sexual orientation concealment, quality of life and mental health (perceived stress, anxiety and depression).Results
After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, quality of life in sexual minority people was poorer [estimate ?2.82, 95 % confidence interval (CI) ?4.77 to ?0.86, p = 0.005], and stress (estimate 2.77, 95 % CI 1.64–3.92, p < 0.0001), anxiety (estimate 1.84, 95 % CI 1.13–2.56, p < 0.0001) and depression levels (estimate 0.62, 95 % CI 0.05–1.2, p < 0.0001) were higher than in heterosexual people. Dating violence and sexual orientation concealment were mediators, with the models showing a good fit.Conclusion
Our study has progressed investigation of the link between sexual orientation and quality of life and mental health in the Chinese context. It has helped identify health disparities between heterosexual and sexual minority people and determined specific factors affecting their quality of life and mental health.6.
Background
The long lasting resilience of individuals and communities affected by mass violence has not been given equal prominence as their suffering. This has often led to psychosocial interventions in post-conflict zones being unresponsive to local realities and ill-equipped to foster local strengths. Responding to the renewed interest in resilience in the field of violence and health, this study examines the resilience and post-traumatic responses of Indigenous Quechua women in the aftermath of the political violence in Peru (1980–2000).Methods
A cross-sectional study examined the relationship between resilience, post-traumatic responses, exposure to violence during the conflict and current life stress on 151 Quechua women participants. Purposive and convenience sampling strategies were used for recruitment in Ayacucho, the area most exposed to violence. The study instruments were translated to Quechua and Spanish and cross-culturally validated. Data was analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis. A locally informed trauma questionnaire of local idioms of distress was also included in the analysis.Findings
Sixty percent of women (n?=?91) were recruited from Ayacucho city and the rest from three rural villages; the mean age was 45 years old. Despite high levels of exposure to violence, only 9.3% of the sample presented a level of symptoms that indicated possible PTSD. Resilience did not contribute to the overall variance of post-traumatic stress related symptoms, which was predicted by past exposure to violence, current life stress, age, and schooling (R 2 ?=?.421). Resilience contributed instead to the variance of avoidance symptoms (Stand β?=??.198, t?=??2.595, p?=?0.010) while not for re-experiencing or arousal symptoms.Conclusions
These findings identified some of the pathways in which resilience and post-traumatic responses interrelate in the aftermath of violence; yet, they also point to the complexity of their relationship, which is not fully explained by linear associations, requiring further examination. Age and gender-sensitive health care is considered critical almost fifteen years after the end of the conflict. The notable resilience of Quechua women—despite exposure to a continuum of violence and social inequalities—also calls for enhanced recognition of women not only as victims of violence but also as complex social actors in the reconstruction of post-conflict societies.7.
Background
A low-intensity armed conflict has been occurring for nearly a decade in southernmost region of Thailand. However, its impact on child health has not yet been investigated. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of delayed child growth and development in the affected areas and to determine the association between the violence and health among children aged 1–5?years.Methods
A total of 498 children aged 1–5?years were recruited. Intensity of conflict for each sub-district was calculated as the 6-year average number of incidents per 100,000 population per year and classified into quartiles. Growth indices were weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height, while development was measured by the Denver Development Screening Test II (Thai version). Food insecurity, child-rearing practice, health service accessibility, household sanitation, and depression among the caregivers were assessed using screening scales and questionnaires. Contextual information such as average income and numbers of violent events in each sub-district was obtained from external sources.Results
Growth retardation was highly prevalent in the area as reported by rates of underweight, stunting, and wasting at 19.3%, 27.6% and 7.4%, respectively. The prevalence of developmental delay was also substantially high (37.1%). Multi-level analysis found no evidence of association between insurgency and health outcomes. However, children in areas with higher intensity of violence had a lower risk of delay in personal-social development (OR?=?0.4; 95% CI?=?0.2 - 0.9; p-value?=?0.05).Conclusion
Unlike war refugees and internally-displaced persons in camp-like settings, the relationship between level of armed conflict and growth and developmental delay among children aged 1–5?years could not be demonstrated in the community setting of this study where food supply had been minimally perturbed.8.
Yujiro?Sano Roger?Antabe Kilian?Nasung?Atuoye Lucia?Kafui?Hussey Jason?Bayne Sylvester?Zackaria?Galaa
Background
The prevalence of HIV in Malawi is one of the highest in sub-Saharan Africa, and misconceptions about its mode of transmission are considered a major contributor to the continued spread of the virus.Methods
Using the 2010 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, the current study explored factors associated with misconceptions about HIV transmission among males and females.Results
We found that higher levels of ABC prevention knowledge were associated with lower likelihood of endorsing misconceptions among females and males (OR?=?0.85, p?<?0.001; OR?=?0.85, p?<?0.001, respectively). Compared to those in the Northern region, both females and males in the Central (OR?=?0.54, p?<?0.001; OR?=?0.53, p?<?0.001, respectively) and Southern regions (OR?=?0.49, p?<?0.001; OR?=?0.43, p?<?0.001, respectively) were less likely to endorse misconceptions about HIV transmission. Moreover, marital status and ethnicity were significant predictors of HIV transmission misconceptions among females but not among males. Also, household wealth quintiles, education, religion, and urban–rural residence were significantly associated with endorsing misconceptions about HIV transmission.Conclusion
Based on our findings, we recommend that education on HIV transmission in Malawi should integrate cultural and ethnic considerations of HIV/AIDS.9.
Background
Several meta-analyses have demonstrated that the rs662 polymorphism in Paraoxonase 1 gene (PON1) gene is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). However, it is still uncertain whether this polymorphism is associated with the plasma levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) and lipids. This meta-analysis is aimed to clarify the relationships between the rs662 polymorphism and plasma levels of Ox-LDL and lipids.Methods
By searching in PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Wanfang, VIP and CNKI databases, 5 studies (1369 subjects) and 85 studies (46,740 subjects) were respectively identified for Ox-LDL association analysis and lipid association analysis. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to estimate the effects of the rs662 polymorphism on plasma Ox-LDL and lipid levels.Results
The carriers of the variant R allele had higher levels of Ox-LDL (SMD?=?0.23, 95% CI?=?0.10–0.36, P?<? 0.01), triglyceride (TG) (SMD?=?0.06, 95% CI?=?0.01–0.11, P?=?0.02), total cholesterol (TC) (SMD?=?0.04, 95% CI?=?0.00–0.07, P?=?0.05) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (SMD?=?0.04, 95% CI?=?0.00–0.08, P?=?0.04) than the non-carriers.Conclusions
This meta-analysis suggests that the association between the PON1 rs662 polymorphism and CHD may partly be mediated by abnormal Ox-LDL and lipid levels caused by the R allele.10.
B. Masluk S. Gascón Santos A. Albesa Cartagena A. Asensio Martinez E. Peck M. P. Leiter 《Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England)》2018,13(1):20
Background
This study examines the construct validity of the Areas of Worklife Short Scale, a practical instrument to measure employees’ perceptions of their work environments in the sample of secondary obligatory education teachers in Spain.Methods
Conducted in 33 centers of secondary obligatory education in Spain (N?=?677). Confirmatory Factor analysis for 3 different models for the 29-items version and 1 model for the 18-items version was tested.Results
Results confirmed that the short AWS short version had the best fit to the data than any other model proposed (GFI-Satorra-Bentler scaled chi-squared?=?320.19, ×?2/df?=?2.337) and good fit indices (CFI?=?0.911; RMSEA?=?0.046).Conclusions
This analysis ultimately supports the appropriateness of AWS short version to explore areas of worklife and therefore can indicate the factors that contribute to burnout in the sample of secondary obligatory education teachers in Spain. Therefore it has been confirmed that this tool is able to assess the 6 domains of work environment of secondary schools teachers.11.
Zachary L. Mannes Erin G. Ferguson Larry E. Burrell Robert L. Cook Nicole Ennis 《Harm reduction journal》2018,15(1):61
Background
Though marijuana use has previously been associated with risky alcohol use, studies often do not delineate between the effect of recreational versus therapeutic marijuana use, particularly among people living with HIV (PLWH). In this study, we examined the association between recreational versus therapeutic marijuana use to manage HIV symptoms (i.e., improve appetite/gain weight, induce sleep, relieve nausea/vomiting, relieve pain, relieve anxiety/depression/stress) on hazardous alcohol consumption and associated behavioral consequences among PLWH.Methods
PLWH (N?=?703) recruited from community health centers in Florida completed questionnaires assessing sociodemographics, marijuana use motives (i.e., recreational versus therapeutic), alcohol use, and alcohol-associated behavioral consequences. Hazardous alcohol use was defined as consuming 5 or more drinks on one occasion at least monthly or >?14 drinks per week for men, or 4 drinks on one occasion at least monthly or >?7 drinks per week for women over the past 12?months, while alcohol-associated behavioral consequences were assessed via the Short Inventory of Problems Revised (SIP-R). A one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) assessed differences in average number of alcohol-associated behavioral consequences between recreational and therapeutic marijuana users, and non-users, while multivariate logistic regression analysis evaluated the association between reason for marijuana use and hazardous alcohol consumption.Results
There was a significant effect of marijuana use group on SIP-R score after controlling for covariates [F (2, 579)?=?3.04, p =?0.048], with post hoc analysis demonstrated significantly fewer alcohol-associated behavioral consequences among therapeutic marijuana users (1.27) compared to recreational users (3.35; p =?0.042). Compared to non-users, therapeutic marijuana users demonstrated significantly lower odds of hazardous drinking (AOR?=?0.42, 95% CI?=?0.18–0.96, p?=?0.041), while recreational marijuana users were 64% more likely to report hazardous drinking (AOR?=?1.64, 95% CI?=?1.08–2.50, p?=?0.019).Conclusions
Findings from this study add to the literature by demonstrating how differing marijuana use motives are associated with hazardous alcohol consumption among PLWH. Given our findings showing greater risk of hazardous alcohol consumption among recreational marijuana users and lower risk among therapeutic marijuana users, results from this study may help inform interventions to reduce harmful alcohol consumption and associated adverse consequences among PLWH.12.
Anthony Kapesa Namanya Basinda Elias C. Nyanza Martha F. Mushi Ola Jahanpour Sospatro E. Ngallaba 《BMC health services research》2018,18(1):980
Background
New HIV infections in Tanzania have been decreasing, however some populations remain at higher risk. Despite of that, evidence on the magnitude of HIV infection and the associated factors and HIV/AIDS services uptake among fisherfolk in Tanzania are inadequately explored. This study therefore aimed at determining prevalence of HIV infection and utilization of HIV/AIDS services among fishfolk in selected Islands of Lake Victoria for evidence-based interventions.Methods
Cross-sectional study determining status of HIV infection among fisherfolk (n?=?456) and retrospective review of voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) registry (n?=?1744) were done in Buchosa and Muleba districts. Structured questionnaire and HIV rapid test kits with the standard testing protocol were used as research tools.Results
A total of 269 (58.9%) male and 187 (41.1%) female fisherfolk were recruited during the community survey. Prevalence of HIV infection was 14% in all surveyed landing sites with a site variation from as low as 7.2% to as high as 23.8%. Participants employed in fishing related employment had higher odds of being HIV infected (5.4 times) than those who practiced fishing and partly farming [OR?=?5.40; 95%CI 1.88–15.61; p?<?0.001]. Participants employed in fishing related employment had higher odds of being HIV infected (5.4 times) than those practiced fishing and farming [OR?=?5.40; 95%CI 1.88–15.61; P?<?0.001]. Lack of formal education [aOR?=?3.37; 95%CI 1.64–6.92; p?<?0.001], being older [aOR?=?1.06; 95%CI 1.03–1.09] and using alcohol [aOR?=?2.26; 95%CI 1.23–4.15] predicted the likelihood of contracting HIV infection. Approximately three quarters (76%) of respondents had ever tested for HIV infection within past 1 year. Moreover, about half of the study participants had used condom inconsistently and 5 out of 14 (37.5%) of participants who knew their status had never started treatment. Despite the low uptake of most HIV preventive services, majority (88%) of male fisherfolk were circumcised.Conclusion
The magnitude of HIV infection among fisherfolk was up to 3 times higher than that of the general populations in Muleba and Buchosa districts. Higher age, using alcohol and lack of formal education predicted increased likelihood of HIV infection. The uptake of key HIV/AIDS curative and preventive services was generally low.13.
J. González-Cabrera A. León-Mejía M. Beranuy M. Gutiérrez-Ortega A. Alvarez-Bardón J. M. Machimbarrena 《Quality of life research》2018,27(10):2609-2618
Purpose
Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a well-known construct that refers to a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Its relationship with multiple forms of violence, including bullying, has been widely explored, but this is not the case for cyberbullying. The main objective is to analyze how HRQoL varies depending on the role played in cyberbullying, its temporal stability, and gender and age differences.Method
An analytical and longitudinal study was conducted at two temporal moments. At Time 1 (December 2015), 920 Spanish students aged between 11 and 18 years participated (Mage?=?13.36, SD?=?1.83: 48.9% boys and 51.1% girls). At Time 2 (April 2016), there were 313 participants (Mage 12.81 years, SD?=?1.59: 53.4% boys and 46.6% girls). We used the Cyberbullying Test (technological scale) and the Spanish version of the KIDSCREEN-52.Results
Cybervictims and cyberbully–victims present worse scores in all dimensions of the KIDSCREEN-52 (p?<?.001), compared to cyberbystanders or uninvolved individuals. There are gender differences only in cyberaggression and cyberbystanding. There are significant inverse correlations between all the dimensions of the KIDSCREEN-52 and cybervictimization, with Bullying (r?=???.603, p?<?.001), Mood (r?=???.329, p?<?.001), and School environment (r?=???.327, p?<?.001) being particularly relevant. There were statistically significant differences between T1 and T2 for cyberbystanding (lower scores at T2).Conclusion
Cybervictims and cyberbully–victims have worse quality of life in all the dimensions than uninvolved individuals, especially in Psychological well-being, School environment, and Bullying.14.
15.
16.
Background
The aim of this paper is to explore women’s perceptions of the causes of intimate partner violence (IPV) in West Africa, and the ways in which they understand these causes to interact with the experiences of war.Methods
The study was conducted in two locations in Sierra Leone and two in Liberia, using focus group discussions (N groups =14) and individual interviews (N?=?20).Results
Women perceive the causes of IPV to be linked with other difficulties faced by women in these settings, including their financial dependence on men, traditional gender expectations and social changes that took place during and after the wars in those countries. According to respondents, the wars increased the use of violence by some men, as violence became for them a normal way of responding to frustrations and challenges. However, the war also resulted in women becoming economically active, which was said by some to have decreased IPV, as the pressure on men to provide for their families reduced. Economic independence, together with services provided by NGOs, also gave women the option of leaving a violent relationship.Conclusions
IPV was found to be a significant problem for women in Sierra Leone and Liberia.The interactions between war experiences and financial and cultural issues are multi-faceted and not uniformly positive or negative.17.
18.
Tiia Kekäläinen Katja Kokko Sarianna Sipilä Simon Walker 《Quality of life research》2018,27(2):455-465
Purpose
(1) To determine the effects of a 9-month resistance training intervention on quality of life, sense of coherence, and depressive symptoms in older adults, and (2) to compare effects between different training frequencies.Methods
Men and women aged 65–75 (N?=?106) were randomized to four groups according to training frequency: training groups RT1 (n?=?26), RT2 (n?=?27), and RT3 (n?=?28) and non-training control group (n?=?25). All training groups attended supervised resistance training twice a week for 3 months. For the following 6 months, they continued training with different frequencies (1, 2 or 3 times per week). Psychological functioning was measured by quality of life (WHOQOL-Bref), sense of coherence (Antonovsky’s SOC-13), and depressive symptoms (Beck’s Depression Inventory II). Measurements were conducted at baseline and 3 and 9 months after baseline. The effects of the intervention were analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE).Results
After 3 months, there was an intervention effect on environmental quality of life (group?×?time p?=?.048). Between 3 and 9 months, environmental quality of life decreased among RT1 compared to RT2 and RT3 (group?×?time p?=?.025). Between baseline and 9 months, environmental quality of life increased in RT2 compared to all other groups (group?×?time p?=?.011). Sense of coherence increased in RT2 compared to the control group and RT3 (group?×?time p?=?.032).Conclusion
Resistance training is beneficial for environmental quality of life and sense of coherence. Attending resistance training twice a week seems to be the most advantageous for these aspects of psychological functioning.19.
20.
John F. Dickerson David H. Feeny Gregory N. Clarke Alex L. MacMillan Frances L. Lynch 《Quality of life research》2018,27(2):447-454