肝移植术后髋关节新型隐球菌感染1例并文献复习

目的报道1例肝移植术后髋关节新型隐球菌感染病例及相关文献复习,关注此病的发生及诊治。方法回顾性分析1例肝移植术后髋关节新型隐球菌感染病例,并以英文关键词“Cryptococcus”和“joint”或“arthritis”、中文关键词“隐球菌感染”和“关节”为检索词,检索PubMed数据库、中国知网数据库(CNKI)、万方数据库和维普数据库等国内外报道的病例,结合文献复习综合分析关节隐球菌感染的临床特点及诊疗方法。结果患者男性,39岁,因“左侧髋部肿痛2个月”入院,既往因肝硬化在外院行同种异体原位肝移植术,术后长期口服抗免疫排斥药物及激素治疗。髋关节经穿刺引流液培养确诊为新型隐球菌感染,严格抗真菌治疗后好转。文献共检索到9例关节隐球菌感染患者,其中男性5例,女性4例,年龄4~92岁;主要受累部位是膝关节4例,其次是髋关节3例。8例的临床症状仅表现为局部肿痛,1例合并发热;影像学多表现为关节周围溶骨性病变5例,其中2例合并局部软组织肿物形成。经及时手术干预和(或)抗真菌治疗后,7例患者治愈且随访未见复发,1例于出院3个月后不明原因死亡,1例确诊后要求转院失访。结论关节隐球菌感染的临床及影像学表现均缺乏特异性,极易与肿瘤、结核等疾病相混淆,当临床上怀疑本病时,应尽早行穿刺液或组织病原学检测,以免误诊和延误治疗造成严重后果。     

Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic joint infection treated with prosthesis removal and delayed reimplantation arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate in patients with Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic joint infection after total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) the microorganism-specific cumulative probability of treatment failure after prosthesis removal and delayed reimplantation arthroplasty. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients with S aureus THA or TKA infection, according to a strict case definition, who were treated with prosthesis removal and delayed reimplantation arthroplasty at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1980 and 1991 were identified. The study group comprised patients who were free of infection at the time of reimplantation arthroplasty. This cohort was followed up until treatment failure, infection with another organism, prosthesis removal, death, or loss to follow-up occurred. The Kaplan-Meier survival method was used to estimate the cumulative probability of treatment failure. RESULTS: Among 120 S aureus prosthetic joint infections treated with prosthesis removal during the study period, 38 episodes (22 THA, 16 TKA) in 36 patients met the study inclusion criteria. After a median of 7.4 years (range, 0.9 year-16.4 years) of follow-up, treatment failure occurred in 1 (2.6%) of 38 episodes 1.4 years after reimplantation arthroplasty. The 5-year cumulative probability of treatment failure was 2.8% (95% confidence interval, 0%-8.2%). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that prosthesis removal and delayed reimplantation arthroplasty is an effective treatment to limit the recurrence of S aureus prosthetic joint infection, provided there is no evidence of infection at the time of reimplantation arthroplasty.     

非骨水泥假体在髋关节置换后感染翻修中的应用——附7例3．6年随访报告

目的探讨用骨水泥假体对髋关节置换术后感染进行翻修术的效果。方法1997年11月～2006年12月，收治7例髋关节置换术后感染患者，以疼痛、血沉和C反应蛋白为主的临床症状和实验室检查作为感染的诊断依据。男3例，女4例，平均年龄58岁（36—73岁），平均体重指数21（18～25），左侧4例，右侧3例。初次行骨水泥型全髋关节1例，混合型全髋2例，非骨水泥型全髋3例，骨水泥型双板股骨头1例。术后3个月内感染1例，3个月～2年感染3例，2年后感染3例。所有病例均以非骨水泥假体进行翻修，其中4例行全髋关节翻修，2例仅翻修髋臼假体，l例仅更换股骨柄。术中采集脓液或关节液进行细菌培养及药敏试验，组织标本行病理学检查。细菌培养提示6例阳性，其中3例为表皮葡萄球菌，1例为科氏葡萄球菌，1例为阴沟肠杆菌，1例为梭状芽孢杆菌。按感染程度的不同，7例患者中行Ⅰ期翻修4例，Ⅱ期翻修3例。术后根据细菌培养及药敏结果调整抗生素使用，直至3次复查血沉和C反应蛋白基本正常。随访时对患者进行髋关节Harris评分，观察X线变化并检测患者血沉和C反应蛋白。结果7例患者平均随访3．6年（1．5—10．6年），患者的平均Harris评分由术前的35分（18～63分1增加到末次随访时的89分（60—99分）。无1例术后感染复发；1例患者股骨假体远端穿出股骨皮质而需翻修，但患者无任何临床症状；5例疼痛消失，2例活动时偶有隐痛；末次随访时2例无跛行，5例仍有轻度跛行；1髋发生Brooker 2级异位骨化；聚乙烯内衬磨损率为0．08mm／年。无1例出现症状性深静脉血栓或神经损伤。末次随访时，所有患者血沉，C反应蛋白、血常规检查正常，局部软组织无肿胀和压痛。结论以非骨水泥假体翻修髋关节置换术后感染，根据个体感染情况选择Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期翻修可取得较?     

Cane-assisted gait biomechanics and electromyography after total hip arthroplasty

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the effects of cane use during walking on hip joint kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity patterns after unilateral total hip arthroplasty (THA). DESIGN: Nonrandomized experimental design. SETTING: Urban inpatient hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Adults (n=9 men, 2 women) with no history of orthopedic or neuromuscular disease who underwent elective unilateral THA. INTERVENTION: Gait was assessed preoperatively and 4 and 8 months postoperatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three-dimensional hip joint motion and moments and electromyographic patterns of gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, lateral hamstring, and vastus lateralis were measured during level walking, with and without use of a straight cane. RESULTS: When a cane was held in the contralateral hand, the abduction moment of the affected hip decreased by 26%, whereas that of the contralateral hip increased by 28%. Use of a cane in THA rehabilitation is important because it reduces the load on the operative hip so that bone and soft tissues can heal. Our results suggest that load reduction was successful on the operative side, but the loads on the contralateral side were increased. CONCLUSIONS: After unilateral arthroplasty, subjects using a cane had increased hip abduction moments on the nonoperative hip and decreased hip abduction moments on the operative hip. Clinicians should be mindful of the effects of cane use on the contralateral hip.     

One-stage total hip arthroplasty for advanced hip tuberculosis combined with developmental dysplasia of the hip: A case report

BACKGROUNDA patient with advanced tuberculosis of the hip joint combined with Crowe type IV developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and a drainage sinus is a rare condition. There are no previous reports of this condition, and it is a complex challenge for surgeons to develop a treatment scheme.CASE SUMMARYWe report a 73-year-old male patient with severe hip pain and drainage sinus of the left hip for one month. Approximately 40 years ago, a drainage sinus occurred at the lateral left hip was healed at the local hospital with anti-infectious therapy. After the sinus healed, gradual pain occurred in the left hip for 40 years. Approximately one month prior, hip pain was sharply aggravated, and a drainage sinus reoccurred in the left hip. The X-ray and computed tomography examinations showed destruction of the head and neck of the left femur, as well as an acetabular deformity. The results of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibody and Xpert were positive. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with advanced TH combined with Crowe type IV DDH. After 22 d of treatment with anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy, the sinus healed, and the patient underwent one-stage total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgery consisting of debridement, osteotomy, and joint replacement. After surgery, the patient received anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy drugs for nine months, with no recurrent infection. After one year of follow-up, the Harris score of the patient increased from 21 pre-THA to 86.CONCLUSIONAlthough drainage sinuses are a contraindication to one-stage THA, one-stage THA is still an effective and safe surgical method after the sinus heals.     

含抗生素骨水泥占位器在髋关节置换后感染二期翻修中的应用

背景：感染是髋关节置换后灾难性的并发症,其治疗方法很多,但是二次翻修是公认的疗效比较肯定的方法。目的：回顾分析含抗生素骨水泥占位器在髋关节置换后感染二期翻修过程中的应用效果。方法：在26例（27髋）髋关节置换后感染患者的二期翻修过程中使用含抗生素骨水泥占位器,置入原假体的位置,制作时,在占位器中央放入一根斯氏针作为支架。治疗后随访并行Harris评分。结果与结论：1例患者因治疗后不恰当负重活动导致占位器断裂,取出骨水泥占位器,行清创后关节旷置。其余25例患者均获得随访,随访时间1~7年。患者治疗后Harris评分平均为90.2分,较治疗前平均改善61.9分,感染控制率为96.3%。提示在使用含抗生素骨水泥占位器的基础上使用二期翻修治疗髋关节置换后感染,具有感染控制率高,置换后关节功能良好等优点。     

含抗生素骨水泥占位器在髋关节置换后感染二期翻修中的应用

背景:感染是髋关节置换后灾难性的并发症,其治疗方法很多,但是二次翻修是公认的疗效比较肯定的方法。目的:回顾分析含抗生素骨水泥占位器在髋关节置换后感染二期翻修过程中的应用效果。方法:在26例(27髋)髋关节置换后感染患者的二期翻修过程中使用含抗生素骨水泥占位器,置入原假体的位置,制作时,在占位器中央放入一根斯氏针作为支架。治疗后随访并行Harris评分。结果与结论:1例患者因治疗后不恰当负重活动导致占位器断裂,取出骨水泥占位器,行清创后关节旷置。其余25例患者均获得随访,随访时间1~7年。患者治疗后Harris评分平均为90.2分,较治疗前平均改善61.9分,感染控制率为96.3%。提示在使用含抗生素骨水泥占位器的基础上使用二期翻修治疗髋关节置换后感染,具有感染控制率高,置换后关节功能良好等优点。     

Haematoma of pectineus muscle after total hip arthroplasty

The complications of total hip arthroplasty (THA) during the immediate postoperative period consist mainly in dislocation of the prosthesis, haematomas under antocoagulants, early infections, dismantling of osteotomy, neurological injury, heterotopic ossification and delayed restoration of the range of motion of the hip joint. We present here an infrequently described case of haematoma of the pectineus muscle following THA. Haematomas are not described in literature except in rare cases of compressive haematoma associated with neurological injury. In our case, the intraoperative blood losses were not particularly massive, there were no anticoagulation accident or postoperative trauma and no secondary deglobulinization. The question to be considered is that of a possible stretching of the pectineus during hip dislocation, and possibly during the surgical procedures for the implementation of the prosthesis with increased length, as it is the case here. Haematomas of the pectineus are probably underdiagnosed as they imitate other, more known, symptomatologies.     

全髋关节置换术治疗成人发育性髋关节脱位

目的 探讨全髋关节置换术治疗成人发育性髋关节脱位(developmental dislocation of hip,DDH)伴严重骨性关节炎的疗效.方法 对32例(37髋)DDH伴严重骨性关节炎患者行全髋关节置换术.按Crowe 分型:Ⅰ型15例(16髋),Ⅱ型8例(10髋),Ⅲ型6例(8髋),Ⅳ型3例(3髋).术前Harris评分为(46.5±7.2)分.结果 32例患者术后均获随访,随访时间6个月～4年,平均2年7个月,最终随访时Harris 评分由术前的(46.5±7.2)分提高至(84.5±5.7)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).无感染、菌性松动和假体下沉等并发症的发生.26例患者髋部疼痛消失,关节功能恢复良好,3例患者术后跛行,经积极臀中肌锻炼后逐渐消失,另3例患者仍有轻度跛行,但较术前明显减轻.结论 对于DDH伴严重骨性关节炎的成人患者,如能制定严密的术前计划,处理好病变髋臼重建,选择合适股骨假体,正确处理股骨近段并同时准备好植骨来源,全髋关节置换术可取得良好的临床结果.     

Total hip revision with custom-made spacer and prosthesis: A case report

BACKGROUNDBoth periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) and severe femoral segmental defects are catastrophic complications of total hip arthroplasty (THA), and both present a significant challenge in revisional surgery. There are limited data available to guide clinical decision making when both occur concurrently. CASE SUMMARYA 61-year-old woman presented with a 6-mo history of a sinus tract at the site of her original THA incision. Radiological imaging revealed a total hip joint implant with an ipsilateral segmental femoral defect. Based on histological, radiological, laboratory, and clinical features, a diagnosis of concurrent chronic PJI and segmental femoral defect (Type IIIB, Paprosky classification) was made. After multidisciplinary team discussion, three-dimensional (3D)-printed, custom-made antibiotic spacers were created that could be used to mold antibiotic-loaded cement spacer. These were placed following PJI debridement in the first stage of revision surgery. After the PJI was eliminated, a 3D-printed, custom-made, femoral prosthesis was created to repair the considerable femoral defect. After 20-mo follow-up, the patient had excellent functional outcomes with a near-normal range of hip movement. So far, neither evidence of recurrent infection nor loosening of the prosthesis has been observed. CONCLUSIONWe describe a case of “two-stage, custom-made” total hip revision to treat PJI with a concurrent segmental femoral defect. Use of a personalized, 3D-printed spacer and proximal femoral prosthesis led to satisfactory hip function and no early postoperative complications. Use of a customized implant provides surgeons with an alternative option for patients where no suitable spacer or implant is available. However, the long-term function, longevity, and cost-effectiveness of the use of custom-made prostheses have yet to be fully explored.     

补片在髋关节融合后全髋置换重建软组织张力中的应用

背景：越来越多的髋关节整合后患者要求行全髋置换,但些类患者长期软组织失用,为防止置换后假体脱位,置换过程中往往需要进行软组织张力的重建。 目的：探讨医用聚丙烯疝修补网在髋关节融全全髋关节转换重建软组织张力中的应用。 方法：2007-01/2011-01对21例髋关节融合患者进行了全髋关节置换,置换过程中纠正下肢的不等长,恢复患者股骨的偏心距后,肌肉无法缝合,采用补片重建软组织的张力。 结果与结论：置换后1年Harris评分（83.8±6.4）分,屈髋活动度（79.54.6）°.置换后有2例行走时仍需要手杖,置换前伴有的下腰痛、同侧膝关节痛和对侧髋关节痛的症状均明显缓解,仅有2例患者仍有肢体不等长。置换时间超过5年的9例患者均未见假体松动表现。结果可见正在重建软组织张力的过程中应用补片对患者置换后髋关节功能恢复及假体的稳固非常重要。     

Pain and somatosensory findings in patients 3 years after total hip arthroplasty

Background: Chronic hip pain after total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a significant problem, but the aetiology remains unclear. Aims: To determine sensory function in patients with chronic hip pain 3 years after THA. Patients without hip pain after THA served as controls. Methods: Eighteen patients with chronic hip pain and 18 controls without chronic hip pain were recruited from a previous questionnaire study about hip pain after total hip arthroplasty. All participants answered questions about pain and mental vulnerability and underwent clinical examination followed by quantitative sensory testing (brush‐evoked allodynia, pinprick hyperalgesia, mechanical and thermal thresholds). Results: Brush‐evoked allodynia was present in 4 patients with hip pain (P=0.1) and pinprick hyperalgesia (P=0.02) was more frequent in patients with chronic hip pain. Mechanical and thermal thresholds were similar in patients and controls. Patients with chronic hip pain had higher scores on the mental vulnerability scale (P<0.001). Chronic hip pain was significantly associated with low back pain (P=0.002). Conclusions: We found signs of hypersensitivity on the operated side, which was more prominent in patients with pain. Pain referred from the back or deeper structures in the hip seems to play a role for the pain in subgroups of patients. In addition, chronic hip pain was associated with mental vulnerability.     

Qualitative study of osteoarthritis patients' experience before and after total hip arthroplasty in Japan

Quantitative studies on the quality of life of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) after total hip arthroplasty (THA) have focused on functional improvement and pain reduction, but patients' perspectives of THA have not been examined in detail. The aim of our study was to investigate, describe, and analyze patients' experience before and after THA by using a qualitative research method. Twenty patients with OA who had undergone primary THA were recruited for this study. The qualitative data obtained were analyzed using content analysis. Participants reported dramatic improvements in pain and disability. However, detailed interviews disclosed problems that the participants faced during the preoperative period, such as an inferiority complex related to abnormal posture. During the postoperative period, some participants suffered from distress over body image related to the artificial joint. This report also suggests possible nursing interventions to deal with these problems.     

SPORTS PARTICIPATION FOLLOWING TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY

Total Hip Athroplasty (THA) is a common procedure in orthopedic surgery to address severe osteoarthritis (OA) in the hip joint. With the burgeoning “baby boomer” generation and older athletes who wish to return to competitive levels of sports, understanding how sporting activity affects THA outcomes is becoming exceptionally important. The purpose of this review is to characterize the current recommendations and risks for returning to sports after THA, as well as discuss the implications of the changing demographic and level of expectation on rehabilitation paradigms.Although the actual risks associated with participating in sports after THA are unknown, there are concerns that higher levels of physical activity after THA may increase risk for fracture, dislocation and poor long‐term outcomes. Evidence surrounding the specific effect of sporting activity on wear after THA is conflicting. Newer alternatives such as metal‐on‐metal hip resurfacing are expected to provide better durability but there are concerns of systemic metal ions from mechanical wear, although the impact of these ions on patient health is not clear.Tracking outcomes in patients participating in higher level activities after THA presents a problem. Recently the High Activity Arthroplasty Score has been developed in response to the need to quantify higher level of physical activity and sports participation after joint arthroplasty. This measure has been shown to have a higher ceiling effect than other common outcome measures.There is little prospective evidence regarding the likelihood of poor clinical outcomes with higher level of sporting activity. There is some evidence to suggest that wear may be related to activity level, but the impact on clinical outcomes is conflicting. When advising an athlete considering returning to sport after THA, consider their preoperative activity level, current physical fitness, and specific history including bone quality, surgical approach and type of prosthesis.

Level of evidence:

5     

Outcomes after inpatient rehabilitation of primary and revision total hip arthroplasty

OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcomes of patients who have gone to inpatient rehabilitation after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) and revision THA. DESIGN: Retrospective, comparative study. SETTING: Fifty-bed freestanding, university-affiliated rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred fifty-five male and female primary THA patients and 147 male and female revision THA patients. INTERVENTION: Interdisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Length of stay (LOS), FIM instrument score and FIM motor score components, hospital charges, and discharge disposition location. RESULTS: FIM scores improved from admission to discharge by 29.7 and 27.9 points for the primary THA and revision THA groups, respectively (P<.05). LOS was shorter for primary THA patients compared with revision THA patients (10.0d vs 11.5d, P<.05). FIM efficiency (DeltaFIM/LOS) was greater for primary THA compared with revision THA (3.4 and 2.7 points/day, P<.05). Total rehabilitation hospital charges were 11,421 US dollars and 13,707 US dollars for the primary and revision THA groups, respectively, with the mechanical and infection revision THAs incurring the greatest charges (14,596 US dollars and 15,386 US dollars, respectively; P<.001). Compared with primary THA, revision THA patients were twice as likely to be discharged to locations other than home. CONCLUSIONS: FIM score improvement was lower and LOS and hospital charges were greater in revision THA than in primary THA after rehabilitation. Infection revision THA patients gained less functional independence and were discharged home less often than mechanical or pain revision THA patients; finally, infection and mechanical revision THA accrued the highest hospital charges.     

类风湿关节炎合并活动性肺结核病的临床特征及相关因素分析

目的 分析类风湿关节炎(RA)合并活动性肺结核病的临床特征以及相关危险因素.方法 回顾分析41例RA合并活动性肺结核住院患者临床资料,按照年龄、性别1:1匹配选择同期无RA及其他风湿疾病的活动性肺结核住院患者进行临床特征分析,随机选取101例无活动性肺结核及其他病原体感染的RA同期住院患者进行相关因素分析,所有患者均有...     

强直性脊柱炎强直髋全髋关节置换术45例临床分析

目的观察强直性脊柱炎髋关节受累强直时行全髋关节置换术的临床疗效。方法对2003年1月2008年1月45例（78髋）强直性脊柱炎患者行全髋关节置换术,其中38例（55髋）进行了平均4.5年（2～7年）的随访。结果 38例患者术后髋关节功能均明显改善,Harris评分由术前（16.3±1.7）分提高到术后（83.4±4.6）分。髋关节屈曲畸形矫正,55个髋关节总活动度（屈伸、内收、外展、内旋、外旋等6个方向活动总和）由术前（38.7±7.6）°增加至术后（191.2±10.3）°。术后髋关节疼痛消失,膝关节痛、腰骶部疼痛明显改善,步态较术前改善,生活自理。结论短期随访全髋关节置换术治疗强直性脊柱炎髋关节受累强直安全、有效。     

Screw penetration of the iliopsoas muscle causing late-onset pain after total hip arthroplasty: A case report

BACKGROUNDPostoperative pain following total hip arthroplasty (THA) may occur in a few patients but may pose a significant challenge to surgeons if the etiology is not identified. Herein, we report the case of a patient who developed late-onset pain following THA due to screw penetration of the iliopsoas tendon.CASE SUMMARYWe report the case of a 77-year-old man who developed inguinal pain 7 years after THA. While the symptoms resembled that of iliopsoas impingement by the acetabular cup, the pain resolved only when the supplementary acetabular screw protruding through the ilium was decompressed. Decompression was performed using the pararectus approach. The patient was able to ambulate pain-free immediately after surgery.CONCLUSIONA protruded screw through the ilium may penetrate the iliopsoas muscle, causing pain following THA. Pain may resolve with the decompression of the protruded screw.     

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Antibiotics and Antiseptics for Preventing Infection in People Receiving Primary Total Hip and Knee Prostheses

Infection rates in primary (first-time) major joint arthroplasty continue to be a significant issue. The effect of antibiotic and antiseptic prophylaxis on outcomes for this type of surgery has not been adequately reviewed. A systematic search of the main databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating antibiotics and antiseptics was conducted to evaluate the predetermined endpoints of infection, adverse events, costs, quality of life, and concentration levels of antibiotics. A meta-analysis using pooled effect estimates and fixed-effect and random-effect models of risk ratios (RR), calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI), was utilized. Thirty (30) RCTs examined the effects of antibiotic and antiseptic prophylaxis on infections after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) (total of 11,597 participants) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) (total of 6,141 participants). For THA, preoperative systemic intravenous (i.v.) antibiotic prophylaxis may be effective in reducing the incidence of infection after THA from 6 months to ≥5 years. For TKA, there is no RCT evidence that antibiotics and/or antiseptics have any effect on infection rate. Preoperative systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in primary THA may be effective at reducing infection rate. There is no evidence that timing, route of administration, or concentration levels have an effect on reducing infections, adverse events, or costs in THA or TKA. Many of the trials included in this study were published in the 1980s and 1990s. Thus, it would be important to replicate a number of them based on current patient demographics and incidence of bacterial resistance.