吸入聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯粉尘对小鼠微核形成的影响

吸入聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯粉尘对小鼠微核形成的影响上海市化工职业病防治研究所高智群应用小鼠体内微核试验，对生产环境中吸入聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯粉尘进行了致突变效应研究。其实验结果表明，长期吸入（８周）涤纶粉尘及其分解产物的实验动物微核率为１０．３６±１．６３...     

玻璃纤维粉尘与甲醛联合对呼吸系统某些指标细胞毒性的影响

目的探讨玻璃纤维粉尘与甲醛联合对呼吸系统3项脂质过氧化指标及外周血淋巴细胞微核率的影响。方法选择玻璃纤维厂、家具厂及对照厂共150人，分为3组，即玻璃纤维粉尘＋甲醛组、甲醛组、对照组，每组50名。检测超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等3项脂质过氧化指标及外周血淋巴细胞微核率。结果鼻炎、咽炎、肺纹理增多增粗、紊乱以及小气道通气功能轻度障碍发生率各组间比较，粉尘＋甲醛组的发生率明显高于其他两组（P〈0．05）；3项脂质过氧化指标各组间比较，差异无显著性；而外周血淋巴细胞微核率各组间比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论玻璃纤维粉尘与甲醛有一定的协同作用，对呼吸系统和细胞的毒性有一定的影响，需认真做好防护工作。     

碳弧灯粉尘的溶血实验研究

对两种碳弧灯粉尘的溶血率进行测定，并以石英粉尘为阳性对照。结果显示，随着粉尘剂量的增加，３种粉尘的溶血率都呈增长趋势，其增长程度排序为：石英〉北京粉尘〉浙江粉尘，随着粉尘与人血温育时间的延长，两种碳弧灯粉尘的溶血率也呈增长的趋势，但在６０分种时的溶血率较高，而在相同的温育时间下北京粉尘的溶血率均高于浙江粉尘。测定在１ｍｇ浙江粉尘中加入不同剂量的柠檬酸铝时的溶血率，其溶血率随柠檬酸铝加入量的增加而明显下降。因此，可认为两种碳弧灯粉尘的溶血活力均低于阳性粉尘石英，而北京粉尘的溶血活力高于浙江粉尘，还可进一步推断，两种碳弧灯粉尘的致纤维化能力均低于阳性粉尘石英，而北京粉尘的致纤维化能力大于浙江粉尘     

苏州市水域鱼肉提取物致突变性研究

本文通过直接观察鲫鱼外周血中有核红细胞微核发生率和鱼肉有机提取物小鼠微核试验，分析了苏州市主要水体致突物污染状况。鱼周血有核红细胞微核率以大运河苏州段下游横塘点最高，显著高于太湖。金鸡湖、阳澄湖与太湖相比均无显著差异。运河上游微核率显著低于下游。鱼肉有机提取物小鼠微核试验表明：运河上下游各点微核试验均呈阳性。上、下游间存在显著性差异。微核率与染毒剂量间有剂量－反应关系。提示大运河苏州段致突物污染最     

炼焦粉尘的微核实验研究

炼焦粉尘的微核实验研究纪玉良，李绍起，齐聪贤，贾素梅，智俐（内蒙包头钢铁公司劳动卫生研究所，０１４０１０）实验以微核率为观察指标，研究焦化厂焦炉漂尘苯可溶物对动物细胞的遗传毒性效应。试验分环磷酰胺（２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）阳性对照组，生理盐水空白对照组，苯可...     

模拟呼吸性细支气管微速气流采集粉尘

模拟呼吸性细支气管微速气流采集粉尘张克维谷峰生产性粉尘监测是衡量粉尘对人体影响的必要手段。我国一直应用较高速的气流动力捕集粉尘。我们模拟呼吸性细支气管微速气流，对能到达呼吸性细支气管及肺泡部的粉尘进行采样研究，结果报告如下。一、方法１．采样仪器设计：...     

聚乙烯有机粉尘对大鼠肺脏影响研究

目的　研究聚乙烯有机粉尘的毒性作用。方法　采用大白鼠被动式粉尘吸入法染尘 ,以肺巨噬细胞毒性和肺组织形态学改变为主要观察指标。结果　该种有机粉尘LD50 >1 5 0 0 0～ 30 0 0 0mg/kg,属无毒物质 ;染尘后的体外细胞培养液中巨噬细胞着色率和乳酸脱氢酶活性单位显著高于阴性对照组 (P <0 0 0 1 ) ,但低于石英组 ,对肺巨噬细胞有轻微毒性 ;对大鼠支气管染尘后观察 1～ 1 8个月 ,实验动物肺组织片上可见网织纤维增生和少量胶原纤维 ,但同石英粉尘比较其病理变化、纤维化程度低。结论　聚乙烯有机粉尘属低毒粉尘。对大鼠肺有轻度的致纤维化作用     

有机粉尘对人体的影响

多年来,各国学者把注意力普遍放在能引起严重尘肺的各种无机粉尘,如矽尘、煤尘、石棉尘等,而忽视了对有机粉尘的研究。随着生产和科学技术的发展,有机粉尘对人体的危害已越来越引起各国学者的注意。但对有机粉尘是否能引起尘肺仍存在争论,对有机粉尘引起机体的病理变化和临床表现的研究正方兴未艾。有机粉尘可分为植物性粉尘(如棉尘、谷物尘、木尘、茶尘等)、动物性粉尘(如羽毛尘、皮毛尘、骨质尘等)和人工有机粉尘(如聚氯乙烯粉尘、树脂粉尘等)三种。有机粉尘可对人体带来多种危害,除可引起上呼吸道粘膜的炎症(包括慢性鼻炎、慢性咽炎和慢性扁桃体炎)、尘源性支气管炎、职业性哮喘外,尚可引起以下几种较严重的疾患:     

聚乙烯等三种有机尘对家兔巨噬细胞的死亡率及乳酸脱氢酶的影响

目前,用于研究尘肺的粉尘有矽尘、煤尘、金属粉尘,而有机尘方面的研究报道较少。本实验选用家兔的肺泡巨噬细胞(AM),聚乙烯等三种有机尘,观察这三种粉尘对AM的死亡率和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的影响。 结果与讨论 各组的细胞死亡率及LDH活性,列于表1和表2。 (一)从表1看出,各粉尘组的AM死亡率为33.88～50.75%,远高于对照组(7.03%)。各粉尘组与正常组比较,x~2值均大于6.63,P<0.01。     

2019-2020年中国40岁及以上人群职业粉尘或有害气体暴露与防护情况分析

目的 分析中国≥40岁人群粉尘或有害气体的暴露和防护情况，为开展职业粉尘或有害气体暴露防控工作提供基础数据。方法 数据来源于2014-2015年和2019-2020年中国居民慢性阻塞性肺疾病监测。两次监测均采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法，在全国31个省（自治区、直辖市）中125个监测点抽取调查对象，并采用面对面询问调查的方式收集职业粉尘或有害气体暴露及其防护状况等相关信息。采用复杂抽样加权方法估计职业粉尘或有害气体暴露率及防护率，并比较两次监测的结果。结果 2014-2015年和2019-2020年分别有71 061人和71 023人纳入分析。2019-2020年我国≥40岁人群职业粉尘或有害气体的暴露率为33.8%（95%CI：29.9%~37.7%），男性高于女性，乡村高于城镇。随着文化程度的升高，职业粉尘或有害气体的暴露率呈下降趋势。2019-2020年我国≥40岁人群职业粉尘或有害气体防护率为47.9%（95%CI：43.2%~52.6%）。与2014-2015年相比，2019-2020年我国≥40岁人群职业粉尘或有害气体暴露率在不同性别、地区和职业人群中均有所下降，总体下降了10.7个百分点，职业粉尘或有害气体防护率均有所上升，总体上升了21.9个百分点。西部地区职业暴露率下降幅度高于东、中部地区，职业防护率上升幅度高于东、中部地区。结论 2019-2020年我国粉尘或有害气体职业暴露率有所下降，职业粉尘或有害气体防护率有所上升，但仍有约三分之一的人群存在职业粉尘或有害气体暴露，且其中采取防护的比例尚不足一半，应更加关注文化程度较低的职业人群、农民工群体等重点人群的职业防护。     

Mutagenicity of organic pollutants adsorbed on airborne particles in the center of Wrocław

With Ames assay there was examined mutagenicity of airborne particles that was sampled in summer and winter in centre of Wroc?aw; there were also examined fractions of aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and polar compounds obtained from suspended matter extracts suspended with column chromatography. The strain of Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 was used with metabolic activation with S9 mix fraction. The samples collected in winter was more mutagenically active than the one sampled in summer. Mutagenicity of suspended matter sampled in summer was determined by compounds that were of more polar character than polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons soluble in hexane. There was observed a decrease in mutagenic activity of samples in summer due to metabolic activation. There were few polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the dust sampled in summer and they did not display mutagenic activity. Mutagenicity of air particles sampled in winter was determined by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons soluble in hexane and polar compounds. There was observed an increase in their mutagenic activity due to metabolic activation. This demonstrates that among them there are present promutagens, which, in mammals, undergo enzymatic transformation to compounds of direct mutagenic activity. Fractions of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the examined range of concentrations did not display mutagenic activity neither in summer nor in winter, both with and without metabolic activity.     

用彗星实验和微核实验反映土壤有机污染物的联合毒性

目的 利用彗星实验和微核实验反映土壤有机污染物的联合毒性.方法 选取某污灌农田土壤为研究对象(下称“污灌区”),地下水灌溉农田土壤为对照(下称“对照区”),采用超声振荡法提取土壤中的有机污染物,用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC/MS)对土壤中的有机物进行分析;采用灌胃的方式对小鼠进行染毒,用单细胞凝胶电泳实验和徽核试验检测土壤有机提取物的联合毒性.结果 污灌区土壤检出的主要污染物为烷烃类、苯系物及多环芳烃,有机污染物的种类及含量高出对照区数倍;与试剂对照组和对照区相同染毒剂量组比较,污灌区各组拖尾率、微核率均增高(P＜0.05).结论 该污灌区土壤已受到一定程度的有机物污染,且污染物对小鼠具有一定的毒性.     

The sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Zegrzyńskie Lake

The sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic sediments from Zegrzyńskie Lake was examined. Batch experiment was performed in order to determine sorption efficiency in different kinds of sediments from Zegrzyńskie Lake. Five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene benzo[a]pyrene) were chosen to this experiment and sorption process was examined on seven sediments of different properties. Chosen hydrocarbons are of different structure of molecule and different chemical and physical properties. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic sediments and in water phase were measured in the following order: extraction with dichloromethane, concentration on rotary evaporator, silica gel clean up, n-hexane elution, concentration on rotary evaporator and in vials, GC/MS analysis. Chemical composition of aquatic sediments were examined using methods for sewage sludge and soils analysis. In every sediment concentrations of PAHs, organic matter and organic: carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen and sulphur were measured. Also fractional analysis of sediments was made. Isotherms of sorption were measured for these sediments and compounds. Equations of these isotherms were performed and were used in order to find relationships between sorption efficiency and sediments composition. Depending on sediment properties and composition different concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were found in solid phase. Sediments of high quantities of organic matter and small particles were the best sorbents for PAHs. Fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene were efficiently sorbed in sediments of high concentration of organic matter. And efficiency of phenanhrene and benzo[a]pyrene sorption were better in sediments with high quantity of organic sulphur.     

新装修居室内空气中有机污染物的定性分析

目的建立可以同时测定空气中多种有机污染物的吸附-热解吸-气相色谱-质谱方法,分析新装修居室内空气中有机污染物的成分.方法以Tenax TA为吸附剂,利用吸附-热解吸-气相色谱-质谱方法对新近装修的2个典型居室内空气进行定性分析.结果新装修居室内空气中共检测出乙酸、乙二醇、甲苯等挥发性有机物和苊、蒽、十八烷等半挥发性有机物60多种,包括芳香烃、多环芳烃、脂肪烃、含氧烃等,以苯系物和脂肪烃为主.结论该方法可用于定性分析室内空气中的有机污染物.     

Biomonitoring of tunnel workers exposed to heavy air pollution in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil

Epidemiological studies found an increased risk of cancers in occupants exposed to traffic air pollution. Fine particulate matter is toxic, can enter into the respiratory tract and circulatory system, and can adsorb various substances, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and its amino, alkyl, and nitro derivates. The study was carried out with Rebouças tunnel workers (exposed group) and 11 healthy men (control group). This tunnel is very representative of Brazilian cities and the biggest tunnel of the city of Rio de Janeiro. Samples of buccal mucosa cells and peripheral blood were evaluated using micronucleus assay. Urine samples were used to estimate the concentration of 1-hydroxyprene (1-HOP) and 2-naphthol (2-NAP). A significantly higher frequency of micronucleus in buccal cells and binucleated lymphocytes was observed for the exposed workers than for the control group. Higher concentrations of 1-HOP and 2-NAP were detected in the exposure group. In conclusion, damage to the genetic material and the high concentrations of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons detected in the biological samples taken from control group can be related to daily exposure to pollutants.     

Influence of sorbate planarity on the magnitude of rapidly desorbing fractions of organic compounds in sediment

Organic compounds in sediments are known to distribute between rapid, slowly, and very slowly desorbing sites. This distribution is relevant to bioavailability and risk assessment of organic compounds in sediment. In this study, the fraction desorbing to Tenax in 6 h was measured for a range of organic compounds in sediment differing in their extent of planarity. The aim was to determine the influence of the extent of planarity on the distribution over the rapidly desorbing sites on the one hand and the slowly and very slowly desorbing sites on the other. The magnitude of rapidly desorbing fractions, calculated from the fractions desorbed to Tenax in 6 h, decreased with increasing extent of planarity, expressed as sorbate thickness. For a thickness of less than 5.5 to 6 A, rapidly desorbing fractions are approximately equal to those for fully planar compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which have a thickness of about 3 A. This is in agreement with previously reported differences in sediment-water distribution coefficients between planar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nonplanar PCBs. The present findings suggest that simple molecular modeling of the thickness of nonplanar organic compounds enables the estimation of the affinity for rapidly desorbing sites relative to planar compounds.     

大气颗粒有机提取物的染色体损伤作用研究

目的：探讨大颗粒有机提取物的染色体损伤作用，方法：使用高压液相色谱法对太原市高污染区太钢地区及低污染区阳曲地区大气总悬浮颗粒物有机提取物（EOM）中的部分多环芳烃（PAHs)进行成分分析，采用传统微核实验方法检测有机提取物所致小鼠的染色体损伤作用。结果：太原市太钢地区大气颗粒有机提取物中的多环芳烃含量明显高于阳曲地区，且BaP的含量在太钢地区达到0．819μg/m^3，超过阳曲地区10余倍，两地区EOM均可诱导小鼠微核率的升高，且存在剂量－反应关系，太钢组样品诱发小鼠微的作用明显高于阳曲组（P＜0．01），结论：大气颗粒有机提取物可致小鼠染色体损伤，其损伤程度可能与EOM中所含的PAHs种类和含量有关。     

木尘诱发体外培养CHL细胞微核效应观察

本研究采用体外培养ＣＨＬ细胞微核试验方法，对成都市木材综合加工厂混合木尘进行了诱变性研究。分别选用木尘悬液及木尘有机提取液作为受试物。实验发现，两种受试物在－Ｓ９或＋Ｓ９实验条件下均能诱发ＣＨＬ细胞的微核细胞率显著升高，且有较明显的剂量反应关系。实验结果表明该混合木尘具诱变性。     

Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Pollution in Soil of Suburban Areas in Tianjin, China

Soil contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is an increasing problem and has aroused more and more concern in many countries, including China. In this study, representative soil samples (n = 87) of suburban areas in Tianjin (Xiqing, Dongli, Jinnan, Beichen) were evaluated for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Surface soil samples were air-dried and sieved. Microwave assisted extraction was used for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons preparation prior to analysis with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The total concentrations of tested polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Xiqing, Dongli, Jinnan, Beichen ranged in 58.5–2,748.3, 36.1–6,734.7, 58.5–4,502.5, 29.7–852.5 ng/g and the averages of total concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were 600.5, 933.6, 640.8, 257.3 ng/g, respectively. Spatial variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil was illustrated; Pollution status and comparison to other cities were also investigated. Serious polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons soil pollution was found in Dongli district, on the contrary, Bap in most sites in Beichen did not exceed relative standards and most sites in Beichen should be classified as non-contaminated soil. Principal component analysis was used to identify the possible sources of different districts. It turned out that coal combustion still was the most important sources in three districts except Beichen. Coking, traffic, cooking, biomass combustion also accounted for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution to certain extent in different districts. These data can be further used to assess the health risk associated with soils polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and help local government find proper way to reduce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in soils.     

烹调油烟雾中有机成分的分析

目的：了解烹调油烟的有机成分组成。方法：应用气质联用技术对烹调油烟雾颗粒和挥发性有机物进行了全谱分析。结果：共检出196种物质，包括脂肪烃类、多环芳烃、有机酸、硷、酯、酮、醇以及杂环化合物。结论：烹调油烟雾中的有机成分绝大多数对人体有害。