宣城市HIV合并隐孢子虫感染现状调查分析

目的了解安徽省宣城市HIV合并隐孢子虫感染现状及其影响因素。方法采用改良抗酸染色法对宣城市342名HIV感染者的粪便样本进行隐孢子卵囊的检测,同时采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法检测血清中特异抗体IgM和IgG,以确定其隐孢子虫感染情况;检测血液标本中CD4＋T淋巴细胞及CD8＋T淋巴细胞数量;进行问卷调查,探讨合并感染的影响因素。结果隐孢子虫感染率为9．36％,单因素分析结果显示,HIV合并隐孢子虫感染在不同年龄段、不同饮用水源、体内CD4＋T淋巴细胞及CD8＋T淋巴细胞数量、是否抗病毒治疗及是否服用过驱虫药物的调查对象中其感染率的差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;多因素Logistic分析表明,合并感染与饮用地表水（OR值0．067,95％CI：0．021,0．215）及CD4＋T淋巴细胞~〈350个／出（OR值4．276,95％CI：1．294,14．124）存在相关性。结论安徽省宣城市HIV合并隐孢子虫感染率相对较高,年龄、饮用水源、体内CD4＋T淋巴细胞、未进行抗病毒治疗及未服用过驱虫药等因素与感染隐孢子虫有关,应采取重点防治措施。     

HIV抗体阳性MSM的性病感染状况及其影响因素

目的了解艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体阳性的男男性行为者(MSM)的性病感染状况及其影响因素,为MSM的艾滋病防治策略提供科学依据。方法 2016年8-11月,采用方便抽样的方法,在上海、济南两地两家医院内,抽取正在进行抗病毒治疗的HIV阳性MSM进行问卷调查和实验室检测。结果共调查380例HIV阳性MSM,其中梅毒感染者63例,感染率16.6%[95%可信区间(CI):12.9%~20.5%];尖锐湿疣50例,感染率13.2%(95%CI:10.0%~17.1%);生殖器疱疹和淋球菌感染各1例,感染率各为0.3%(95%CI:0~0.8%);未检出生殖道衣原体阳性者。总的性病感染者有98例,感染率为25.8%(95%CI:21.6%~30.0%)。影响性病感染的多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≤29岁[比值比(OR)=4.94,95%CI:1.02~24.47]、CD4~+T淋巴细胞水平低于正常值(OR=2.20,95%CI:1.34~3.60)和不知晓性病知识(OR=1.82,95%CI:1.15~3.25),是感染性病的危险因素。结论抗病毒治疗门诊中的HIV抗体阳性MSM的性病感染率相对较高,建议进一步加强对该人群的性病防范宣传教育以及性病的筛查和诊疗服务,将有助于降低性病感染率,从而减少HIV的传播。     

哈尔滨市2013-2015年男男性行为者HIV-1新发感染情况分析北大核心CSCD

目的了解哈尔滨市男男性行为者（MSM）艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染情况,估算及分析该人群中的HIV-1新发感染率及其影响因素。方法 2013-2015年开展四轮横断面调查,对2 531名MSM进行行为学调查及生物学检测。对HIV-1阳性的样本,进行BED HIV-1IgG捕获酶免疫法（BED-CEIA）检测,以此估算该人群的HIV-1新发感染率。结果 2013-2015年,四轮调查中HIV感染率分别为9.6%、16.8%、14.7%及17.3%。2013年、2014年HIV-1年平均新发感染率为4.6%[95%可信区间（CI）：2.5%~6.8%],2014年9-11月、2015年4-6月新发感染率分别为9.2%（95%CI：4.8%~13.6%）,6.2%（95%CI：2.4%~9.9%）。HIV-1新发感染的影响因素分析显示,性角色为被插入方[比值比（OR）=5.105,95%CI：2.626~9.925]和既作为插入方与又作为被插入方（OR=2.454,95%CI：1.306~4.613）的危险性显著高于插入方;现患梅毒者感染HIV-1的危险性（OR=4.006,95%CI：2.320~6.915）高于未患梅毒者;最近一年进行过HIV检测（OR=0.532,95%CI：0.327~0.868）是HIV-1新发感染的保护性因素。结论哈尔滨市MSM中,HIV感染率及新发感染率均较高,HIV感染的危险因素广泛存在,但在MSM中开展艾滋病知识的宣传教育、咨询及检测,对于遏制艾滋病的发展是有积极意义的。     

苏州市男男性行为者梅毒感染状况及影响因素研究

目的分析苏州市男男性行为者(MSM)梅毒感染情况及影响因素。方法 2010—2017年,在苏州市某艾滋病自愿咨询检测(VCT)门诊招募≥18岁、自述有男男性行为的MSM,开展一对一问卷调查收集其社会人口学、性行为和安全套使用等信息。采集静脉血检测其梅毒和艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染情况。采用非条件逐步Logistics回归模型分析MSM梅毒感染相关因素。结果 2 710名研究对象年龄(30.4±8.8)岁,其中50.4%(1 367名)有大专及以上文化程度,69.7%(1 888名)未婚;7.1%(193名)感染梅毒,23.6%(639名)感染HIV。多因素分析结果显示,年龄[比值比(OR)=1.03, 95%可信区间(CI):1.01～1.05]、初中及以下文化程度(OR=1.79, 95%CI:1.26～2.53)、高中或中专(OR=1.60, 95%CI:1.05～2.45)、最近1年性病门诊就诊史(OR=3.20, 95%CI:2.19～4.67)、HIV感染(OR=2.64, 95%CI:1.94～3.58)与梅毒感染相关。结论苏州市主动咨询检测的MSM梅毒感染率高,应该重点针对年龄偏大、文化程度低、合并感染HIV或其他性病的MSM加强干预。     

2020-2021年南宁市新报告HIV感染者合并HCV和梅毒情况及相关因素

目的 分析南宁市HIV感染者中HCV及梅毒感染的流行情况,为南宁市艾滋病的综合防治提供科学依据。方法 对2020年1月至2021年12月在南宁市疾病预防控制中心首次发现的HIV感染者进行HCV抗体和梅毒血清特异性抗体及非特异性抗体检测,收集性别、年龄、婚姻、民族、文化程度等人口学特征及行为学特征,采用二分类Logistic回归进行单因素和多因素分析。结果 共有1 858例HIV感染者列入分析,其中男性1 369例（73.68%）,平均年龄52.71岁,已婚者1 000例（53.82%）,初中及以下文化程度1 464例（78.79%）,以异性性传播为主,占89.56%(1 664例)。HIV-HCV、HIV-TP和HIV-HCV-TP共感染分别为39例（2.10%）、136例（7.32%）和2例（0.11%）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,同性性传播（OR=8.767,95%CI:1.671～45.997）及静脉吸毒（OR=276.060,95%CI:97.574～781.039）是合并HCV感染的危险因素,同性性传播（OR=2.347,95%CI:1.250～4.405）是梅毒感...     

广西壮族自治区婚检人群婚前感染HIV危险因素调查

目的了解适婚年轻人群婚前感染艾滋病病毒(HIV)的危险因素及保护因素,以探寻有针对性的防控措施。方法在全区重点市县的婚检人群中,采用1∶1病例对照的方法,根据性别匹配选择婚检时感染和未感染HIV的婚检人员,采用单因素和Logistic多因素分析方法,分析与感染HIV相关的因素。结果调查HIV感染者和非HIV感染者共290人(145对),男性180人(62.1%),女性110人(37.9%)。多因素回归分析结果显示,在其他因素相同的情况下,年龄越大感染率越高[比值比(OR)=2.169,95%可信区间(CI):1.198~3.929],曾有外出史者较无外出史者感染率高(OR=2.831,95%CI:1.517~5.284),此次婚检前结过婚或有过长期同居的异性性伴较此前无该行为者感染率高(OR=4.273,95%CI:2.336~7.816),曾经吸毒者较无吸毒史者感染率高(OR=21.801,95%CI:2.752~172.700);听说过艾滋病者较未听说过者感染率低(OR=0.150,95%CI:0.027~0.817),从电视(OR=0.501,95%CI:0.271~0.926)及学校教育(OR=0.423,95%CI:0.219~0.814)获得艾滋病预防信息者较未从这两个途径获取预防信息者感染率低,差异均有统计学意义。结论曾有外出史、此次婚检前结过婚或有过长期同居的异性性伴及曾经吸毒是造成年轻人群感染HIV的主要危险因素,听说过艾滋病、从电视及学校教育获得艾滋病预防信息则是减少该类人群感染HIV的保护因素。     

北京地区人类免疫缺陷病毒感染者合并乙型肝炎病毒感染的流行病学特征及影响因素分析

目的分析北京市人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)患者合并乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染的流行病学特征,并探索影响合并感染的相关因素。方法对北京地区HIV/AIDS定点治疗医院(北京协和医院、北京地坛医院、北京佑安医院)长期随访的接受抗反转录病毒治疗(ART)的13 253例HIV感染者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果排除未进行HBV标志物检测的患者1 681例, 共有11 572例HIV感染者纳入研究,其中HIV合并HBV感染的患者532例(4.6%),主要为青壮年(28～48岁)男性,占 85.9%,感染途径以同性性传播为主(74.8%)。87.4%的合并感染患者基线治疗接受了包含拉米夫定(3TC)、替诺福韦(TDF)两种抗HBV药物的治疗。2013—2018年,HIV合并HBV感染的年新增感染率呈波动性下降的趋势,年均增长率分别为 6.37%、4.55%、3.92%、4.68%、4.24%和2.74%。HIV合并HBV感染的主要影响因素为年龄(28～48岁比<28岁,OR=2.807, 95%CI 1.241～6.345)以及婚姻状况(已婚比未婚,OR=1.259,...     

天津市接受艾滋病抗病毒治疗者合并HCV感染状况

目的了解天津市接受艾滋病抗病毒治疗的HIV感染者中合并HCV感染状况及其相关因素。方法选取2004年9月1日至2020年6月30日期间天津市艾滋病病例报告数据库及抗病毒治疗数据库中的HIV感染者,收集其人口学因素包括年龄、性别、民族、文化程度、职业等,HIV感染情况包括感染途径、确证时间、病程阶段,抗病毒治疗入组时CD4细胞计数、肝功能指标,抗-HCV筛查结果等信息。结果天津市接受抗病毒治疗的HIV感染者中共有4 170人进行过抗-HCV筛查,其中85人(2.04%)报告抗-HCV阳性。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示40～49岁年龄组与≥50岁年龄组的感染者HIV/HCV合并感染的风险是≤29岁年龄组的8.32倍(95%CI:1.95～35.59)和9.45倍(95%CI:2.11～42.32);经输血和注射吸毒途径感染的HIV感染者合并HCV感染风险是经男男性行为途径感染的6.68倍(95%CI:1.78～25.02)和133.25倍(95%CI:62.67～283.32)。抗病毒治疗入组时肝功能异常的感染者更可能是HIV/HCV合并感染者(与抗病毒治疗入组时肝功能正常的感染者相比OR=2.51,95%CI:1.37～4.62)。结论天津市接受抗病毒治疗的HIV感染者中,总体抗-HCV阳性率较低。注射吸毒途径传播及肝功能异常的感染者抗病毒治疗时需要重点关注是否有HCV合并感染情况发生。     

广西HIV/AIDS患者合并感染隐孢子虫现况及基因分型初步研究

目的了解广西艾滋病病毒感染/艾滋病（HIV/AIDS）患者隐孢子虫感染情况及虫株类型。方法收集广西南 宁、桂林、钦州、百色及河池等地285名HIV/AIDS患者和南宁150名HIV阴性人群粪便样本,分别采用改良抗酸染色法和 基于18S rRNA基因巢式PCR方法进行隐孢子虫检测,并对巢氏PCR产物进行测序和同源性比对,以明确基因型。结 果广西HIV/AIDS患者隐孢子虫感染率为0.70%（2/285）,其中伴有慢性腹泻者感染率为6.67%（2/30）,HIV阴性者隐孢 子虫感染率为0（0/150）,后两者差异有统计学意义（P = 0.002）。2例合并感染隐孢子虫的HIV/AIDS患者均来自桂林,虫 株基因鉴定为安氏隐孢子虫和人隐孢子虫。结论广西HIV/AIDS患者存在隐孢子虫合并感染,感染虫株为安氏隐孢子 虫和人隐孢子虫。     

新疆某男性监管场所羁押人群HIV感染现状及影响因素分析

目的了解新疆某男性监管场所羁押人群HIV感染的最新现状及可能的影响因素,为做好高危人群的健康宣传教育提供参考资料。方法收集新疆某男性监管场所截止2014年12月全部在押人员2 024人的年龄、性别、民族、婚姻状况、户籍、文化程度等信息,同时对他们进行HIV抗体筛查。结果 2 024名男性羁押人群中检出HIV感染者324例,HIV感染率16.01%;不同年龄(χ2=38.564)、民族(χ2=170.577)、地区(χ2=220.282)、学历(χ2=20.544)及婚姻状况(χ2=134.170)羁押者的HIV感染率差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);影响HIV感染的独立因素为吸毒(OR=8.018,95%CI=3.009~15.178)与婚姻状况(OR=6.787,95%CI=1.025~9.336)。结论该监管场所男性羁押人群HIV感染率明显高于新疆地区总HIV感染率,仍以性传播与吸毒传播为主;对高危人群应加强艾滋病防治知识的宣传教育,减少艾滋病的传播机会,降低发病率。     

我国农村HIV/AIDS高流行地区肠道寄生虫感染现况调查

目的了解我国农村HIV/AIDS高流行地区HIV和肠道寄生虫合并感染状况。方法采用横断面调查方法,在安徽省阜阳市2个自然村开展流行病学调查,检测居民HIV和寄生虫感染情况。结果共调查769人,其中720人参与了9种常见肠道寄生虫的检测,蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫、华支睾吸虫、人芽囊原虫、蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫、阿米巴原虫、隐孢子虫、粪类圆线虫感染率分别为0.56%、4.03%、0.28%、0.42%、21.39%、3.89%、1.67%、4.44%、0。肠道蠕虫总感染率为4.72%,原虫总感染率为24.31%;贫血患病率为34.68%;HIV感染率为8.10%;HIV合并肠道蠕虫感染率为2.17%,合并肠道原虫感染率为28.26%,其中合并人芽囊原虫感染率为19.57%;HIV阳性和HIV阴性人群合并隐孢子虫感染率分别为13.04%和4.70%,两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论当地肠道蠕虫感染率低,肠道原虫感染率高,HIV阳性人群对隐孢子虫易感性增高。     

Prevalence and genotyping of Cryptosporidium SPP from dairy cow fecal samples in western Thailand

The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp in dairy cows in central Thailand and to investigate the genotype of Cryptosporidium spp in this population. A total of 200 fecal samples from dairy cows were collected and examined by the acid-fast staining technique and polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in dairy cows was 7% (95% CI 3.5-10.5) by acid-fast staining, and 15.5% (95% CI 10.5-20.5) by PCR-RFLP. This is the first report of genetic identification of the C. parvum bovine genotype in dairy cows in Thailand. PCR-RFLP analysis showed all positive samples were C. parvum (bovine genotype). C. andersoni was not found in this study. The only significant risk factor for Cryptosporidium infection in dairy cows was age. Calves less than 2 months old were more frequently infected by Cryptosporidium than others (OR 13.82, 95% CI 3.67-51.97, p = 0.001). Cattle may be a potential source of human cryptosporidiosis.     

Biochemical and virologic parameters in patients co-infected with hepatitis C and HIV versus patients with hepatitis C mono-infection

BACKGROUND: Previous studies of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection looking at the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection on biochemical parameters and HCV RNA level have shown conflicting results. Accurate characterization of the effect of HIV is important for evaluation and treatment of HCV in co-infected persons. METHODS: We studied 315 HCV mono-infected and 75 HCV-HIV co-infected subjects to determine the effect of HIV on biochemical parameters and HCV RNA and to determine the predictors of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and HCV RNA levels. RESULTS: The co-infected subjects were more likely to be African-American (55% vs 26%, P < 0.0005), have used injection drugs (68% vs 60%, P = 0.02), have detectable HCV RNA (84% vs 70.5%, P = 0.018), have HCV RNA levels >6 log10 IU/mL (60% vs 38%, P = 0.001), and have lower mean serum ALT levels (50.4 IU/mL vs 73.7 IU/mL, P = 0.006). In multivariable analyses, the following factors predicted an ALT level >50 IU/mL: log10 HCV RNA (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.32); HIV co-infection (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.89); and having ever been treated for HCV (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.16 to 3.18). The only significant predictor of HCV RNA level >6 log10 IU/mL was HIV co-infection (OR, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.46 to 5.15). Significant predictors of having a detectable HCV RNA level were female sex (OR, 3.81; 95% CI, 1.18 to 12.25); HIV co-infection (2.45; 95% CI, 1.14 to 5.26); and ever being treated for HCV (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.10 to 3.48). CONCLUSIONS: HCV-HIV co-infected persons have higher HCV RNA levels but lower serum ALT levels than HCV mono-infected patients. Criteria for performing liver biopsy and treating HCV infection in co-infected patients may need to be revisited.     

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in intravenous drug users on admission to prison.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous drug users (IDUs) and prisoners are groups of great interest in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology. AIM: To determine predictors and temporal trends of the co-infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV in IDUs on admission to prison. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1 January 1991 and 31 December 1997, 796 IDUs or former IDUs were studied. Socio-demographic and penitentiary variables were evaluated. HIV-positive patients with > or =5 mm induration on tuberculin test were deemed co-infected. Analysis of factors associated with co-infection was based on a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Of the incoming prisoners, 44.0% were infected by M. tuberculosis, 43.8% by HIV and 20.1% were co-infected. Co-infection predictors were: 1) total prison time served previously (none, OR 1; <2 years, OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.28-4.64; > or =2 years, OR 4.94, 95% CI 2.56-9.55); 2) age (16-25 years, OR 1; 25-29 years, OR 3.14, 95% CI 1.71-5.75; >29 years, OR 3.67, 95% CI 1.96-6.86); 3) tattoos (OR 1.56, 95% CI 0.98-2.49), 4) syringe sharing (OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.57-3.77) and 5) ex-IDU status (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.23-2.82). No statistically significant variation in the annual co-infection tendency was observed (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.98-1.22). CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of co-infection that was detected was associated with risk factors that could be amended by public health intervention.     

Risk of Giardia intestinalis infection in children from an artificially recharged groundwater area in Mexico City

The objective of this study was to assess the risk of infection with Giardia intestinalis in children living in an area with artificial groundwater recharge and potable water reuse in Mexico City. Eligible wells and surrounding homesteads were defined by using a geographic information system. Five wells were tested for G. intestinalis cysts per 400 liters of water. A total of 750 eligible households were visited during two cross-sectional surveys. Stool samples were provided by 986 children in the rainy season study and 928 children during the dry season survey for parasitologic tests. Their guardians provided information on water, sanitation, hygiene, and socioeconomic variables. The prevalence rates of G. intestinalis infection were 9.4% in the rainy season and 4.4% in the dry season. Higher rates of infection were observed in older individuals (9.5% and 10.6%) and girls had a lower risk of infection than boys (odds ratio [OR] =0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.34, 0.88 in the rainy season and OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.25, 0.90 in the dry season). During the wet season survey, a health risk was detected among those storing water in unprotected receptacles (OR = 4.00, 4.69, and 5.34 for those using uncovered jars, cisterns or tanks, and buckets, respectively), and bathing outside the dwelling, i.e., using a tap (OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.10, 3.39). A health risk was also detected among children from households with unsafe food hygiene practices (OR =2.41, 95% CI =1.10, 5.30) and those with no hand-washing habits (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.00, 5.20). Groundwater reserves are at risk of fecal pollution, as indicated by the presence of G. intestinalis cysts. However, the endemic pattern of intestinal infection reflects low standards of personal hygiene and unsafe drinking water storage and food-related practices at household level. Prevention activities must address health education and environmental protection policies.     

HIV Infection Risk among Injection Drug Users in a Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program,Taipei, Taiwan 2007–2010

Background: Taiwan has a growing HIV/AIDS epidemic that has recently shifted to an increase among injection drug users (IDUs). This study aimed to measure the prevalence and incidence and identify the correlates of HIV infection among IDUs in a large methadone maintenance treatment program (MMTP) in Taipei, Taiwan. Methods: Data from intake interviews and HIV testing completed by IDUs upon admission to the Taipei City Hospital MMTP in 2007–2010 were included in this analysis. HIV testing was repeated semi-annually among maintained clients who were HIV-negative during MMTP admission. Results: Of 1444 IDUs admitted, 85.9% were male, median age was 40 years, and mean years of injecting was 14.3 (range: 1–64). The prevalence of HIV, HCV, and HIV/HCV co-infection was 13.4%, 91.1%, and 13.2%, respectively. In multivariable analysis, HIV infection was associated with sharing syringes during the 6 months prior to admission (OR = 14.76, 95% CI 10.31–21.13), homelessness (OR = 6.46, 95% CI 1.49–28.00), and lifetime number of MMTP admissions (OR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.30–2.38) and times incarcerated (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.03–1.18). HIV seroincidence was 1.15/100 person-years at risk (95% CI .62–8.77/100 PY) among IDUs who were HIV-negative at first admission. Conclusions: Taiwanese IDUs in MMTP have a high HIV prevalence, which was associated with syringe sharing and other factors related to social marginalization. Our findings highlight the importance of harm reduction programs, including syringe exchange, along with HIV-prevention education.     

Intestinal parasites prevalence and related factors among school children in the rural area of central India

A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and its epidemiological correlates among rural Indian school going children and to find out the effect of hygiene education on personal hygiene of school children at village Karanji (Kaji) in Wardha district of central India. Out of 172, 87 (50.6%) boys and 85 (49.4%) girls were examined. The mean age of the school children was 10.37 +/- 2.71. The prevalence of intestinal parasite infection was 7.56%. The prevalence was significantly high among barefoot children (OR = 8.99; 95% CI: 2.14 - 43.49) followed by those having poor hand washing practices (OR = 4.90; 95% CI: 1.30 - 20.01), not using sanitary latrine (OR = 2.49; 95% CI: 0.6 - 11.91)) and dirty untrimmed nails (OR = 1.98; 95% CI: 0.56 - 7.04). One month after hygiene education, there was significant improvement in the key personal hygiene behavior (p < 0.05). The proportion of children having practice of hand washing with soap after defecation significantly improved. Health education on personal hygiene to the school children was effective for behavior change. A multisectoral control approach and hygiene education will help health authorities in strategy of control programs for intestinal parasites among school going children.     

安徽阜阳HIV阳性者合并人芽囊原虫感染及其影响因素分析

目的 了解安徽省阜阳市HIV阳性者合并人芽囊原虫感染情况及其影响因素。方法 采用横断面调查的方法对安徽省阜阳市开发区309名HIV阳性者进行问卷调查, 并采集其粪便和血液样本用于人芽囊原虫、 CD4+ T淋巴细胞和细胞因子检测。采用单因素分析和Logistic回归分析对影响HIV和人芽囊原虫合并感染的因素进行分析。结果 在309名参与调查的HIV阳性者中, 302人参与粪样检测, 286人参与问卷调查, 同时参与2项检测者263人。调查发现, HIV阳性者合并人芽囊原虫感染率为17.11%, 其中女性感染率为21.90%, 明显高于男性 （11.90%）（P < 0.05）。在HIV合并人芽囊原虫感染影响因素Logistic回归模型分析中, 仅营养状况良好 （OR = 0.263, 95% CI： 0.073,0.945） 有统计学意义。结论 HIV阳性者合并人芽囊原虫感染率较高, 营养状况好坏可能是影响合并感染的原因之一。     

Impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the course of hepatitis C virus infection： A meta-analysis

AIM： TO analyze the influence of human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） infection on the course of hepatitis C virus （HCV） infection. METHODS： We performed a meta-analysis to quantify the effect of HIV co-infection on progressive liver disease in patients with HCV infection. Published studies in the English or Chinese-language medical literature involving cohorts of HIV-negative and -positive patients coinfected with HCV were obtained by searching the PUBMED, EMBASE and CBM. Data were extracted independently from relevant studies by 2 investigators and used in a fixed-effect meta analysis to determine the difference in the course of HCV infection in the 2 groups. RESULTS： Twenty-nine trails involving 16750 patients were identified including the outcome of histological fibrosis or cirrhosis or de-compensated liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma or death. These studies yielded a combined adjusted odds ratio （OR） of 3.40 [95% confidence interval （CI） = 2.45 and 4.73]. Of note, studies that examined histological fibrosis/ cirrhosis, decompensated liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma or death had a pooled OR of 1.47 （95% CI = 1.27 and 1.70）, 5.45 （95% CI = 2.54 and 11.71）, 0.76 （95% CI = 0.50 and 1.14）, and 3.60 （95% CI = 3.12 and 4.15）, respectively. CONCLUSION： Without highly active antiretroviral therapies （HAART）, HIV accelerates HCV disease progression, including death, histological fibrosis/ cirrhosis and decompensated liver disease. However, the rate of hepatocellular carcinoma is similar in persons who had HCV infection and were positive for HIV or negative for HIV.     

Risk factors for HIV infection among sex workers in Johannesburg, South Africa

Our objective was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for HIV infection among female sex workers in Johannesburg, South Africa. A cross-sectional survey of female sex workers was conducted using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Prevalent sexually transmitted infections including HIV were evaluated through standard laboratory testing. HIV infection was identified in 137 (46.4%) of 295 subjects tested. Increasing frequency of condom use was significantly negatively associated with HIV infection (odds ratio [OR] for moderate use = 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.09, 0.50]; OR for high use = 0.14; 95% CI: [0.06, 0.34]). Sex workers aged > or = 29 years reported significantly different patterns of behaviour than younger workers. Among women aged > or = 29, a negative association with HIV infection (OR = 0.16; 95% CI: [0.07, 0.38]) was found, but only among those not infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Older women in the Johannesburg sex industry may have adaptive behavioural strategies besides condom usage which reduce their risk of acquiring HIV. However, older sex workers with gonorrhoea constitute a high-risk subgroup.