"透析器复用"问题之我见

我是一名从事透析工作整整30年(1974年开始)的老透析医生,也是中国第一代的透析工作者,亲自参与和目睹了中国的透析事业从全国只有少数几家大医院、每家只有1-2台人工肾机,发展到今日已经普及到市、县、厂矿,与国际一流水平接轨的大型血液净化中心在北京、上海、广州、南京等地竞相争艳。面对这蓬勃迅猛发展的透析好形势,我们感到欣慰,喜悦和充实,因为这里面有我们的汗水与心血。     

复用透析器对维持性透析患者氧化应激状态影响的研究

目的探讨复用透析器对慢性透析(CHD)患者氧化应激(OS)状态的影响及临床意义.方法 55例首次血液透析的慢性终末期肾病(ESRD)患者在采用新纤维素膜透析器透析治疗4周后,随机分为两组,Ⅰ组(n=27)继续使用新透析器维持透析,Ⅱ组(n=28)使用复用一次的透析器维持透析4周,同时设正常对照组22例,对比ESRD患者与正常对照组、单次血液透析前后以及采用新透析器和复用透析器维持血液透析四周前后血浆和红细胞丙二醛(MDA)、红细胞超氧化物歧化酶(e-SOD)及血谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-px)水平.结果 ESRD患者血浆和红细胞MDA较正常对照组显著增高,红细胞SOD及GSH-px显著降低(P＜0.05).单次血液透析前后OS指标无显著变化,使用新透析器透析4周后,红细胞MDA显著增高(P＜0.05);使用复用透析器透析4周后红细胞MDA改变无显著性差异(P＞0.05),两组病例维持血液透析4周后SOD均显著增高,而GSH-px无显著改变(P＞0.05).结论 ESRD患者氧化应激加强,新透析器CHD可能加剧这一改变,而复用透析器有利于降低氧化应激反应.     

不同透析膜对维持性血液透析患者血磷清除效果的研究

目的　了解不同的透析膜对维持性血液透析患者血磷的清除情况。方法　将2 6例进行维持性血液透析的高磷血症患者分为3组,分别使用聚砜膜(1.3m2 )、三醋酸纤维膜(1.5m2 )和血仿膜(1.7m2 )透析,比较透析前后血磷的下降率(单位膜面积)以及透析2个月后血磷及钙磷乘积的变化。结果　去除膜面积因素后,聚砜膜和三醋酸纤维膜与血仿膜比较,单次透析血磷的下降率(单位膜面积)差异均有显著性(P<0 .0 5 ) ,但聚砜膜和三醋酸纤维膜比较差异无显著性(P >0 .0 5 )。使用2个月后比较血磷水平及钙磷乘积,三醋酸纤维膜组透析前血磷及钙磷乘积均较前显著下降(P <0 .0 5 ) ,而聚砜膜组和血仿膜组均较前无明显改善(P >0 .0 5 )。结论　膜面积相等的情况下,聚砜膜和三醋酸纤维膜对磷的清除优于血仿膜,前两者之间差异无显著性。使用聚砜膜和三醋酸纤维膜并适当增大膜面积可更大程度地清除血磷,同时可降低钙磷乘积。     

复用透析器尿素清除效率与血室容积的相关性研究

为避免“首次使用综合征”及降低透析费用，许多透析中心复用透析器，并以血室容积(TCV)小于初始值80％作为透析器不再复用的标准。然而不同膜透析器、不同的复用方法、TCV能否替代清除率作为评价复用透析器效果的指标尚有待进一步研究。我们通过观察不同膜透析器复用后TCV改变与尿素清除率的关系，进一步了解TCV在评价透析器复     

Hemodialysis leukopenia. Pulmonary vascular leukostasis resulting from complement activation by dialyzer cellophane membranes.

Acute leukopenia occurs in all patients during the first hour of hemodialysis with cellophanemembrane equipment. This transient cytopenia specifically involves granulocytes and monocytes, cells which share plasma membrane reactivity towards activated complement components. The present studies document that complement is activated during exposure of plasma to dialyzer cellophane, and that upon reinfusion of this plasma into the venous circulation, granulocyte and monocyte entrapment in the pulmonary vasculature is induced. During early dialysis, conversion of both C3 and factor B can be demonstrated in plasma as it leaves the dialyzer. Moreover, simple incubation of human plasma with dialyzer cellophane causes conversion of C3 and factor B, accompanied by depletion of total hemolytic complement and C3 but sparing of hemolytic C1. Reinfusion of autologous, cellophane-incubated plasma into rabbits produces selective granulocytopenia and monocytopenia identical to that seen in dialyzed patients. Lungs from such animals reveal striking pulmonary vessel engorgement with granulocytes. The activated complement component(s) responsible for leukostasis has an approximate molecular weight of 7,000-20,000 daltons. Since it is generated in C2-deficient plasma and is associated with factor B conversion, it is suggested that activation of complement by dialysis is predominantly through the altermative pathway.     

不同种类透析膜对维持性血液透析患者P选择素的影响

目的 观察不同种类透析膜对维持性血液透析患者血小板活化程度的影响。方法 尿毒症维持性血液透析患者采用醋酸纤维素膜(CA)、血仿膜(HE)、聚砜膜(PS)透析器进行透析,采用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测患者初用、复用透析器透析过程中不同时间点(0min、270min)血清P-选择素水平的变化,同时选择尿毒症非透析患者、正常健康者作为对照组检测血清P-选择素水平。结果 尿毒症非透析患者与维持性血液透析患者透析前P-选择素水平较正常对照组增高但无显著性差异(P>0.05)。尿毒症透析患者透析开始15分钟后,P-选择素水平升高,与透前相比有显著差异(P<0.05),随着透析的进行,血清P选择素水平继续呈上升趋势,透析270分钟与透析前相比差异更显著(P<0.001)。不同种类透析膜中,CA对血清P-选择素的影响显著大于HE和PS,三种透析器复用对血透患者血清P-选择素水平影响与初用相比显著下降(P<0.06),三种透析器复用组间比较无显著性差异。结论 HID过程中P-选择素显著升高是导致血透患者凝血功能障碍原因之一,HE和PS对血小板的活化程度弱于CA。     

高通量血液透析对维持性血液透析患者微炎症状态的影响

目的 前瞻性研究高通量血液透析对患者微炎症状况的影响.方法 前瞻性、自身对照研究.30例维持性常规低通量血液透析患者转换为高通量血液透析12个月.治疗0个月(治疗前)、6个月、12个月分别测定血中高敏C反应蛋白、白细胞介素I和白细胞介素6.结果 转换为高通量透析12个月后,血清自细胞介素6水平明显下降(P< 0.05),高敏感C反应蛋自和自细胞介素1水平较前无明显变化.结论 长时间高通量血液透析不会加剧透析患者体内微炎症状态,而且可能对微炎症状态有一定改善作用.     

佩尼聚醚砜空心纤维透析器对维持性血液透析患者的有效性和安全性分析

目的 观察佩尼聚醚砜空心纤维透析器(PES14HF)对维持性血液透析患者的有效性和安全性.方法 36例血液透析患者分别使用PES14HF和日本尼普洛株式会社生产的聚醚砜空心纤维透析器(PES-150DS)进行透析,每次3.5 h以上.以透析前后血肌酐、尿素氮和β2-微球蛋白等指标的清除及下降率进行疗效评估,以透析前后外周血血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白(Alb)等指标的变化进行安全性评估.结果 ES14HF组治疗前后血肌酐分别为(990.2±191.2)、(333.8±89.5)μmol/L,血尿素氮分别为(24.7±4.1)、(7.0±1.9)mmol/L,β2微球蛋白分别为(22.9±1.7)、(13.6±3.3)mmol/L,治疗前后差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01).PES-150DS组治疗前后血肌酐分别为(1059.5±179.4)、(395.5±86.1)μmol/L,血尿素氮分别为(25.3±4.8)、(8.1±2.8)mmol/L,β2微球蛋白分别为(22.3±2.9)、(18.0±3.0)mmol/L,治疗前后差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01);但2组间治疗前后血肌酐、尿素氮、β2微球蛋白比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).2组透析后血β2微球蛋白均下降,但PES14HF组溶质下降率更明显(P=0.017).结论 佩尼聚醚砜空心纤维透析器PES14HF在维持性血液透析患者中的应用安全、有效.     

血仿膜透析器在无肝素透析中的应用研究

目的探讨阿每素静脉注射外渗后局部组织损伤修复的理想方法。方法采用阿霉素将9只成年白色家兔制成局部损伤模型．分别于每只受试家兔的两侧臀部和背部进行4种处理方法，于处理后第24h、7d和14d分别行肉跟和组织病理变化观察。结果阿霉素外渗后消退指数和恢复时间海普林软膏优于利百素凝胶，也优于硫酸镁湿敷和对照组（P〈0．01）；肉眼和组织病理变化观察，皮下组织充血、水肿和炎细胞浸润减少以及肉芽组织形成等方面24h内无变化，7d和14d后海普林软膏效果显著，其次为利百素凝胶。结论海普林软膏和利百素凝胶外涂可减轻皮下局部组织损害，促进皮下局部损伤组织的修复，效果优于硫酸镁湿敷，值得临床推广应用。     

血液透析中透析器凝血的预防

慢性肾衰竭尿毒症期病人应用血液透析疗法日益增多,透析器凝血是血液透析过程中的紧急情况[1],为防止透析器凝血,从我院2005年1月-2007年2月进行常规血液透析病人中选取32例资料完整的病人进行研究,现将结果报告如下.     

透析器自动复用机对透析溶质清除效果及透析器复用次数的影响

目的:探讨透析器自动复用机对透析溶质的清除效果及合适的透析器复用次数.方法:收治40例慢性肾衰竭行血液透析患者,利用联机清除率监测器(OCM)测定患者在透析器使用第1次及复用第3,6,9次时Kt/V值变化及透析器血室容积(TCV)的数值.结果:与第1次使用时比较,透析器在复用第9约90%的TCV下降≥20%(P<0.05).结论:透析器复用至第9次时,TCV下降≥20%,故透析器复用不应用超过9次.     

血仿膜透析器在无肝素透析中的应用研究

目的 探讨急慢性肾功能衰竭伴有高危出血倾向患者行血液透析治疗理想的抗凝方法。方法 在应用血仿膜透析器行无肝素透析前后常规采血测定凝血常规三项常数，按成对资料t检验进行统计学处理。观察透析器及透析管路凝血程度，判断透析器、透析管路有否凝血征象，比较透析前后各项指标。结果 无肝素透析前后血液凝血常规指标变化差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。透析过程中除1例次因血路建立困难，致透析器凝血，静脉压升高需更换透析器重建血路外，余能顺利完成透析，成功率达98％。结论 血仿膜透析器行无肝素透析对急慢性肾功能衰竭患者全身凝血机制无影响，此方法简单、安全、有效，为抢救急慢性肾功能衰竭伴有高危出血倾向患者行血液透析提供了可靠的方法。     

不同透析膜对维持性血液透析患者肾性骨病相关因素的影响

目的　探讨不同种类透析膜对维持性血液透析 (MHD)患者肾性骨病相关因素 ,尤其是对全段甲状旁腺激素 (iPTH)、血磷、血钙水平的影响。方法　将慢性肾衰竭MHD伴有高磷血症、高iPTH血症的患者随机分为 3组 ,分别采用醋酸纤维素膜 (CA)、聚砜膜 (PS)、血仿膜 (HE)透析器透析 ,测定透析前后血磷、血钙、尿素氮及iPTH等 ,比较不同膜材料透析器初用与复用后毒素的下降率及KT/V值的变化 ;同时选择正常健康者作为对照组检测血磷、iPTH及血钙的水平。结果　MHD患者透析前血磷、iPTH水平明显高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,透析后较透析前显著下降 (P <0 .0 1) ;透析前血钙明显低于正常对照组(P <0 .0 5 ) ,透析后较透析前显著升高 (P <0 .0 5 )。HE和PS透析后血磷的下降水平均与CA有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。 3种膜材料透析器初用时KT/V无明显差异 ,复用后KT/V较初用时均明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;复用后血磷、尿素氮及肌酐的下降率与初用相比差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　应用CA、PS和HE透析器可使MHD患者透析后iPTH明显下降 ,透析器复用后对小分子物质的清除明显下降 ,HE和PS对血磷的清除能力优于CA ,选择对血磷清除能力高的透析器 ,可能会减轻肾性骨病的发生。     

Dialyzer reprocessing: improved treatment quality and increased dialyzer reuse using a team approach.

Use of the performance improvement process can yield unexpected positive results. Through the implementation of performance improvement concepts, the Dialysis Centers of Dayton LLC East was able to increase the average dialyzer reuse number and achieve economical benefits while improving the quality of patient care delivered. Employment of the team approach, staff education, and communication was vital to the success of this Over the last 10 years, the use of dialyzer reprocessing has steadily increased in dialysis units across the country. If the reuse average was down in a unit, it was not uncommon to look to the reuse staff for an explanation, since it is "their" job to keep the numbers up. After consultation with a Minntech representative, the Dialysis Centers of Dayton LLC East staff discovered that the most effective methods to increase the average reuse number were those implemented on the dialyzer before it ever reached the reprocessing area. Several technical changes were initiated, including the use of standardized heparin protocols, all of which contributed to the improvement in the reuse average. Although some of these changes had been done previously, they were not implemented and reviewed according to the formal performance improvement model. Two methods for calculating the reuse average were employed. Over a 12-month time frame, reuse numbers increased from 7.1 and 7.5 to 36.6 and 18.1, respectively (utilizing the Hartline [1996] and conventional method of reuse calculation). Review of patient adequacy showed no detrimental effects and a slight improvement in the percentage of patients with a Kt/V of more than 1.2. Focusing on performance improvement in the reprocessing area has yielded many benefits to both patients and staff.     

密闭式循环预冲高通量透析器在无肝素透析中应用的效果观察

[目的]探讨密闭式循环预冲高通量透析器在无肝素透析中应用的效果。[方法]将801例次需要进行无肝素透析病人用抽号分组法随机分为两组,单号为试验组401例次,双号为对照组400例次,对照组采用威高空心纤维透析器常规预冲后进行无肝素透析,试验组采用贝朗高通量透析器密闭循环预冲后进行无肝素透析,比较两种透析方法的效果。[结果]试验组病人透析过程中凝血发生率比对照组明显降低,护理效果明显优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。[结论]采用密闭式循环预冲高通量透析器进行无肝素透析的方法,可有效地减少病人血液透析过程中凝血发生率,保证治疗顺利进行,提高护理效果。     

Targeted and restricted complement activation on acrosome-reacted spermatozoa

A specific hypoglycosylated isoform of the complement regulator membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) is expressed on the inner acrosomal membrane (IAM) of spermatozoa. This membrane is exposed after the acrosome reaction, an exocytosis event that occurs upon contact with the zona pellucida. We initiated this investigation to assess MCP's regulatory function in situ on spermatozoa. Upon exposure of human spermatozoa to autologous serum or follicular fluid, we unexpectedly observed that acrosome-reacted spermatozoa activated the complement cascade efficiently through C3 but not beyond. Using FACS to simultaneously evaluate viability, acrosomal status, and complement deposition, we found that complement activation was initiated by C-reactive protein (CRP) and was C1q, C2, and factor B dependent. This pattern is consistent with engagement of the classical pathway followed by amplification through the alternative pathway. C3b deposition was targeted to the IAM, where it was cleaved to C3bi. Factor H, and not MCP, was the cofactor responsible for C3b cleavage. We propose that this localized deposition of complement fragments aids in the fusion process between the spermatozoa and egg, in a role akin to that of complement in immune adherence. In addition, we speculate that this "targeted and restricted" form of complement activation on host cells is a common strategy to handle modified self.     

国产PES14HF聚醚砜高通量透析器对血液透析患者疗效和安全性临床随机对照试验

目的评价国产PES14HF聚醚砜高通量透析器的疗效和安全性。方法选择上海两家医院规律性血液透析患者72例。采用平行对照设计,试验组采用国产PES14HF透析器,对照组采用日本PES-150DS透析器。检测透析器尿素、肌酐、磷、β_2微球蛋白清除率和下降比率以及试验前后实验室评价指标。观察及记录不良反应。结果两组间尿素、肌酐、磷清除率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。试验组β_2微球蛋白清除率显著大于对照组,分别为(44.50±29.57)ml/min和(25.75±11.27)ml/min,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。试验组尿素下降比率大于70%,两组间尿素、肌酐、磷下降比率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。试验组β_2微球蛋白下降比率显著大于对照组,分别为(38.87%±12.48%)和(29.53%±17.71%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。试验组尿素下降比率有效率显著大于对照组,分别为100%和88.57%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组治疗前后实验室评价指标均无明显变化。不良事件少而程度轻,无不良反应。结论国产PES14HF聚醚砜高通量透析器临床使用安全、有效。     

Mathematical studies of complement activation

Kinetic studies of complement activation were followed by hemolytic assay. Mathematical analysis shows that the curve is composed of two exponents: the first one, which occurs during a short span of time, represents the classical pathway, the second the alternative pathway. We were therefore able to foretell the respective participation of each activator used: inulin, zymosan, and aggregated immunoglobulins.     

Immunoadsorption therapy and complement activation.

Complement activation was studied in six patients treated with immunoadsorption columns Ig-ADSOPAK for myasthenia gravis. Mean therapy duration was 18.6 months (range 4-28 months). Prior and after each procedure, concentrations of C3 and C4 were examined, hemolytic activity of complement by a classic pathway (CH50) was determined, as well as terminal complement complex (TCC). After each immunoadsorption procedure, a decrease of C3 and C4 was noted (median 21.19% and 19.68%, respectively). The CH50 and TCC follow-up showed statistically significant complement activation. Median of TCC accrual was 60.21% and median of CH50 decrease was 23.24%. No clinical manifestations of complement activation were present. With increasing number of procedures a marked decrease of TCC activation was observed in five patients, which was statistically significant in three of them (p < 0.05). This finding may indicate an immunomodulating effect of long-term adsorption therapy. With increasing number of procedures, an inhibition in complement system reactivity occurs. This result, however, has to be confirmed on a larger group of patients.