细支气管肺泡细胞癌16例误诊分析

目的：探讨细支气管肺细胞癌的临床特征及误诊原因。方法：回顾分析我院1992年1月-2002年5月误诊的16例细支气管肺泡细胞癌病例的临床资料。结果：细支气管肺泡细胞癌首发症状以咳嗽，进行性呼吸困难及咯血为多见。结节型细支气管肺泡细胞癌易与结核球和炎性假瘤误诊，浸润型和弥漫型细支气管肺泡细胞癌易与肺部感染，浸润型肺结核和血行播散型肺结核等误诊。结论：细支气管肺泡细胞癌临床及X线表现多样，易误诊误治。经支气管镜肺活检和早期开胸探查分别是诊断浸润型或弥漫型细支气管肺泡细胞癌和孤立结节型细支气管肺泡细胞癌的可靠方法。     

乳腺病变C－erbB－2表达的免疫组化研究

目的：用改良ＧＢＩ法检测观察乳腺癌、癌旁，乳腺增生性病变及其远离病变部位的正常乳腺小叶中Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２的表达情况、表达类型及意义。结果：２８例乳腺癌Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２的阳性染色主要在细胞膜上，阳性率为１００％；２３例癌旁增生导管与乳腺增生性病变阳性染色大部分在细胞浆内，阳性率为８６．９６％，仅有少部分在细胞膜上；病变周围的正常乳腺小叶均未见到膜染色反应，三者间存在明显差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２癌蛋白的膜型还是胞浆型表达可以作为乳腺癌与乳腺增生性病变鉴别诊断的重要指标之一。     

弥漫性细支气管肺泡癌临床及影像学分析

细支气管肺泡癌 (ＢＡＣ) ,是一种特殊类型的原发性支气管肺癌 ,在ＷＨＯ分类法中属于腺癌的一个亚型 ,其发生率约占肺原发肿瘤的 2 %～ 2 1% [1,2 ] 。因其缺乏典型的临床症状和影像学表现 ,极易误诊 ,尤其是弥漫性细支气管肺泡癌 (ＤＢＡＣ)误诊率更高。分析我院近年来收治的 13例弥漫性细支气管肺泡癌的临床及影像学特点 ,并就其误诊原因和鉴别诊断进行探讨。1　临床资料1.1　一般资料　 13例经病理确诊的弥漫性细支气管肺泡癌患者 ,男性 8例 ,女性 5例 ;年龄 2 8～ 77岁 ,平均 5 0岁 ,40岁以上9例 ,占 69.2 %。其中经淋巴结活检证实 6例…     

CT诊断细支气管肺泡癌43例分析

目的提高细支气管肺泡癌的CT诊断水平。方法收集经病理证实的细支气管肺泡癌43例，对其征象进行分析。结果结节型12例，为单发结节；弥漫型23例，其中腺泡样结节11例．大片实变6例．磨砂玻璃征6例；炎症型8例。结论细支气管肺泡癌表现多样，结节内细支气管气像对诊断具有一定价值。炎症型和弥漫型需与肺结核、肺炎鉴别。     

细支气管肺泡癌32例的影像学分析

目的探讨细支气管肺泡癌X线、CT影像学表现及其病理基础。方法收集我院12年来经手术和（或）病理证实的细支气管肺泡癌32例，对其X线平片、CT及病理切片进行分析。结果影像学诊断以首次X线胸片及CT第一诊断为准，影像学检查诊断肺泡癌22例，诊断符合率为68、9％，误诊率28．1％，漏诊率3．1％。结论肺泡癌的X线及CT表现多种多样，是肿瘤不同发展阶段的反映，本组以X线及CT表现结合病理所见进行了分析，解释了不同X线及CT表现的病理基础。通过系列随访观察，发现其各种X线及CT表现可互相转化。     

乳腺肿瘤C－erbB－2表达及预后意义的研究

应用免疫组化方法、观察了１０１例乳腺肿瘤Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２癌基因的表达状况，１３例良性病变全部阴性，８８例乳腺癌中，阳性者４８例（５４．５％），阴性者４０例（４５．５％），两者间差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。还发现Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２表达多见于浸润性导管癌（１８／３３例）、单纯癌（２２／３４例）及浸润性小叶癌（３／１０例）。Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２在乳腺癌中的表达与肿瘤大小、分级无显著关系，而与淋巴结转移有关。５５例乳腺癌进行了随访，Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２阳性者，其死亡率（６４．５％）显著高于阴性者（１６．７％）。表明Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２表达和乳腺癌患者预后有关。     

84例细支气管肺泡癌的影像学分析

目的回顾性分析细支气管肺泡癌的CT表现和误诊原因,提高影像诊断准确率。方法 84例经病理证实的细支气管肺泡癌,根据CT表现分为孤立结节型、实变型和多结节型,分别为46、32和6例,其中误诊24例。结合文献资料分析各型肺泡癌的CT征象。结果孤立结节型细支气管肺泡癌主要表现为：结节位于肺外围,有分叶、毛刺、空泡征或支气管气相、密度不均、胸膜牵引和毛玻璃影;实变型细支气管肺泡癌可为单叶或段实变、多叶或段实变、支气管气相、囊状影、毛玻璃影和叶间胸膜膨出;多结节型细支气管肺泡癌较少见,表现为以中下肺野分布为主的弥漫性腺泡结节,部分见空泡。误诊24例中,20例为实变型,主要原因是对细支气管肺泡癌的重视和认识不够。结论熟悉细支气管肺泡癌各型CT征象,必要时借助穿刺活检和纤支镜检,能提高细支气管肺泡癌的诊断准确率,减少误诊。     

弥漫性细支气管肺泡癌CT特征

目的评价表现为弥漫性病变细支气管肺泡癌的CT特征。方法对7例经病理证实的细支气管肺泡癌CT表现进行分析。结果特征性CT表现包括：（1）双肺多发实变伴支气管气相，充气支气管延伸至胸膜下或壁不规则、僵直；附近伴有成堆小结节影。（2）双肺弥漫颗粒或结节影，或伴血管支气管束增粗、紊乱，或伴胸膜下结节呈弧形排列。结论认识弥漫性细支气管肺泡癌的CT表现，有利于肺弥漫性病变的鉴别。     

孤立型细支气管肺泡癌的CT表现 及其病理基础

目的：探讨孤立型细支气管肺癌局部生长的CT表现特点与组织病理发现的相关性。方法：收集经手术病理证实的孤立型细支气管肺泡癌３０例，男10例，女20例，年龄42-71岁，平均60.0岁。采用螺旋CT增强扫描24例，平扫6例。２１例对肿块追加高分辨CT扫描。CT图像上观察病灶的部位、大小、密度分布、内部结构及边缘特征，并评价其征象与组织病理发现的相关性。结果：按CT图像上密度分布将肿瘤分为三种类型：I型为含毛玻璃样征朱均匀密度肿块10例（３３％），病理为肿瘤细胞沿肺泡壁生长，伴散在含气肺泡，毛玻璃样征为肿瘤内血管（中等密度）与血管周围的含气肺泡（低密度）对比所致。Ⅱ型为含空泡征或支气管气像的不均匀密度肿块7例（２４％），病理为肿瘤细胞沿肺泡壁生长伴有散在肺泡塌陷，残留含气支气管。Ⅲ型为均匀软组织密度肿块13例（４３％），病理为肿瘤细胞沿肺泡壁生长伴散在肺泡塌陷，绝大多数未塌陷肺泡被黏液充填，无含气支气管。结论：细支气管肺泡癌的CT图像上不同的密度分布与肿瘤的生长特征以及有无含气肺泡及支气管病理发现有关。     

以腰腿痛为首发症状的细支气管－肺泡癌1例

以腰腿痛为首发症状的细支气管－肺泡癌１例宋翠清６２４０００四川省阿坝卫生学校细支气管一肺泡细胞癌是肺癌的一个特殊类型，占肺癌的２％～５％。而以腰腿痛为首发症状的甚为罕见。笔者在临床工作中曾见１例，现报告如下：患者，女，６２岁。因腰腿痛２月余入院。患者...     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.