孕产妇对新生儿遗传代谢病串联质谱筛查认知及支付意愿分析

目的了解孕产妇对新生儿遗传代谢病串联质谱筛查的认知现状及支付意愿,为扩展新生儿疾病筛查提供科学依据。方法 2019年6月,采用自行设计的问卷调查深圳市6家助产机构的720例孕产妇,调查内容包括:孕产妇基本信息、对新生儿遗传代谢病串联质谱筛查的认知和支付意愿状况。结果共回收720份有效问卷,回收有效率92. 31%。孕产妇对新生儿遗传代谢病串联质谱筛查的知晓率为54. 44%,从医院获取信息占90. 31%,认为有必要增加新生儿遗传代谢病串联质谱筛查占68. 33%,愿意让孩子参与筛查占81. 67%。孕产妇对新生儿遗传代谢病串联质谱筛查愿意支付金额的平均数为242元,最高愿意支付金额的平均数为656元,其支付意愿水平与家庭收入有关。结论孕产妇对新生儿遗传代谢病串联质谱筛查认知度不高,需给予多渠道健康教育,树立正确的筛查理念,提升其认知水平。提倡政府与家庭共同承担新生儿遗传代谢病串联质谱筛查费用,提高新生儿家长让孩子参与筛查的积极性。     

105 437例新生儿遗传代谢病串联质谱筛查结果分析

目的了解新生儿遗传代谢病串联质谱筛查情况,为进一步提高新生儿疾病筛查服务提供依据。方法对2015-2018年吉林省新生儿疾病筛查中心通过串联质谱技术筛查的105 437例新生儿串联质谱筛查结果进行分析。结果通过串联质谱技术共筛查105 437例新生儿,可疑阳性数2 661例,确诊遗传代谢病43例(1/2 452),其中氨基酸代谢病35例(1/3 013),有机酸代谢病5例(1/21 087),脂肪酸氧化代谢病3例(1/35 146),经χ~2检验结果显示,不同地区遗传代谢病检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=219.21,P0.05)。结论吉林地区新生儿遗传代谢病检出率相对较高,且农村高于城市,应用串联质谱技术进行新生儿疾病筛查能够早期发现遗传代谢病患者。     

近14年四川省新生儿 PKU 及 CH 筛查情况分析

目的：分析四川省近14年间新生儿苯丙酮尿症（ PKU）和先天性甲状腺功能减低症（ CH）的筛查情况,为卫生行政部门提供决策依据。方法医务人员开展新生儿疾病筛查健康教育,经家长知情同意后对出生72小时后的新生儿进行血样标本采集、保存和递送;新筛中心及时验收血样标本,对合格标本进行PKU和CH筛查,对可疑或阳性结果进行复查,复查阳性者通知确诊。结果14年来四川省新生儿苯丙酮尿症和先天性甲状腺功能减低症筛查率和覆盖面逐年明显提高,2013年筛查率达到91．74％,市（州）筛查覆盖率达到100％,县（区）筛查覆盖率达到94．48％,采血单位覆盖率达到74．30％,年度筛查率、市（州）、县（区）、采血单位筛查覆盖率均有极显著性差异（χ2值分别为4530453．36、157．76、970．97、12314．65,均P＜0．01）。2000至2013年四川省新生儿PKU和CH筛查数为4348607,成都市新筛中心、自贡市新筛中心、南充市新筛中心、四川省新筛中心的年度筛查率均有极显著性差异（χ2值分别为879606．29、601375．16、379461．09、3030668．08,均P＜0．01）;确诊PKU138例,PKU发生率为1：31511,CH1711例,CH发生率为1：2542,各年度CH发病率有显著性差异（χ2＝37．59,P＜0．01）,各年度PKU发病率无显著性差异（χ2＝11．01,P＞0．05）。四川省新生儿苯丙酮尿症和先天性甲状腺功能减低症筛查仍有提升空间,筛查工作还有待进一步深入。结论14年来四川省新生儿苯丙酮尿症和先天性甲状腺功能减低症筛查工作取得明显成效,显示出明显的社会效益,需进一步加大相关工作力度,提高新生儿遗传代谢病筛查率和筛查质量。     

昌吉市250名回族孕妇钙、铁、锌认知及增补的调查

目的：通过调查昌吉市回族孕妇对钙、铁、锌相关知识的认知、服用及膳食摄入情况,探讨其可能的影响因素,为加强孕妇营养及进行健康教育提供科学依据。方法采用自行编制的问卷对在新疆昌吉州疾病预防控制中心妇幼保健中心就诊的250名回族孕妇进行调查,并对结果进行分析。结果在250名调查对象中,钙、铁、锌知晓率分别为60．4％、69．6％、57．6％,服用率分别为45．6％、55．6％、22．4％;不同年龄的孕妇钙、铁、锌的知晓情况差异均有统计学意义（χ2值分别为10．217、17．351、15．137,均P＜0．05）;不同文化程度的孕妇钙、铁的知晓情况差异均有统计学意义（χ2值分别为3．775、36．336,均P＜0．05）;不同家庭人均月收入的孕妇钙、铁、锌的知晓情况差异均有统计学意义（χ2值分别为24．637、9．878、17．107,均P＜0．05）;不同职业的孕妇对钙、铁、锌的知晓情况差异均有统计学意义（χ2值分别为10．731、11．632、16．328,均P＜0．05）。不同家庭人均月收入的孕妇钙、铁、锌的服用情况差异均有统计学意义（χ2值分别为39．711、20．662、60．117,均P＜0．05）;不同职业的孕妇钙、铁、锌的服用情况差异均有统计学意义（χ2值分别为53．921、24．433、77．107,均P＜0．05）。孕妇膳食钙、铁、锌的摄入水平均达到推荐摄入量（RNI）标准,影响孕期营养知识掌握的因素,经回归分析得其保护因素是年龄（β＝－1．423,P＜0．05）、文化程度（β＝－1．202, P＜0．05）、家庭人均月收入（β＝－1．607,P＜0．05）。结论加大对低文化程度、低年龄、低收入孕妇人群营养知识的宣教力度,可以保持和促进母婴健康。     

叶酸利用能力分子医学检测在母胎医学领域的应用

目的：探讨分子医学检测叶酸利用能力在母胎医学领域的研究与应用。方法通过检测MTHFR基因C677T、A1298 C及MTRR基因A66 G相关多态性位点，分析其遗传特征及分布特点，从而对叶酸利用能力遗传风险进行分级。结果青岛地区围产期妇女发现高度叶酸利用能力遗传风险的比例为23．17％，显著高于全国参考数据的17．70％（χ2＝7．136，P＜0．05）；中度和低度叶酸利用能力遗传风险的比例分别为33．07％和18．19％，全国参考数据为35．18％和12．08％，无显著性差异（χ2值分别为7．452、2．347，均P＞0．05），未发现遗传风险的比例为25．57％，显著低于全国参考数据的33．04％（χ2＝8．134，P＜0．05）。实验组与对照组的叶酸利用能力总体构成不同，存在统计学差异（χ2＝15．67，P＜0．01），高度风险组与未发现风险组的相对危险度（ RR）为2．61。结论青岛地区围产期妇女叶酸代谢和利用障碍与不良孕产妇有着重要的关系，基于Taqman-MGB探针检测的孕期叶酸补充指导和监测将是进一步降低新生儿出生缺陷的重要方法。     

1999-2012年泰安市新生儿遗传代谢病筛查数据分析

目的了解泰安市新生儿遗传代谢病发病情况。方法对泰安市1999年6月至2012年12月定点助产单位采集的新生儿遗传代谢病血样检测资料进行分析。结果1999年6月至2012年12月,泰安市累计活产791846人,参与先天性甲状腺功能减低症（CE）和苯丙酮尿症（PKU）筛查的790261人,增加先天性肾上腺皮质增生症（CAH）和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症后,筛查人数为153412人,筛查率为99．80％。累计确诊遗传代谢病381例,发病率为48．21／10万。其中,CH发病率为27．96／]0万;PKU发病率为15．94／10万;CAH发病率为5．21／10万;G6PD发病率为16．94／10万。1999～2012年新生儿遗传代谢病平均发病率,泰山区为37．24／10万,岱岳区为60．55／10万,新泰市为53．07／10万,肥城市为44．58／10万,宁阳县为51．93／10万,东平县为45．89／10万;男性为45．65／10万,女性为51．02／10万。结论泰安市1999～2012年新生儿遗传代谢病发病率较高,发现的新生儿遗传代谢病主要是CH和PKU。     

新生儿家长遗传代谢病筛查认知情况调查

目的了解新生儿家长对遗传代谢病筛查相关知识的认知情况,为以后的健康教育提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法,以城乡分层,以医院为单位整群选取2011年5月1日至7月31日出生新生儿家长共2170名作为研究对象,采用自编的调查问卷对家长进行认知情况调查。结果筛查组在问卷总分、疾病性质、疾病影响、实验灵敏度,以及筛查结果查询等题得分均数高于未筛查组,除先天性甲状腺功能减低症、先天性肾上腺皮质增多症的疾病性质及苯丙酮尿症主要影响3题外,其余题目两组得分差异均有统计学意义。问卷总得分及格率为12.7%,每题正确率>50%的只有实验灵敏度、结果查询及可疑阳性3个题项。结论合肥市新生儿家长对代谢病筛查知识了解水平较低,相关部门需要制定有效的健康教育方案,改进健康教育策略,提高家长代谢病筛查相关知识。     

妊娠合并梅毒105例流行特征及妊娠结局分析

目的：通过筛查梅毒,探讨妊娠合并梅毒的流行特征及临床特点,探索降低孕产妇发病率及改善预后的有效措施。方法对2010年1月至2013年10月在江阴市人民医院就诊的妊娠合并梅毒患者105例进行回顾性分析。结果妊娠合并梅毒105例,占住院分娩总病例的6．66‰;其中潜伏期梅毒70例（66．67％）,一期梅毒30例（28．57％）,二期梅毒5例（4．76％）。妊娠合并梅毒的发病率呈逐年上升趋势（χ2＝12．864,P＝0．05）;外地、无固定职业、文化水平低的孕产妇妊娠合并梅毒发病率均明显高于本地、有固定职业、文化水平高者（χ2值分别为14．404、25．259、20．662,均P＜0．01）;规范治疗组、未规范治疗组和未治疗组经过比较,足月产、流产、先天梅毒儿的发生率差异均有统计学意义（χ2值分别为15．136、7．613、29．406,均P＜0．05）。结论妊娠合并梅毒的发病率逐年升高,并且以潜伏期梅毒为主,应加强孕前及孕期的梅毒筛查,早期发现梅毒并进行规范的治疗,可有效保障母婴安全。     

基于知信行模式的音视频健康教育对妊娠结局的影响

目的：研究基于知信行模式的音视频健康教育对妊娠结局的影响。方法选择2014年7月至2015年6月就诊于山东省立医院妇产科的孕产妇85例,根据就诊时间的先后分为研究组（43例）和对照组（42例）,对照组患者给予常规健康教育,研究组在对照组基础上应用基于知信行模式的音视频健康教育,记录两组孕产妇的各个产程时间、分娩方式、产后出血量、母乳喂养率、新生儿Apgar评分;自制问卷调查患者的护理满意度、依从性、妊娠健康知识知晓率;观察两组孕产妇是否出现高危妊娠情况。结果研究组孕产妇第一产程、第二产程、第三产程、总产程均显著低于对照组（ t值分别为2．197、2．181、3．012、2．415,均P＜0．05）,研究组出现8例高危妊娠孕妇,占18．60％,对照组出现16例高危妊娠孕妇,占38．10％,研究组高危妊娠孕妇发生率显著低于对照组（χ2＝3．983,P＜0．05）,研究组护理满意率、妊娠健康知识知晓率均显著高于对照组（χ2值分别为2．720、4．647,均P＜0．05）,研究组产妇顺产率为74．42％,对照组产妇顺产率为59．52％,研究组高于对照组,两组孕产妇分娩方式有显著性差异（χ2＝3．037,P＜0．05）。结论基于知信行模式的音视频健康教育能够显著降低产妇生产时间,提高妊娠结局,值得临床推广。     

上海市新生儿PKU和CH筛查需方意向分析

目的:分析需方对实施新生儿疾病筛查的态度和影响因素及其对于新生儿疾病筛查的影响,进一步寻找潜在的促进和阻碍新生儿PKU和CH筛查开展的各种因素。方法:采用问卷调查的方法对上海市4家接产机构的75例孕产妇进行了需方意向调查。结果:被调查孕产妇中80.6%曾听说过新生儿疾病筛查,86.6%认为新生儿疾病筛查是有必要的,95.5%的孕产妇同意给孩子做新生儿疾病筛查。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:家长的年龄、职业、文化程度、家庭月收入和医保状况都不是影响其对于新生儿疾病筛查的认知水平及需求的因素。结论:需方对于新生儿疾病筛查具有高接受度,经济不是影响家长认知水平及需求的因素,在筛查工作中应正确认识"新生儿疾病筛查中的知情同意权"问题,应加强对筛查服务提供者和接受者的教育,确保筛查的有效实施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.